Archive for the ‘Bone Marrow Stem Cells’ Category

As the world observed World Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Day recently, leading medical experts emphasized the need of creating awareness aboutthe condition, a relatively uncommon type of bone marrow and blood cancer.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) occurs with an incidence rate of 0.4 to 3.9 per 100,000 patients, which increases with age and has a slight male preponderance. It is a chronic disease in which patients must take lifelong treatment and hence, experts stress its appropriate management and adherence to treatment.

CML occurs due to spontaneous chromosome mutation which causes diseased white blood cells to build up in huge numbers, crowding out healthy blood cells and damaging the bone marrow.

Dr. Ankit Jitani - Hematologist, Hemato-Oncologist, and BMT Physician, Ahmedabad says, CML is caused by secondary passenger mutations in the stem cells. The most common way that patients present symptoms of CML is leukocytosis or have respiratory discomfort and hence go to a cardiologist, or have gastric discomfort, and then visit a gastroenterologist who then refers the patients to us. However, post COVID-19 awareness of CML has increased amongst all patients, they are now actively doing blood tests and measuring CBC.

He further stated that For CML, regular monitoring and adherence to treatment are essential. We are actively working more toward treatment-free-remission. Regular monitoring and adherence to treatment if done actively, only then the patient is a suitable candidate for treatment-free-remission. A lack of adherence to treatment protocols can make the condition severe.

Therefore, it is recommended that patients continue to take medication as prescribed by their healthcare professional. CML management and treatment require a lot of patience and discipline. It is a great thing that cancer gets cured with a drug, hence regular check-ups, and sticking to your schedule with your doctor is important.

Dr. Abhishek Dudhatra, Haematology Consultant & BMT Specialist, HCG Oncology, Ahmedabad mentions, Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the initial treatment of choice for CML, and more than two-thirds of patients achieve long-term control of the disease with this.

Regular monitoring of the condition is equally critical as it enables the physician to prescribe the appropriate dose and hence, keep the condition under control. Monitoring is done through a blood test, primarily to check the quantification of BCR-ABL transcript in the blood. When the condition is initially diagnosed, monitoring is recommended to be done every 3 months and later, the frequency can be 6 months. While these are the recommended periods, the frequency of monitoring also depends on individual cases. One should adhere to what is suggested by the physician.

While CML is caused by a genetic mutation in the stem cells, its exact cause is not known. The condition is not hereditary and cannot be passed on to future generations.

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Experts emphasize appropriate management and adherence to treatment for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia - First India

Pune, Maharashtra, India, September 19 2022 (Wiredrelease) Prudour Pvt. Ltd :Global Stem Cell Banking Market: Introduction

Stem cells are capable of transforming into any kind of tissue or organ in the body. Stem cells are found in bone, bone marrow, fetal tissue, baby teeth, fat and human embryos. They can also be found in hair follicles, muscle and circulating blood. Cord blood is a great source of stem cell. Cord blood stem cells have several advantages. They are less likely to be rejected by the immune system during transfusions, and they can be more effective in transplant. Stem cell banking has seen an increase in demand due to numerous applications, including treatment for various diseases such as cancer. These stem cells are taken from the human body and stored for future usage.

The global stem cell banking market is projected to reach USD 9.42 billion by 2023 from USD 6.29 million in 2018, at a CAGR of 8.5% from 2018 to 2023.

Stem Cell Banking Market DynamicsThis section discusses market drivers, opportunities, limitations, and challenges. The following details are provided:

Drivers: Stem Cell Banking Requirements

The markets major drivers are the increase in the worldwide burden of major diseases and the increasing use of stem cell banking to cure severely damaged tissues. The markets growth is expected to be driven by the increased use of hematopoietic and brain stem cell transplantation procedures, as well as the rise in skin transplants and brain cells transplantations.

Surging Awareness

The market will benefit from awareness campaigns by both government and non-government agencies to promote stem cell therapy.

Opportunities: Growing Investments and Advancements

Market growth will be driven by the development and commercialization of new technologies that preserve, process, and store stem cells. Market growth opportunities will also be provided by increasing investments in stem-cell-based research.

Restraints/Challenges Global Stem Cell Banking Market: High-Cost

The high operating costs associated with stem cell transplantation are expected to slow down market growth.

In the 2022-2029 forecast period, stem cell banking will face challenges due to the stringent regulatory frameworks as well as socio-ethical concerns relating to embryonic stem cell.

Recent Developments

Life Cell International (India), has launched an improved and enhanced umbilical cord collection tool in 2017.

2017 saw Vita34 AG acquire Seracell Pharma AG (Germany), in order to consolidate its position within the German stem-cell banking market.

StemCyte India Therapeutics Pvt. Ltd. (India), which is a subsidiary of StemCyte US, received accreditation from The Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy. It can provide stem cell banking services for private and public clients.

Cord Blood Registry, (US) signed an agreement with New York Stem Cell Foundation in 2015 to create induced pluripotent (SP) stem cells from umbilical chords.

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Stem Cell Banking Market Competitive Landscape

CCBCCBRViaCordEsperiteVcanbioBoyalifeLifeCellCrioestaminalRMS RegrowCordlife GroupPBKM FamiCordcells4lifeBeikebiotechStemCyteCryo-cellCellsafe Biotech GroupPacifiCordAmericordKrioFamilycord

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Stem Cell Banking Market Segmentation

Based on the type, the Stem Cell Banking market is segmented into

Umbilical Cord Blood Stem CellEmbryonic Stem CellAdult Stem Cell

Based on the application, the Stem Cell Banking market is segmented into

Diseases TherapyHealthcare

Market Breakup by Region:

North America (United States, Canada)

Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Others)

Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Russia, Others)

Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Others)

The Middle East and Africa

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1. Company revenue shares | revenue (US$ Mn)

2. Upcoming Regional opportunities

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Q5. What is the potential of the Stem Cell Banking Market?

Q6. Who are the prominent players in Stem Cell Banking Market?

Q7. What are the different types of Stem Cell Banking market?

Q8. What are the top strategies that companies adopt in Stem Cell Banking Market?

Q9. What is the future of Stem Cell Banking?

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Stem Cell Banking Market to Cross USD 9.42 Bn; Short-term Decline to Be Witnessed amidst COVID-19 Pa - PharmiWeb.com

MIRAMAR, FL, Sept. 19, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Stemtech Corporation (Stemtech) (OTCQB: STEK), an innovative nutraceutical company and a pioneer in the field of stem cell nutrition, today announced creation of new stem cell skincare products.

Stemtech Corporation President and Chief Operating Officer, John W. Meyer, said the introduction of the stem cell skincare line is very exciting for us to offer our Independent Business Partners (IBPs) and customers. The product will be introduced at the upcoming Cancun, Mexico Incentive Meeting in December. Meyer continues to say that Stemtechs belief in highly efficacious and quality products expands into a very important area for youthful and healthy skin care. The skincare, along with our stemceutical products of RCM - stemrelease3, StemFlo Advanced and MigraStem, is a winning combination for inner health and outer radiance - fantastic! We all want to feel better, look better. By using Stemtech products, you can!

Fortune Business Insights in August 2021 published that the global skincare market is projected to grow from $100.13 billion in 2021 to $145.82 billion in 2028 at a CAGR of 5.52% in forecast period, 2021-2028. Meyer continues, noting while it may seem that there are many companies already in this space, Stemtech feels confident with our new science being developed, we will have a significant impact on the skincare market using our stem cell scientific knowledge.

Charles S. Arnold, Stemtech Corporation Chairman and CEO stated that the introduction of skincare focuses new Stemtech stem cell technology on skincare for healthier skin, the largest organ of the body, which we recognize as a key to anti-aging. Our excitement at being able to launch new products, complete with samples, for a more youthful and healthy skin will catapult our Field to new growth and revenue opportunities. We know our IBPs will be exuberant with this great new Stemtech Skincare product line.

About Stemtech Corporation

Stemtech Corporation, a leading nutraceutical company with a direct sales distribution model, was founded on April 18, 2018, after acquiring the operations from its predecessor Stemtech International, Inc. which was founded in 2005. From 2010 through 2015, Stemtech International, Inc., was recognized four separate times on the Inc. 5000 Fastest-Growing Companies list. In 2018, the Company underwent an extensive executive reorganization, and continued operations under new leadership. Stemtech specializes in creating products and formulas that are patent protected in the U.S. and in select international markets. The Companys patented formulas help the release, circulation and migration of the bodys adult stem cells from its bone marrow. The Company markets its products under the following brands: RCM System, stemrelease3, Stemflo MigraStem, OraStem (Oral Health Care), and D-Fuze (EMF blocker). Its nutraceutical products are all-natural, plant-based and manufactured under cGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practices) under the auspices of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). For more information, please visit http://www.stemtech.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

This announcement contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements include but are not limited to statements identified by words such as "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "estimates," "intends," "plans," "targets," "projects" and similar expressions. The statements in this release are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of our company's management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. Numerous factors could cause or contribute to such differences, including, but not limited to, results of clinical trials and/or other studies, the challenges inherent in new product development initiatives, the effect of any competitive products, our ability to license and protect our intellectual property, our ability to raise additional capital in the future that is necessary to maintain our business, changes in government policy and/or regulation, potential litigation by or against us, any governmental review of our products or practices, as well as other risks discussed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including, without limitation, our latest 10-Q Report filed onAugust 23, 2022. We undertake no duty to update any forward-looking statement, or any information contained in this press release or in other public disclosures at any time. Finally, the investing public is reminded that the only announcements or information about Stemtech Corporation which are condoned by the Company must emanate from the Company itself and bear our name as its Source.

http://www.Stemtech.com

Investor Relations: Investor Relations: 954-715-6000 ext 1040invrel@stemtech.com

Originally posted here:
STEMTECH CORPORATION ANNOUNCES THE INTRODUCTION OF A NEW - GlobeNewswire

Esteemed award is an international forum celebrating noteworthy achievements in equine research and individuals who have significantly impacted equine health

The University of Kentucky (UK) Gluck Equine Research Center unveiled the 2022 inductees to the Equine Research Hall of Fame. The winners include Lisa Fortier, DVM, PhD, DACVS; Katrin Hinrichs, DVM, PhD; Jennifer Anne Mumford, DVM; and Stephen M. Reed, DVM.

The scientists were nominated by their fellow peers and past awardees. Nominees may be living or deceased, active in or retired from the field of equine research.

In research, we always stand on the shoulders of those who go before us with great discoveries. This years recipients have made substantial contributions that will ensure an excellent future for equine research, expressed Nancy Cox, UK vice president for land-grant engagement and College of Agriculture, Food and Environment dean, in a university release.1

The success of Kentuckys horse industry is inseparable from the decades of hard work by outstanding equine researchers, added Stuart Brown, chair of the Gluck Equine Research Foundation. Though impossible to measure, it is a unique privilege to recognize the impact made by these four scientists in advancing the health and wellbeing of the horse and, on behalf of the entire equine community, show our appreciation.

Below are the details of each awardee1:

Throughout the past 30 years, Fortier has been renowned for her substantial contributions in equine joint disease, cartilage biology, and regenerative medicine. Her research focuses on early diagnosis and treatment of equine orthopedic injuries to prevent permanent damage to joints and tendons. She is most well-known for her work in regenerative medicine, spearheading the use of biologics such as platelet rich plasma, bone marrow concentrate, and stem cells for use in horses and humans. Additionally, Fortiers lab has been key in strides associated with cartilage damage diagnosis and clinical orthopedic work.

Fortier achieved her bachelors degree and doctor of veterinary medicine degree from Colorado State University. She finished her residency at Cornell, where she also earned a PhD and was a postdoctoral fellow in pharmacology. Currently, she serves as the James Law Professor of Surgery at Cornells College of Veterinary Medicine. She is the editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association and serves on the Horseracing Integrity and Safety Authority Racetrack Safety Standing Committee.

Hinrichs dedicates her career to research mainly in equine reproductive physiology and assisted reproduction techniques. Her focus has consisted of equine endocrinology, oocyte maturation, fertilization, sperm capacitation, and their application to assisted reproduction techniques.

Her 40 years of research have resulted in various notable basic and applied research accomplishments. The applied achievements include generating the first cloned horse in North America and creating the medical standard for effective intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro culture for equine embryo production. She has mentored over 85 veterinary students, residents, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows in basic and applied veterinary research. Her laboratories have hosted about 50 visiting scholars worldwide.

Hinrichs achieved her bachelors degree and doctor of veterinary medicine degree from the University of California, Davis. She finished residency training in large animal reproduction at the University of Pennsylvanias New Bolton Center and received a PhD at the University of Pennsylvania.

Mumford is a posthumous inductee who received international respect as among the most prominent researchers of equine infectious diseases, specifically equine viral diseases. Her career at the Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom, began when she was deemed the first head of the newly established equine virology unit. Her work focused on the leading causes of acute infectious respiratory disease in the horse, mainly equine herpesvirus and equine influenza virus, and to a lesser extent,Streptococcus equi.

Mumford impacted several of these realms, including developing enhanced vaccines, diagnostics, and international surveillance. Additionally, she helped create research groups in the related fields of equine genetics and immunology.

Throughout Mumfords over 30 year-career, she helped the Animal Health Trust be recognized as one of the worlds leading centers for the study of the biology, epidemiology, immunology and pathology of diseases.

Reeds nominators deemed his as the last word in equine neurology. He is known as among the most prominent equine neurologists worldwide. His list of 180 peer-reviewed publications feature important contributions to equine medicine, neurology, physiology and pathophysiology. He has shared in his accomplishments as a mentor and role-model for hundreds of aspiring equine practitioners.

Reed received his bachelors degree and doctor of veterinary medicine degree from The Ohio State University. He finished his internship and residency training in large animal medicine at Michigan State University.

The UK Gluck Equine Research Foundation will induct the 4 winners into the UK Equine Research Hall of Fame October 26, 2022 at Kroger Field in Lexington, Kentucky.

Reference

Wiemers H. UK Equine Research Hall of Fame inductees announced. UK College of Agriculture, Food and Environment. News release. September 13, 2022. Accessed September 20, 2022. https://news.ca.uky.edu/article/uk-equine-research-hall-fame-inductees-announced-1

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University of Kentucky Equine Research Hall of Fame announces awardees - DVM 360

Five people with the autoimmune condition lupus are now in remission after receiving a version of CAR-T therapy, which was originally developed for cancer

By Clare Wilson

Illustration of a CAR-T cell

CHRISTOPH BURGSTEDT/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

A high-tech cell therapy used to treat cancer has been repurposed as a treatment for lupus, an autoimmune condition that can cause joint, kidney and heart damage.

CAR T-cell therapy has put all five people with lupus treated so far into remission. The participants have been followed up for an average of 8 months, with the first person treated 17 months ago. Thats kind of unheard of, says Chris Wincup at Kings College London, who wasnt involved in the study. This is incredibly exciting.

But it is too soon to know how long the remissions will last, says Georg Schett at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany, who was part of the study team.

CAR T-cells were developed to treat blood cancers that arise when B cells, a type of immune cell that normally makes antibodies, start multiplying out of control.

The approach requires taking a sample of immune cells from a persons blood, genetically altering them in the lab so they attack B cells and then infusing them back into the individuals blood. It seems to put 4 out of 10 people with these kinds of cancers into remission.

Lupus, also called systemic lupus erythematosus, is caused by the immune system mistakenly reacting against peoples own DNA. This is driven by B cells making antibodies against DNA released from dying cells.

It is currently treated with medicines that suppress the immune system or, in more severe cases, with drugs that kill B cells. But the treatments cant kill all the B cells, and if the disease flares up badly, some people develop kidney failure and inflammation of their heart and brain.

Schett and his team wondered whether using CAR T-cells to hunt down all the B cells would be more effective. Within three months of receiving the treatment, all five participants were in remission, without needing to take any other medicines to control their symptoms.

The CAR T-cells were barely detectable after one month, and after three and a half months, the volunteers B cells started to return, having been produced by stem cells in bone marrow. These new B cells didnt react against the DNA.

We dont know what normally causes B cells to start reacting against DNA in people with lupus, so it is possible that some kind of trigger may start the process happening again, says Wincup.

The achievement means CAR T-cells may also be useful against other autoimmune diseases that are driven by antibodies, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), in which the immune system attacks nerves, says Schett.

Another radical treatment for MS involves rebooting the immune system by destroying it with chemotherapy. By comparison, CAR T-cells would be less invasive and more tolerable, he says.

But it is too soon to know how effective CAR T-cells will be for autoimmune conditions, says Wincup. This is a small number of patients, so we dont know if this is going to be the result for everyone.

When used in cancer, CAR T-cells are expensive to create for each person, so they may only be used for autoimmune conditions in people with severe disease when no other treatments are available, he says.

Journal reference: Nature Medicine , DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02017-5

More on these topics:

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Radical lupus treatment uses CAR T-cell therapy developed for cancer - New Scientist

Find out who can be a stem cell or bone marrow donor, and how to register.

A stem cell or bone marrow transplant is an important treatment for some people with types of blood cancer such as leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma.

A transplant allows you to have high doses of chemotherapy and other treatments. The stem cellsare collected from the bloodstream or the bone marrow.Peoplehave a transplant either:

To be a donor you need to have stem cells that match the person you are donating to. To find this out, you have a blood test to look at HLA typing or tissue typing.

Staff in the laboratory look at the surface of your blood cells. They compare them to the surface of the blood cells of the person needing a transplant.

Everyone has their own set of proteins on the surface of their blood cells. The laboratory staff look for proteins called HLA markers and histocompatibility antigens. They check for 10 HLA markers. The result of this test shows how good the HLA match is between you and the person who needs the cells.

Abrother or sisteris most likely to be a match. There is a 1 in 4 chance of your cells matching.This is called a matched related donor (MRD) transplant.Anyone else in the family is unlikely to match. This can be very frustrating for relatives who are keen to help.

Sometimes if your cells are a half (50%) match, you might still be able to donate stem cells or bone marrow to a relative. This is called a haploidentical transplant.

You can't donate stem cells or bone marrow to your relative if you're not a match.

It's sometimes possible to get a match from someoneoutside of the family. This is calleda matched unrelated donor. To find a matched unrelated donor, it'susually necessary to search large numbers of people whose tissue type has been tested. So doctorssearch national and international registers to try to find a match for your relative.

Even if you can't donate to your relative, you might be ableto become a donor for someone else. You can do this by contacting one of the UK registers.

There are different donor registersin the UK.These work with each otherand with international registersto match donors with people who need stem cells. This helps doctors find donors for their patients as quickly as possiblefrom anywhere in the world.

Each registry has specific health criteriaand listmedical conditions that mightpreventyou from donating. Check their websitefor this information. Once registered, the organisation will contactyou if you are a match for someone who needs stem cells or bone marrow.

British Bone Marrow Registry (BBMR)

To register with the BBMR, you mustbe a blood donor. BBMR would like toregister those groups they are particularly short of ontheir register.This includes men between the ages of 17 and 40. And womenaged between 17 and 40 who are from Black, Asian, and minority ethnicities and mixed ethnicity backgrounds.

You have a blood test for tissue typing. Your details are kept on file until you are 60.

Anthony Nolan

You must be aged between 16 and 30 to register with Anthony Nolan. You have a cheek swab to test fortissue typing. Your details are kept on the register until you are 60.

Welsh Bone Marrow Donor Registry

You must be aged between 17 and 30 and your details are kept on the register until you are 60. You have a blood test for tissue typing.

DKMS

To register you must be aged between 17 and 55. You havea cheek swab for tissue typing. Your details stay on the register until your61st birthday.

This page is due for review. We will update this as soon as possible.

See more here:
Who can donate stem cells or bone marrow? - Cancer Research UK

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of the bones in the body, including the hip and thigh bones. Bone marrow contains immature cells called stem cells.

Many people with blood cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma, sickle cell anemia, and other life threatening conditions rely on bone marrow or cord blood transplants to survive.

People need healthy bone marrow and blood cells to live. When a condition or disease affects bone marrow so that it can no longer function effectively, a marrow or cord blood transplant could be the best treatment option. For some people, it may be the only option.

This article looks at everything there is to know about bone marrow.

Bone marrow is soft, gelatinous tissue that fills the medullary cavities, or the centers of bones. The two types of bone marrow are red bone marrow, known as myeloid tissue, and yellow bone marrow, known as fatty tissue.

Both types of bone marrow are enriched with blood vessels and capillaries.

Bone marrow makes more than 220 billion new blood cells every day. Most blood cells in the body develop from cells in the bone marrow.

Bone marrow contains two types of stem cells: mesenchymal and hematopoietic.

Red bone marrow consists of a delicate, highly vascular fibrous tissue containing hematopoietic stem cells. These are blood-forming stem cells.

Yellow bone marrow contains mesenchymal stem cells, or marrow stromal cells. These produce fat, cartilage, and bone.

Stem cells are immature cells that can turn into a number of different types of cells.

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to two main types of cells: myeloid and lymphoid lineages. These include monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, dendritic cells, and megakaryocytes, or platelets, as well as T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

The different types of hematopoietic stem cells vary in their regenerative capacity and potency. They can be multipotent, oligopotent, or unipotent, depending on how many types of cells they can create.

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells have renewal and differentiation properties. They can reproduce another cell identical to themselves, and they can generate one or more subsets of more mature cells.

The process of developing different blood cells from these pluripotent stem cells is known as hematopoiesis. It is these stem cells that are needed in bone marrow transplants.

Stem cells constantly divide and produce new cells. Some new cells remain as stem cells, while others go through a series of maturing stages, as precursor or blast cells, before becoming formed, or mature, blood cells. Stem cells rapidly multiply to make millions of blood cells each day.

Blood cells have a limited life span. This is around 120 days for red blood cells. The body is constantly replacing them. The production of healthy stem cells is vital.

The blood vessels act as a barrier to prevent immature blood cells from leaving bone marrow.

Only mature blood cells contain the membrane proteins required to attach to and pass through the blood vessel endothelium. Hematopoietic stem cells can cross the bone marrow barrier, however. Healthcare professionals may harvest these from peripheral, or circulating, blood.

The blood-forming stem cells in red bone marrow can multiply and mature into three significant types of blood cells, each with its own job:

Once mature, these blood cells move from bone marrow into the bloodstream, where they perform important functions that keep the body alive and healthy.

Mesenchymal stem cells are present in the bone marrow cavity. They can differentiate into a number of stromal lineages, such as:

Red bone marrow produces all red blood cells and platelets and around 6070% of lymphocytes in human adults. Other lymphocytes begin life in red bone marrow and become fully formed in the lymphatic tissues, including the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.

Together with the liver and spleen, red bone marrow also plays a role in getting rid of old red blood cells.

Yellow bone marrow mainly acts as a store for fats. It helps provide sustenance and maintain the correct environment for the bone to function. However, under particular conditions such as with severe blood loss or during a fever yellow bone marrow may revert to red bone marrow.

Yellow bone marrow tends to be located in the central cavities of long bones and is generally surrounded by a layer of red bone marrow with long trabeculae (beam-like structures) within a sponge-like reticular framework.

Before birth but toward the end of fetal development, bone marrow first develops in the clavicle. It becomes active about 3 weeks later. Bone marrow takes over from the liver as the major hematopoietic organ at 3236 weeks gestation.

Bone marrow remains red until around the age of 7 years, as the need for new continuous blood formation is high. As the body ages, it gradually replaces the red bone marrow with yellow fat tissue. Adults have an average of about 2.6 kilograms (kg) (5.7 pounds) of bone marrow, about half of which is red.

In adults, the highest concentration of red bone marrow is in the bones of the vertebrae, hips (ilium), breastbone (sternum), ribs, and skull, as well as at the metaphyseal and epiphyseal ends of the long bones of the arm (humerus) and leg (femur and tibia).

All other cancellous, or spongy, bones and central cavities of the long bones are filled with yellow bone marrow.

Most red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells form in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow produces fat, cartilage, and bone.

White blood cells survive from a few hours to a few days, platelets for about 10 days, and red blood cells for about 120 days. Bone marrow needs to replace these cells constantly, as each blood cell has a set life expectancy.

Certain conditions may trigger additional production of blood cells. This may happen when the oxygen content of body tissues is low, if there is loss of blood or anemia, or if the number of red blood cells decreases. If these things happen, the kidneys produce and release erythropoietin, which is a hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

Bone marrow also produces and releases more white blood cells in response to infections and more platelets in response to bleeding. If a person experiences serious blood loss, yellow bone marrow can activate and transform into red bone marrow.

Healthy bone marrow is important for a range of systems and activities.

The circulatory system touches every organ and system in the body. It involves a number of different cells with a variety of functions. Red blood cells transport oxygen to cells and tissues, platelets travel in the blood to help clotting after injury, and white blood cells travel to sites of infection or injury.

Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that gives them their color. It collects oxygen in the lungs, transports it in the red blood cells, and releases oxygen to tissues such as the heart, muscles, and brain. Hemoglobin also removes carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a waste product of respiration, and sends it back to the lungs for exhalation.

Iron is an important nutrient for human physiology. It combines with protein to make the hemoglobin in red blood cells and is essential for producing red blood cells (erythropoiesis). The body stores iron in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Most of the iron a person needs each day for making hemoglobin comes from the recycling of old red blood cells.

The production of red blood cells is called erythropoiesis. It takes about 7 days for a committed stem cell to mature into a fully functional red blood cell. As red blood cells age, they become less active and more fragile.

White blood cells called macrophages remove aging red cells in a process known as phagocytosis. The contents of these cells are released into the blood. The iron released in this process travels either to bone marrow for the production of new red blood cells or to the liver or other tissues for storage.

Typically, the body replaces around 1% of its total red blood cell count every day. In a healthy person, this means that the body produces around 200 billion red blood cells each day.

Bone marrow produces many types of white blood cells. These are necessary for a healthy immune system. They prevent and fight infections.

The main types of white blood cells, or leukocytes, are as follows.

Lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow. They make natural antibodies to fight infection due to viruses that enter the body through the nose, mouth, or another mucous membrane or through cuts and grazes. Specific cells recognize the presence of invaders (antigens) that enter the body and send a signal to other cells to attack them.

The number of lymphocytes increases in response to these invasions. There are two major types of lymphocytes: B and T lymphocytes.

Monocytes are produced in bone marrow. Mature monocytes have a life expectancy in the blood of only 38 hours, but when they move into the tissues, they mature into larger cells called macrophages.

Macrophages can survive in the tissues for long periods of time, where they engulf and destroy bacteria, some fungi, dead cells, and other material that is foreign to the body.

Granulocytes is the collective name given to three types of white blood cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. The development of a granulocyte may take 2 weeks, but this time reduces when there is an increased threat, such as a bacterial infection.

Bone marrow stores a large reserve of mature granulocytes. For every granulocyte circulating in the blood, there may be 50100 cells waiting in the bone marrow to be released into the bloodstream. As a result, half the granulocytes in the bloodstream can be available to actively fight an infection in the body within 7 hours of it detecting one.

Once a granulocyte has left the blood, it does not usually return. A granulocyte may survive in the tissues for up to 45 days, depending on the conditions, but it can only survive for a few hours in circulating blood.

Neutrophils are the most common type of granulocyte. They can attack and destroy bacteria and viruses.

Eosinophils are involved in the fight against many types of parasitic infections and against the larvae of parasitic worms and other organisms. They are also involved in some allergic reactions.

Basophils are the least common of the white blood cells. They respond to various allergens that cause the release of histamines, heparin, and other substances.

Heparin is an anticoagulant. It prevents blood from clotting. Histamines are vasodilators that cause irritation and inflammation. Releasing these substances makes a pathogen more permeable and allows for white blood cells and proteins to enter the tissues to engage the pathogen.

The irritation and inflammation in tissues that allergens affect are parts of the reaction associated with hay fever, some forms of asthma, hives, and, in its most serious form, anaphylactic shock.

Bone marrow produces platelets in a process known as thrombopoiesis. Platelets are necessary for blood to coagulate and for clots to form in order to stop bleeding.

Sudden blood loss triggers platelet activity at the site of an injury or wound. Here, the platelets clump together and combine with other substances to form fibrin. Fibrin has a thread-like structure and forms an external scab or clot.

Platelet deficiency causes the body to bruise and bleed more easily. Blood may not clot well at an open wound, and there may be a higher risk of internal bleeding if the platelet count is very low.

The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic organs such as bone marrow, the tonsils, the thymus, the spleen, and lymph nodes.

All lymphocytes develop in bone marrow from immature cells called stem cells. Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus gland (behind the breastbone) are called T cells. Those that mature in bone marrow or the lymphatic organs are called B cells.

The immune system protects the body from disease. It kills unwanted microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses that may invade the body.

Small glands called lymph nodes are located throughout the body. Once lymphocytes are made in bone marrow, they travel to the lymph nodes. The lymphocytes can then travel between each node through lymphatic channels that meet at large drainage ducts that empty into a blood vessel. Lymphocytes enter the blood through these ducts.

Three major types of lymphocytes play an important part in the immune system: B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NK cells.

These cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow in mammals.

B cells express B cell receptors on their surface. These allow the cell to attach to an antigen on the surface of an invading microbe or another antigenic agent.

For this reason, B cells are known as antigen-presenting cells, as they alert other cells of the immune system to the presence of an invading microbe.

B cells also secrete antibodies that attach to the surface of infection-causing microbes. These antibodies are Y-shaped, and each one is akin to a specialized lock into which a matching antigen key fits. Because of this, each Y-shaped antibody reacts to a different microbe, triggering a larger immune system response to fight infection.

In some circumstances, B cells erroneously identify healthy cells as being antigens that require an immune system response. This is the mechanism behind the development of autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, scleroderma, and type 1 diabetes.

These cells are so-called because they mature in the thymus, which is a small organ in the upper chest, just behind the sternum. (Some T cells mature in the tonsils.)

There are many different types of T cells, and they perform a range of functions as part of adaptive cell-mediated immunity. T cells help B cells make antibodies against invading bacteria, viruses, or other microbes.

Unlike B cells, some T cells engulf and destroy pathogens directly after binding to the antigen on the surface of the microbe.

NK T cells, not to be confused with NK cells of the innate immune system, bridge the adaptive and innate immune systems. NK T cells recognize antigens presented in a different way from many other antigens, and they can perform the functions of T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. They can also recognize and eliminate some tumor cells.

These are a type of lymphocyte that directly attack cells that a virus has infected.

A bone marrow transplant is useful for various reasons. For example:

Stem cells mainly occur in four places:

Stem cells for transplantation are obtainable from any of these except the fetus.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) involves the intravenous (IV) infusion of stem cells collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood.

This is useful for reestablishing hematopoietic function in people whose bone marrow or immune system is damaged or defective.

Worldwide, more than 50,000 first HSCT procedures, 28,000 autologous transplantation procedures, and 21,000 allogeneic transplantation procedures take place every year. This is according to a 2015 report by the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

This number continues to increase by over 7% annually. Reductions in organ damage, infection, and severe, acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) seem to be contributing to improved outcomes.

In a study of 854 people who survived at least 2 years after autologous HSCT for hematologic malignancy, 68.8% were still alive 10 years after transplantation.

Bone marrow transplants are the leading treatment option for conditions that threaten bone marrows ability to function, such as leukemia.

A transplant can help rebuild the bodys capacity to produce blood cells and bring their numbers to acceptable levels. Conditions that may be treatable with a bone marrow transplant include both cancerous and noncancerous diseases.

Cancerous diseases may or may not specifically involve blood cells, but cancer treatment can destroy the bodys ability to manufacture new blood cells.

A person with cancer usually undergoes chemotherapy before transplantation. This eliminates the compromised marrow.

A healthcare professional then harvests the bone marrow of a matching donor which, in many cases, is a close family member and ready it for transplant.

Types of bone marrow transplant include:

A persons tissue type is defined as the type of HLA they have on the surface of most of the cells in their body. HLA is a protein, or marker, that the body uses to help it determine whether or not the cell belongs to the body.

To check if the tissue type is compatible, doctors assess how many proteins match on the surface of the donors and recipients blood cells. There are millions of different tissue types, but some are more common than others.

Tissue type is inherited, and types pass on from each parent. This means that a relative is more likely to have a matching tissue type.

However, if it is not possible to find a suitable bone marrow donor among family members, healthcare professionals try to find someone with a compatible tissue type on the bone marrow donor register.

Healthcare professionals perform several tests before a bone marrow transplant to identify any potential problems.

These tests include:

In addition, a person needs a complete dental exam before a bone marrow transplant to reduce the risk of infection. Other precautions to lower the risk of infection are also necessary before the transplant.

Bone marrow is obtainable for examination by bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspiration.

Bone marrow harvesting has become a relatively routine procedure. Healthcare professionals generally aspirate it from the posterior iliac crests while the donor is under either regional or general anesthesia.

Healthcare professionals can also take it from the sternum or from the upper tibia in children, as it still contains a substantial amount of red bone marrow.

To do so, they insert a needle into the bone, usually in the hip, and withdraw some bone marrow. They then freeze and store this bone marrow.

National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) guidelines limit the volume of removable bone marrow to 20 milliliters (ml) per kg of donor weight. A dose of 1 x 103 and 2 x 108 marrow mononuclear cells per kg is necessary to establish engraftment in autologous and allogeneic marrow transplants, respectively.

Complications related to bone marrow harvesting are rare. When they do occur, they typically involve problems related to anesthetics, infection, and bleeding.

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Home Blog Bone Marrow Stem Cell Dose Matters in Knee Osteoarthritis

If theres one overarching theme in orthobiologics that I have been discussing for almost two decades, its that measuring and delivering higher doses are critical for success. Despite this, 99% of physicians who offer these procedures dont know what dose theyre delivering and use bedside kits that can only achieve low doses. Today well go into our most recent publication that shows that the stem cell dose in bone marrow concentrate is directly tied to clinical outcomes in knee arthritis patients. Lets dig in.

Our study looked at the number of colony-forming mesenchymal stem cells (CFU-fs) in bone marrow concentrate (BMC) in knee arthritis patients and then the clinical outcome of the procedure (1). We found that those patients who had more stem cells in their BMC reported better outcomes. That fits with data published by others on BMC treatments in bone disease and low back degenerative disc disease (2,3).

While this may seem like a mundane finding, its the first of its kind in BMC used for knee osteoarthritis treatment. More importantly, it highlights how important dose is in these treatments and how many BMC treatments being delivered are likely under-dosing patients. Lets dive deeper into that concept.

77 clinic locations offering non-surgical Regenexx solutions for musculoskeletal pain.

77 clinic locations offering non-surgical Regenexx solutions for musculoskeletal pain.

Youre a doctor who just started dipping his toe into the waters of this new field called orthobiologics. You buy a simple bedside kit to produce PRP because its super easy without much commitment. You then at some point add in bone marrow concentrate through the same system with a different kit. Your world is easy and simple, as all your staff needs to know is where to put the kit in the machine and where the On button is located.

However, what you begin to realize after a few years is that all of this simplicity comes at a steep price. For example, you have no idea of the dose of orthobiologic youre delivering. At its most basic, everything else in medicine is tied to a dose, so this seems wrong. In addition, independent research shows that the dose that your simple machine is capable of delivering is low and that higher doses are tied to better outcomes. Hence, at some point, it hits you like one of those clown pies in the face, youve traded simplicity for your staff for poorer patient outcomes.

PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) and BMC (Bone Marrow Concentrate) are autologous procedures where the dose of platelets or cells varies widely from patient to patient. This is based on many factors including:

There are other factors that also influence outcomes like where this stuff is injected and how, but today well focus only on how the dose of whats injected can dramatically change how the patient responds.

The machine the doctor buys to produce PRP and BMC matters. The problem is that this decision is often based on a relationship with a sales rep and not the concept of dose as were discussing here. Lets dig in.

Ive blogged a few times on researchers who recently published big and well-done studies, but that used commercial kits that claim to produce PRP, but instead only produce plasma which has fewer than 2 times concentrated platelets (the minimum needed to call the product PRP). These kits are are Arthrex ACP and RegenLab (7). Hence, if you were a doctor who happened to purchase one of these systems and are using this stuff, you think youre delivering PRP, but youre not.

The vast majority of machines produce low-dose PRP at a 3-5X concentration. The good news is that if youre treating young patients this is fine, but as our long-standing research on mesenchymal stem cells in culture and published work on tenocyte healing shows, for older patients this concentration represents a severe under-dose (8). Meaning that if youre middle-aged or older, the higher the dose the better, because your older cells (unlike young ones) will respond to the extra platelets. Given that this is a direct dose-response relationship in these patients, your dose cant be too high in this age group.

High-dose PRP is 7-14X with most older patients needing 10-14X or higher. Few machines can achieve this and all have trade-offs. Take the Arthrex Angel device, which can produce high-dose PRP, but at a price. Rather than producing the more commonly used leukocyte-poor PRP (LP), this machine concentrates white blood cells with platelets, so instead you get bloody and leukocyte-rich PRP (LR). Or other machines that use an off-label double spin technique where the doctor uses the same kit twice. These machines like Emcyte can get to higher concentrations, but as we have seen testing this machine in our lab, the double spin can cause the platelets to clump, distributing them unevenly in the PRP. In addition, no research or FDA clearance is available on using the kit twice, so the reliability of that double spin product is unknown.

Weve never used any of these machines because we can produce any concentration of PRP in the lab that the doctor requires and make it leukocyte poor or rich. We can also produce it from peripheral blood or a bone marrow draw if thats already being done. Whats the downside? This approach takes a bigger commitment from the practice, meaning they have to be all in on orthobiologics.

For BMC, we have seen similar issues with bedside machines. Meaning as we have tested these machines in our lab, their ability to concentrate and get the most stem cells in the smallest volume is limited. The biggest issue is the simple lack of flexibility of the input volume and a higher output volume. What does that mean?

In trying to maximize the number of stem cells in a BMC sample, you first need to be able to increase the volume of high-quality marrow aspirate taken from the patient. That starts with taking a small volume of marrow aspirate from many sites, which maximizes the number of stem cells in the sample (2-4). Regrettably, we still see physicians short-changing patients by taking one large marrow pull from the patient, which dramatically reduces the number of stem cells taken from the patient.

Next, you need the flexibility to increase the marrow aspirate volume based on the age of the patient and the number of areas treated. For example, in an older patient who may have fewer stem cells per ml of BMA, just take more BMA to compensate. This really cant happen with bedside centrifuge kits, as they have a fixed input volume. That means that you only get one option on how much marrow can be processed. Compare that to a flexible lab-based system where you easily increase the volume processed to compensate for the clinical scenario.

Finally, the output volume is critical as well. Meaning, that if you take more BMA to get more stem cells, thats useless if your system gives you a single large volume of BMC to inject. Instead, you need the highest concentration possible from your large volume and that means that the system youre using puts all of those cells in the smallest possible volume. As an example, using a lab-based system, we often take 120 ml of BMA and get that down to 3-5 ml of BMC.

Once you leave the orthobiologic training wheels behind and get a significant number of treated patients completed, whats next? Based on the existing and emerging research, thats making sure that you can deliver the highestPRP and BMC dose possible. That means leaving the bedside kit world and transitioning to a lab. No company on earth has more experience than Regenexx helping providers graduate to a flexible lab platform safely and efficiently with strict SOPs and controls.

The upshot? Dose matters. The research continues to show that the providers who can maximize the dose of platelets and stem cells are likely getting better results than those who have maximized their convenience by using limited bedside kits. Is your practice ready for an upgrade? Is it time to leave the orthobiologic training wheels behind? If so, we got you covered.

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References:

(1) Centeno CJ, Berger DR, Money BT, Dodson E, Urbanek CW, Steinmetz NJ. Percutaneous autologous bone marrow concentrate for knee osteoarthritis: patient-reported outcomes and progenitor cell content. Int Orthop. 2022 Aug 6. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05524-9. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35932306.

(2)Pettine KA, Murphy MB, Suzuki RK, Sand TT. Percutaneous injection of autologous bone marrow concentrate cells significantly reduces lumbar discogenic pain through 12 months. Stem Cells. 2015 Jan;33(1):146-56. doi: 10.1002/stem.1845. PMID: 25187512.

(3) Hernigou P, Beaujean F. Treatment of osteonecrosis with autologous bone marrow grafting. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002 Dec;(405):14-23. doi: 10.1097/00003086-200212000-00003. PMID: 12461352.

(4) Batini D, Marusi M, Pavleti Z, Bogdani V, Uzarevi B, Nemet D, Labar B. Relationship between differing volumes of bone marrow aspirates and their cellular composition. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1990 Aug;6(2):103-7. PMID: 2207448.

(5) Muschler GF, Boehm C, Easley K. Aspiration to obtain osteoblast progenitor cells from human bone marrow: the influence of aspiration volume. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997 Nov;79(11):1699-709. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199711000-00012. Erratum in: J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998 Feb;80(2):302. PMID: 9384430.

(6) Fennema EM, Renard AJ, Leusink A, van Blitterswijk CA, de Boer J. The effect of bone marrow aspiration strategy on the yield and quality of human mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Orthop. 2009 Oct;80(5):618-21. doi: 10.3109/17453670903278241. PMID: 19916699; PMCID: PMC2823327.

(7) Magalon J, Bausset O, Serratrice N, Giraudo L, Aboudou H, Veran J, Magalon G, Dignat-Georges F, Sabatier F. Characterization and comparison of 5 platelet-rich plasma preparations in a single-donor model. Arthroscopy. 2014 May;30(5):629-38. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.02.020. PMID: 24725317.

(8) Berger DR, Centeno CJ, Steinmetz NJ. Platelet lysates from aged donors promote human tenocyte proliferation and migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Bone Joint Res. 2019 Feb 2;8(1):32-40. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.81.BJR-2018-0164.R1. PMID: 30800297; PMCID: PMC6359887.

If you have questions or comments about this blog post, please email us at [emailprotected]

NOTE: This blog post provides general information to help the reader better understand regenerative medicine, musculoskeletal health, and related subjects. All content provided in this blog, website, or any linked materials, including text, graphics, images, patient profiles, outcomes, and information, are not intended and should not be considered or used as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please always consult with a professional and certified healthcare provider to discuss if a treatment is right for you.

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Bone Marrow Stem Cell Dose Matters in Knee Osteoarthritis

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Predicting the risk of acute kidney injury after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: development of a new predictive nomogram | Scientific...

Recently, an impressive development in embryology was reported by the Israeli Weizmann Institute of Science. Using only stem cells, without the presence of sperm, eggs, or even a womb, researchers successfully created functioning mouse embryos, complete with beating hearts, blood circulation, brain tissue and rudimentary digestive systems. Carolyn Johnson in The Washington Post described the discovery as a fascinating, potentially fraught realm of science that could one day be used to create replacement organs for humans.

For the more than 100,000 people currently waiting for a life-saving organ donation, that kind of breakthrough would indeed seem like a miracle. However, since scientists are still years away from creating human organs in a lab for the purpose of transplant, the technology raises serious ethical questions, none of which should be taken lightly.

One of these questions is, in fact, an old one. Do the promises of embryonic stem cell research justify it? While some stem cells can be harvested from a variety of non-embryonic sources such as bone marrow, others are harvested from so-called unused embryos that have been donated to science. The lives of these tiny, undeveloped human beings are taken in the process.

For context, the research conducted by the Weizmann Institute uses embryonic stem cells. Though, for the time being, this implies only embryonic stem cells harvested from mice, the move to human research would involve the harvesting of stem cells from human embryos and involve tissue derived from already living human beings.

The Christian stance on when life begins is the same as the science. Human life begins at conception, and every single human life is worthy of protection. If we would not take the life of a born child in our research for a cure for some medical condition, neither the anonymity of an embryo nor the confines of a laboratory justify doing the same thing in the process of embryonic stem cell research.

Science is a process of trial and error, but we should never employ trial and error with the lives of thousands of human beings, in particular human beings who cannot consent to our actions. A rule of thumb is this. If you wouldnt try an experiment on an adult or small child, dont do it to human embryos at any stage.

The breakthrough at the Weizmann Institute, however, takes this old debate a step further. On one hand, lead researcher Dr. Jacob Hanna was quick to clarify that the goal is not to make complete, living organisms of mice or any other species. We are really facing difficulties making organs, he said, and in order to make stem cells become organs, we need to learn how the embryo does that.

Given the history of science, including the last chapter involving breathless promises of what embryonic stem cell research would bring, the grandiose predictions of scientists should be taken with at least a grain of salt. The process of growing organs for mice, for example, involved the creation of entire embryos. Should the technology be perfected in mice, what ethical or legal limits are there to prevent the creation of synthetic human embryos for the purpose of harvesting their organs?

Our first concern should be what these embryos would be created for. The answer is, inevitably, science, devoid of any consideration for human purpose, relationships, worth, or dignity as equal members of the human species. All societies that treat people as a means of scientific advancement, instead of infinitely valuable ends in-and-of themselves, have a track record of perpetrating atrocities.

A second concern is what these embryos would be deprived of. Though not all do, every human should enter the world with the love and commitment of their biological mom and dad. The very design of human development suggests this, and societies have long recognized that those born without these relationships have had something priceless taken from them. Creating children from cloning or stem cells intentionally makes them orphans, ripping them from the vital context of parental relationship. It is a grave injustice.

Bringing children into the world as a product of pure science without the possibility of relationship with their biological parents or relatives is enough an ethical consideration to oppose such research, but we should also consider the implications of recklessly creating humans for future experimentation and of dismantling them to see how their components work.

Science is, in many ways, blind to what should be ethical bright lines. Creating organs for transplant in order to save lives is a worthy goal. But such work should only proceed in an ethical manner, one which does not require the death of other distinct, valuable, human beings. Unfortunately, such ideas have not shaped the society we live in today.

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Creating Organs Cannot Be at the Expense of Human Embryos - BreakPoint.org

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Brave Aubrey Austin, four, donated her own stem cells and saved her baby brother Carey's life on the day he turned one, after he was diagnosed with a rare type of blood cancer aged just eight months

Image: Supplied via Lucy Laing)

A brave little girl saved the life of her baby brother on his first birthday.

Carey Austin was diagnosed with a rare type of blood cancer when he was just eight months old.

His only hope of survival was a stem-cell transplant.

Against all odds, his sister Aubrey, four, was a perfect match.

Surgeons operated on Careys first birthday and six months later he is cancer-free thanks to his big sister.

Image:

Their mum Naomi said: She absolutely adores Carey and when we explained to her about the transplant she wanted to do everything she could to save him.

Shes only four years old, yet she was only thinking of how she could help him. We felt so guilty putting her through an operation too, but it was Careys only chance of survival.

"She was so brave about it. She knew that her blood was going to save him.

During a two-hour procedure at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, surgeons took out Aubreys stem cells and they were put into Careys body via a drip.

Naomi said: The fact that the transplant took place on Careys birthday was so significant that she was giving him a second chance at life on that special day.

The doctors and nurses said they had never seen anyone have a stem cell transplant on their birthday before.

Aubrey was very groggy and woozy when she came around from the operation, and she had puncture wounds on her back from where the stem cells had been taken out.

But she was still smiling through it all. She was so brave. She never complained about being in pain and she was just pleased to see how her little brother was afterwards.

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When the brother and sister saw each other for the first time after the operation, there was not a dry eye in the room.

Naomi said: It was so sweet when they were reunited.

We took Aubrey to see Carey and she gave him a cuddle. They were thrilled to see each other again.

After a two-day hospital stay for Aubrey and seven weeks for Carey, the family were able to settle back into life back home in Brighton, East Sussex.

Carey is now in remission, with no signs of the cancer cells in his body.

But his parents have been warned that the disease is so aggressive that until March next year there is a 40% chance of it returning. After that, the likelihood falls to just 5%.

Naomi added: Two other children lost their lives on the cancer ward while we were there, so we know how lucky Carey has been.

He and Aubrey have always been close but now their bond is stronger than ever.

"Shes a superstar and he couldnt have wanted anything more from a big sister. Hes doing so well now. He loves playing with his cars and hes just learning to walk too.

Aubrey is with him all the time she just adores him. She knows that she has saved his life and she loves being a big sister to him. They play cars together and hes learning to walk, so she stands with him encouraging him to take his steps.

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Carey fell ill last November but Naomi, a paediatric audiologist, and her husband Simon, a CPS lawyer, both 43, thought it was bronchitis because his sister had recently had the same thing.

A GP agreed but two days later he was rushed to hospital by ambulance with breathing difficulties.

Doctors at Great Ormond Street diagnosed juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia, or JMML, which cannot be treated with chemotherapy. There are only 1.2 cases per million children in the UK each year.

Naomi said: I was hysterical. I kept trying to tell them that it wasnt cancer, it was bronchilitis. I couldnt accept what was happening.

Because parents are not suitable donors, Aubreys bone marrow was tested, a process that involves drawing a sample out using a needle.

Naomi said: There is only a 25% chance of any sibling being a match, so even with Aubrey we knew that the odds werent in our favour.

"If she hadnt been a match then we would have had to wait until doctors found an anonymous donor, but that may not have happened in time for Carey.

When the results came back to say that she was a perfect match for him, we couldnt believe it. We had been praying that she would save him, so to get the news that she was a match for him was just incredible.

When we heard I couldnt stop crying, it was so emotional. To think that Carey was going to have a chance of survival thanks to his big sister was the answer to our prayers.

The mum added: We did feel guilty about putting her through the procedure, but when we spoke to her about it, all she wanted to do was help. We were so proud of her.

The transplant was made even more special as it took place on March 15, which was Careys first birthday, giving the family a double celebration.

They are keen to raise awareness of the cancer symptoms and the charity Childhood Cancer and Leukaemia Group, which has helped them throughout their ordeal.

Naomi said: Having a child with cancer is one of the worst things that can happen to you. We didnt realise that it was leukaemia so we are thankful that it was spotted in time.

We received amazing support throughout from the hospital and from the CCLG.

We feel so lucky that Carey has come through it and it feels like a miracle to have him with us now.

Geoff Shenton, a childrens cancer specialist at Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation, said: In a very small proportion of cases JMML can disappear on its own, but this is rare.

Most children will need a bone-marrow or stem-cell transplant. There is still a significant chance that the disease can relapse. There may be a possibility of a second transplant if this happens, but despite our best efforts, children still die from JMML.

For more information and support visit cclg.org.uk

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Girl, four, saves baby brother's life by donating her stem cells on his 1st birthday - The Mirror

Fast-track status is granted for frontotemporal dementia, next to the existing designation for traumatic spinal cord injury

GELEEN, Netherlands, Sept. 8, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- The European Union has grantedstem cell biotech Neuroplastan orphan medicinal product designation for the applicability of its stem cell technology platform to frontotemporal dementia (FTD), following a positive opinion from The European Medicines Agency (EMA). With the existing orphan disease designation (ODD) for traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), Neuro-Cells is now approved for a fast-track development pathway with market exclusivity for both a trauma-induced and a chronic degenerative central nervous system disorder. This marks an important milestone in the development roadmap of Neuroplast's Neuro-Cells platform, as a stepping stone to other chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, ALS and Parkinson's Disease. The potential width in therapeutic applicability of the Neuroplast technology gives perspective to millions of people suffering from neurodegenerative diseases that currently have no outlook on effective treatment.

One technology addresses underlying mechanisms of multiple acute and chronic neurological disorders

Several conditions of the central nervous system, even when they seem unrelated at first and may have distinctive causes, have similar underlying disease mechanisms in common. These include unprogrammed cell death boosted by inflammation. Neuro-Cells, an autologous, bone-marrow derived Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product, addresses that disease mechanism by moderating inflammation of damaged cells in the central nervous system, to limit further impairment. The treatment objective in acute disorders is to limit impact of sudden injury, where the treatment objective in chronic disorders is to limit progression of the disease.

Neuroplast is already running a fast-track development pathway for traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), with a Phase II clinical trial in progress. This designation for frontotemporal dementia illustrates the broader applicability of the same technology for acute as well as chronic neurodegenerative disorders, paving the way to explore further applicability to conditions such as ALS, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid stroke and Parkinson's Disease.

Orphan disease designation for FTD awarded based on pre-clinical evidence

Orphan disease designations are restricted to products for rare conditions for which there are no satisfactory methods of treatment authorized. It allows for a faster market authorization pathway and ten-year market exclusivity.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a degenerative condition in the brain that affect approximately 3.8 people in 10,000 persons in the EU. Typical survival rate lies between three and fourteen years from symptom onset, dependent on the FTD variant at play.

For this approval, the European Union followed the positive opinion from the EMA after the EMA followed positive recommendations from the Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products (COMP). COMP partly based their conclusions on the availability of pre-clinical evidence in mice, that showed decrease in neuroinflammation markers and rescue of cognitive and social behavioral deficits. Examples include reduction of anxiety, depressive-like behavior and abnormal social behavior.

Neuroplast CEO Johannes de Munter states:

"This designation for frontotemporal dementia is an important milestone in expanding the Neuro-Cells development to a wider range of therapeutic areas. Using the same technology platform for traumatic spinal cord injury and frontotemporal dementia, illustrates an unusual range of acute and chronic neurological disorders that could potentially benefit from this."

Neuroplast is open to discuss investor opportunities to effectuate the clinical pathways to a wider scope of neurological conditions.

About Frontotemporal dementia

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a degenerative condition in the brain that is characterized by behavioral and language impairments. Depending on the variant, patients experience changes in personality, emotion, speech or motor functions. Patients may first become indifferent or careless and have difficulty understanding sentences. While the condition progresses, patients may become language impaired, lack initiative and lose executive functions. The typical survival rate lies between three and fourteen years from symptom onset, dependent on the FTD variant at play.

FTD affects approximately 3.8 people in 10,000 persons in the EU, for whom there are no effective treatments available. Patients typically receive antipsychotics to limit behavioral symptoms.

About Neuro-Cells

Neuro-Cells is a transformative treatment under GMP. It contains non-substantially manipulated bone marrow-derived hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, manufactured from a patient's own bone marrow (donor and receiver are the same person). Inflammatory inducing components and pathogens are removed during this process.

About Neuroplast

Neuroplast is a Dutch stem cell technology company focusing on fast-track development programs using autologous cell products for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, with the aim of giving back perspective to people who suffer from those conditions.

The company was founded in August 2014 by physician Johannes de Munter and neurologist Erik Wolters. Current funders are Lumana Invest, Brightlands Venture Partners, LIOF and the Netherlands Enterprise Agency. Neuroplast is located at Brightlands Chemelot Campus in The Netherlands.

For more information, please visite http://www.neuroplast.com

About Lumana Invest

Investment company Lumana was established by entrepreneurs and unique due to not having a predetermined investment horizon. The Lumana founders showcase strong commitment to their portfolio companies by actively supporting management in strategic decision making.

About Brightlands Venture Partners

Brightlands Venture Partners (BVP) is the fund manager of Chemelot Ventures and is a so-called ecosystem investor. BVP invests in companies benefiting from and contributing to the Brightlands campuses in the south of The Netherlands. Other funds under management are BVP Fund IV, Brightlands Agrifood Fund and Limburg Ventures. The funds of BVP focus on sustainability and health; together the funds have made over 40 investments.

About LIOF

LIOF is the regional development agency for Limburg and supports innovative entrepreneurs with advice, network and financing. Together with entrepreneurs and partners, LIOF is working towards a smarter, more sustainable and healthier Limburg by focusing on the transitions of energy, circularity, health and digitalization.

About The Netherlands Enterprise Agency

The Netherlands Enterprise Agency operates under the auspices of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy. It facilitates entrepreneurship, improves collaborations, strengthens positions and helps realize national and international ambitions with funding, networking, know-how and compliance with laws and regulations.

Forward looking statements

All statements other than statements of historical facts, including the statements about the clinical and therapeutic potential and future clinical milestones of Neuro-Cells, the indications we intend to pursue and our possible clinical or other business strategies, and the timing of these events, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by terms such as "believes", "expects", "plans", "potential", "would" or similar expressions and the negative of those terms. These forward-looking statements are based on our management's current beliefs and assumptions about future events and on information currently available to management. Neuroplast B.V. does not make any representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the improper use of this article, accuracy, completeness or updated status of above-mentioned statements. Therefore, in no case whatsoever will Neuroplast B.V. be legally liable or liable to anyone for any decision made or action taken in conjunction with the information and/or statements in this press release or for any related damages.

In case of any further questions, please contact:

Neuroplast

Johannes de Munter, CEOT: +31 (0)85 076 1000E: [emailprotected]

LifeSpring LifeSciences Communication, Amsterdam

Leon MelensT: +31 6 538 16 427E: [emailprotected]

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Neuroplast receives second orphan medicinal product designation for Neuro-Cells, paving the way for application to both chronic and trauma-induced...

By Mylika Scatliffe, AFRO Womens Health Writer

NKiia Stallworth, 42 of Providence, R.I. needs a match. Her multiple myeloma is not an incurable disease. In fact, you could be the solution she needs.

Stallworth and others like her can be cured by a blood stem cell transplant.

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells. As defined by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), plasma cells are white blood cells that make antibodies that protect us from infection. In myeloma the cells grow too much, crowding out normal cells in the bone marrow that make red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells. Multiple myeloma is the most common type of plasma cell tumor. It develops in the bone marrow and can spread throughout the body.

The challenge for Stallworth is that Black patients have a 29 percent chance of finding a donor match, compared with a 79 percent chance for White patients. White and Black patients searching for a donor have drastically different experiences due to the fact that there simply are not enough registered Black donors.

Be The Match is an organization that facilitates blood stem cell transplants in efforts to replace a patients malformed blood cells with healthy ones. A majority of the time, donations are collected through a non-surgical procedure. Blood is collected from one of the donors arms, the needed cells are extracted and the blood is returned to the body. The process is similar to donating plasma.

Stallworth was diagnosed with multiple myeloma roughly 14 months ago. She admittedly went through a lot of emotions upon initially receiving her diagnosis and didnt even really want to talk about it. Then she found out she needed a blood stem cell transplant.

I didnt even know this was a thing until I was diagnosed. We as minorities really need to give blood in order for us to have a chance at this life-saving cure, and so no one has to wait for a year or even longer, hoping to get a match, said Stallworth.

A patients chance of having a matched available donor on the registry ranges from 29 percent to 79 percent, depending on the patients ethnic background. Because the genetic markers used in matching are inherited, donors are most likely to find a match with someone of the same ethnic background. More than 75 different diseases including leukemia and lymphoma, aplastic anemia, multiple myeloma, sickle cell disease, and immune -deficiency disorders can be cured or treated with a blood stem cell transplant.

Only 8 percent of Be The Match registrants identify as Black or African American.

Erica Jensen, vice president of marketing and a member of the engagement, enrollment, and experience team at Be The Match, said one of her main responsibilities is to increase the diversity of the registry.

Historically marketing was mostly in White communities and there was not enough emphasis, relationships, and programs to connect with more diverse communities. We are committed to changing that, said Jensen. Among other things, weve hired more diverse staff, and created an HBCU intern program which is being expanded to include 30 HBCUs.

Jensen further explained encountering barriers because of medical mistrust because of the way Black bodies have been treated and the history of predatory practices against Black people.

We are very careful and transparent in answering peoples questions. No, we will not share your DNA with police databases or governmental agencies. Yes, the doctors will hold your safety in as high regard as the recipient patient as the donor patient. No, your stem cells will not be taken to only help White and/or rich people, said Jensen.

Be The Match makes sure to take care of any needs for a donor. When a match is found everything is made convenient for the donor including choosing a collection center close to the donor. However, if travel and accommodations are needed for the donor, it is covered at no cost to the donor, including a travel companion for the donor if needed.

More likely than not a donor will just go to a collection center near them. But, for example, if youre in Nebraska you may need to go to a collection center in Seattle or somewhere in Texas, we will book and cover your accommodations. If you need to take an Uber across town to the appointment, its taken care of. If you need to pay a babysitter or dogwalker so you can donate, its at no cost to you.

As noted above, the collection process is simple. Ahead of the collection, the donor receives daily injections for five days to stimulate the bodys stem cells. A donor can go to a center to have the injections completed or be provided a kit to do the injections at home.

About 85 percent of the time donations are achieved through non-surgical means. The remaining 15 percent of the time bone marrow is collected through a surgical outpatient procedure that takes place at a hospital under general or regional anesthesia.

Individuals between the ages of 18 and 40 who meet the health eligibility criteria can join the Be The Match registry by visiting BeTheMatch.org, completing a health history form, and swabbing cheek cells with a home kit sent to the home of the registrant.

They also sponsor in-person swabbing events to encourage people to register as donors, and where potential registrants can be educated about the process.

More young people of diverse racial and ethnic heritage are needed to register to help patients in search of a match. People between the ages of 18 and 35 are most requested by transplant doctors, because this age group is shown to have the most potential for successful transplantation.

More importantly, anyone thinking of registering for Be The Match should seriously think about their commitment to the process before registering. There is no legal obligation for a registrant to participate but a last-minute decision not to donate could be life-threatening for a patient.

Less than 50 percent of registrants are able or willing to donate when asked.

There are two struggles with having enough Black donors: actually getting enough to register, and then when theyve been matched to a patient, having them follow through with the donation process, said Jensen. Well contact someone and say theyre a match for a patient in need and they will either ghost us or refuse to follow saying they dont have time, or dont like needles.

Donors should be willing to donate to anyone when asked because donations to specific patients are not allowed. All searches of the registry are anonymous, and donor and recipient patients may consent to exchange information one to two years after donation.

Stallworth has pounded the pavement getting people in her area to sponsor swabbing events.

Ive placed fliers all over, even on dumpsters to get people to sign up and to get businesses to sponsor swabbing events or allow them to take place on their premises, said Stallworth. Even if no match is made for me, I dont want anyone to have to wait like Im waiting.

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Black donors: we want you to 'be the match' - Afro American

Westford, USA, Aug. 18, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is the most common type of leukemia, and the fifth most common cancer around the globe. Prevalence rates of multiple myeloma have more than doubled over the past 30 years and continue to increase, reaching an all-time high of 1.3 million people in 2021. As per SkyQuest analysis of the Multiple Myeloma market, the global prevalence of multiple myeloma is currently pegged at 0.7%, which translates to around 1 case in 132 individuals. However, the rate varies as per country, region, gender, and external conditions. For instance, in the US alone more than 34,470 Americans are expected to be diagnosed with the diseases and men are expected to be more prevalent than men in 2022.

Multiple myeloma can be diagnosed at any age, but most cases are diagnosed in elderly adults (over 60 years old). The risk factors for developing multiple myeloma include being a smoker, having a family history of the disease, and being overweight or obese. There is no one cure for multiple myeloma, but aggressive treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiation can result in remission or long-term survival in the global Multiple Myeloma market. Patients are advised to undergo regular blood tests to monitor their tumor status.

The majority of MM patients don't have a cure, almost 50%, and 100% will relapse post-treatment. It's important to find new therapies that will help these patients and improve their quality of life.

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Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation to Become Popular Treatment option in Multiple Myeloma market

As per SkyQuest analysis, the treatment options available for MM are generally based on the stage of the disease. Stages I and II are treated with chemoradiation therapy, which may include alternating doses of radiation and chemotherapy, while stage III and IV are treated with chemo and immunotherapy. Our analysts believe that new multiple myeloma therapies will become available over the next few years, which could change the way MM is treated.

It is expected that multiple myeloma therapies using autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) will become more popular by 2025 in the global Multiple Myeloma market. There are several reasons for this trend: first, autologous HSC transplantation has been shown to be effective in treating MM when other treatments have failed; second, alternative therapies such as targeted therapy and monoclonal antibody drugs have not been as successful as chemo/radiation combinations; and third, HSCT is relatively affordable compared to other treatment options.

Stem cell transplants are controversial because they can be dangerous and often require lengthy rehabilitation. However, recent studies have shown that autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSC transplant) is becoming a more popular treatment option in multiple myeloma. aHSC transplants are reservoir cells from someones own blood, which can be used to treat many types of cancer.

aHSC transplants are safer than bone marrow transplants because they do not require donors who are specifically matched for the recipient. In addition, aHSC transplants only require fractional doses of radiation and chemotherapy, which make them less likely to cause side effects.

SkyQuest published a report on Multiple Myeloma market that covers a detailed insights about available treatment options for treating the condition. We have identified available treatment, their impact on patient health, affordability by pricing analysis and location. The also provides in-depth understanding about market analysis, trends, challenges, threat, and opportunities for the market participants.

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https://skyquestt.com/report/multiple-myeloma-market

Recent Developments in Multiple Myeloma Market

SkyQuest Analysis of Ongoing Research in Global Multiple Myeloma Market

Multiple myeloma, an incurable cancer of the bone marrow, is a leading cause of death in adults. Despite advances in treatment over the years, there remains no cure for multiple myeloma. However, researchers are working on developing new and more effective treatments that can help improve the outlook for those living with multiple myeloma. Currently, more than 670 clinical trials are undergoing across the globe for the finding the treatment for multiple myeloma. Most of these studies are focused on testing efficacy and efficiency of the drugs for improving the treatment outcome of the condition.

The following are some of the ongoing research efforts being conducted to find new and better ways of treatment in global Multiple Myeloma market:

SkyQuest has analyzed all these ongoing clinical trials in the global Multiple Myeloma market in order to understand their impact on the global exosomes market. The report provides complete data on upcoming drugs, number of trials completed, which companies are likely to get affected by the launch of new drugs, how on-going clinical trials are expected to leave impact on overall market analysis, market revenue, and forecast. To get a detailed understanding of the clinical study on the global Multiple Myeloma market,

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Key Players in the Global Multiple Myeloma Market

Related Reports in SkyQuests Library:

Global Cognition Supplements Market

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Global Multiple Myeloma Market to Hit Sales of $34.89 Billion By 2028 - GlobeNewswire

Generation of CD31+ endothelial cells derived from hiPSCs and their in vitro characterization

Several previous studies reported successful generation of ECs from hiPSCs (hiPSC-ECs) using a combination of small molecules, including a GSK3 inhibitor22. Based on previous reports, we generated hiPSC-ECs from hiPSCs using the GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021 (Supplementary materials and methods, Supplementary Fig. 1a). To produce hiPSC-ECs expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) to facilitate cell tracking in the heart tissues in further experiments, we produced hiPSCs expressing GFP signals by transfecting GFP lentiviral particles, enriched them by FACS based on GFP expression, and used them to differentiate into ECs (Supplementary Fig. 1b). qRT-PCR results verified that the expression level of OCT4, a pluripotency marker, was significantly reduced, and the expression level of CD31, a specific marker for EC, was significantly increased in the hiPSCs differentiating into the EC lineage (Supplementary Fig. 1c, Supplementary Table 1). On differentiation Day 7, we observed that approximately 25.08% of the differentiating hiPSC-ECs were positive for human CD31 antibody, and subsequently, we enriched these CD31+ cells by FACS. Following FACS, the enriched CD31+ hiPSC-ECs were maintained in human endothelial serum-free medium with cytokines, including VEGF, to maintain their characteristics as EC lineage cells (Supplementary Fig. 1c). The CD31+ hiPSC-ECs displayed a typical cobblestone-like EC morphology and expressed similar mRNA levels of EC-specific markers, such as cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31), vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-Cadherin), Von Willebrand factor (vWF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), compared with human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Supplementary Fig. 1c, d). The results from flow cytometry analysis further demonstrated that the CD31+ hiPSC-ECs were 97.19% and 85.53% positive for CD31 and CD144, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 1e). In addition, the immunofluorescence results confirmed that the CD31+ hiPSC-ECs expressed abundant levels of the CD31 and vWF proteins (Supplementary Fig. 1f). At the functional level, the CD31+ hiPSC-ECs displayed the capacity for uptake of Ac-LDL (Supplementary Fig. 1g) and the formation of a capillary-like network on top of Matrigel (Supplementary Fig. 1h).

To determine if the CD31+ hiPSC-ECs (hiPSC-ECs afterward) could form de novo vessels via a vasculogenesis-dependent mechanism in MI-induced hearts, we intramyocardially injected hiPSC-ECs at two different sites in the border zone of the MI-induced rat hearts. MI was generated by ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery in the heart. hiPSC-ECs continuously expressing the green fluorescence (GFP) signal were used for tracking purposes. To visualize the functional vessels in the MI-induced hearts, we performed perfusion staining with isolection-B4 (IB4) conjugated with a red fluorescent dye, rhodamine, into the heart prior to tissue harvest 8 weeks after injection with hiPSC-ECs. Fluorescent image analyses showed that the number of IB4+ capillaries in the hiPSC-EC-injected hearts was significantly higher than that in the MI control hearts (Fig. 1a).

a Representative images of blood vessels stained with IB4-rhodamine (red) in the infarct zone, border zone, and remote zone and at 8 weeks after injection of hiPSC-ECs and their quantification summary. For quantification, the number of capillaries in five randomly selected fields (mm2) in each heart was counted. n=5. *p<0.05. Scale bars: 100m. b Representative image of blood vessels newly formed by iPSC-ECs-GFP (green), IB4-rhodamine (red) and DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20m. cj Rats undergoing MI were intramyocardially injected with hiPSC-ECs or control cells, followed by echocardiography analysis. c The schematic timeline from MI modeling and transplantation of iPSC-EC to measurement of cardiac function. d Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), (e) left fractional shortening (FS), (f) left ventricular internal diastolic dimension (LVIDd), (g) left ventricular internal systolic dimension (LVIDs), (h) septal wall thickness (SWT), (i) posterior wall thickness (PWT), and (j) relative wall thickness (RWT). n=6. *p<0.05. k Representative images showing cardiac fibrosis after staining with Massons trichrome in the hearts harvested 8 weeks after cell treatment. Quantification results of cardiac fibrosis (l) and viable myocardium (m). n=5. *p<0.05. Scale bars: 2000m.

Next, to evaluate the potential and magnitude of the contribution of hiPSC-ECs to vasculogenesis in the MI hearts, we traced the GFP and RFP signals from hiPSC-ECs within cardiac tissues. Confocal microscopy images demonstrated a considerable number of vessels, double-positive for both IB4 and GFP signals from hiPSC-ECs, in the infarct region of the heart tissues receiving hiPSC-ECs at 8 weeks post-injection. Interestingly, a substantial number of hiPSC-ECs were incorporated into the host capillary network, and many of them were located in the perivascular area (Fig. 1b). The results clearly suggest that hiPSC-ECs could reconstruct de novo vessels in ischemic hearts.

Given that vascular regeneration improved through vasculogenesis leads to functional recovery from MI, we hypothesized that intramyocardial injection of hiPSC-ECs into MI hearts may promote cardiac function. Subsequently, we performed serial echocardiography to evaluate left ventricular (LV) function and cardiac remodeling from PRE (1-week post-MI and prior to cell treatment), and 2, 4, and 8 weeks after cell treatment. In this study, we employed a MI model that cells were transplanted one week after induction of MI to mimic the clinical situation of MI patients as close as possible. The results of echocardiography demonstrated that both ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) in all experimental groups were significantly lower compared with the sham group that did not receive any intervention. (Supplementary Fig. 2ag). Of importance, the hearts receiving hiPSC-ECs displayed significantly higher EF and FS than those in the MI control group until 8 weeks after the cell treatment (Fig. 1cd). Among several parameters for cardiac remodeling, such as left ventricular internal diastolic dimension (LVIDd), left ventricular internal systolic dimension (LVISd), septal wall thickness (SWT), posterior wall thickness (PWT), and relative wall thickness (RWT), the LVIDd and LVIDs in the hiPSC-EC-treated hearts were significantly lower than those in MI control hearts, indicating that hiPSC-ECs protected the hearts from adverse cardiac remodeling. (Fig. 1ei and Supplementary Fig. 2h). Similarly, the results of Massons trichrome staining obtained using cardiac tissue harvested at 8 weeks post-cell treatment showed that the area of fibrosis (%) in the hiPSC-EC-injected group was considerably smaller and the viable myocardium (%) was larger than that in the MI control group (Fig. 1jm). Based on these results, we confirmed that hiPSC-ECs can directly contribute to de novo vessel formation in vivo in MI-exposed hearts, resulting in enhanced cardiac function.

Subsequently, we investigated our central hypothesis of whether simultaneous induction of both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis could lead to comprehensive vascular regeneration and functional improvement in the MIhearts. Since we already verified that hiPSC-ECs successfully achieved vasculogenesis in the MI hearts, we sought to identify an additional cellular source that can induce complementary angiogenesis from the blood vessels in the host heart and finally decided to test genetically modified human mesenchymal stem cells engineered to continuously release human SDF-1 protein (SDF-eMSCs)23. The SDF-eMSCs were indistinguishable from normal BM-MSCs. The SDF-eMSCs exhibited a homogeneous spindle-shaped cell morphology, representing hMSCs (Supplementary materials and methods, Supplementary Fig. 3a). The SDF-eMSCs had a high proliferative potential based on the gradual increase in population doubling levels (PDL) during the culture times compared to normal BM-MSCs24 (Supplementary Fig. 3b). The SDF-eMSCs expressed several markers specific for human MSCs, such as CD90, CD44, CD105 and CD73, without the expression of CD34, CD11b, CD19, CD45 and HLA-DR (Supplementary Fig. 3c). The SDF-eMSCs stably secreted human SDF-1 protein, as determined by human SDF-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis (Supplementary Fig. 3d). The results from SDF-eMSC karyotyping revealed a normal human karyotype of the SDF-eMSCs without chromosomal abnormalities, suggesting the genetic stability of the SDF-eMSCs (Supplementary Fig. 3e).

To investigate whether SDF-eMSCs could augment the angiogenic potential of ECs, we performed various types of in vitro experimental analyses with SDF-eMSCs. Among the first, to determine whether SDF-eMSCs influenced the gene expression associated with ECs and angiogenic properties, we treated 30% conditioned media (CM) harvested from cultured SDF-eMSCs or BM-MSCs to the cultured hiPSC-ECs for 3 days and performed qRT-PCR analyses. The expression levels of stromal-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1), tyrosine kinase with Ig and epidermal growth factor homology domain 2 (Tie-2), vWF, E-selectin (CD62), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were significantly higher in the hiPSC-ECs treated with SDF-eMSC-CM than in the hiPSC-ECs exposed to BM-MSC-CM (Fig. 2a). In particular, the increased expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 is known to be involved in angiogenesis in the presence of activated ECs25,26,27,28,29. Next, in EC migration assays, as shown in Fig. 2, the addition of conditioned media from the SDF-eMSCs (SDF-eMSC-CM) significantly enhanced the migration of hiPSC-ECs or HUVECs compared with the migration of the ECs treated with CM from human bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSC-CM), suggesting that cytokines released from the SDF-eMSCs bolster the mobility of ECs (Fig. 2b and Supplementary Fig. 4a). In addition, to test whether SDF-eMSCs directly promote the angiogenic potential of ECs, we performed Matrigel tube formation assays, a representative experiment to evaluate the vessel formation potential of cells. The results from Matrigel tube formation assays demonstrated that the number of branches formed in both the hiPSC-ECs and the HUVECs treated with 30% CM harvested from the cultured SDF-eMSCs was significantly greater than that in the BM-MSC-CM-treated ECs (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 4b). Interestingly, treatment with SDF-eMSC-CM not only promoted tube formation by the hiPSC-ECs but also contributed to the maintenance of vessels formed from the hiPSC-ECs. Unlike the hiPSC-EC-generated vessels exposed to BM-MSC-CM that began to disrupt the vessel structure within 24h of vessel formation, treatment with SDF-eMSC-CM supported the integrity of vessels for up to 48h.

a qRT-PCR analysis of relative mRNA expression associated with ECs and angiogenesis in the hiPSC-ECs treated with the conditioned media (CM) from cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC-CM) or SDF engineered MSCs (SDF-eMSC-CM) for 3 days. The y-axis represents the relative mRNA expression of target genes to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). n=3. *p<0.05. b EC migration assay. Representative images of migrated hiPSC-ECs and quantification of the migrated area (%). The hiPSC-ECs were placed in transwells (top), and regular media (EGM, EBM) or the conditioned media (CM) collected from different cell sources (BM-MSC-CM and SDF-eMSC-CM) were placed in transwells (bottom) for 7h. n=3. *p<0.05. c Tube formation assay. The hiPSC-ECs were cultured in 24-well plates coated with Geltrex with regular media (EGM, EBM) or conditioned media (CM) (BM-MSC-CM and SDF-eMSC-CM) for 9, 24, or 48h. Representative images of tube formation and quantification summary for the number of junctions. n=3. *p<0.05.

To provide a cellular reservoir where SDF-eMSC-PAs can constantly release SDF-1 to MI hearts, we produced a patch encapsulating SDF-eMSC (SDF-eMSC-PA) by mixing SDF-eMSCs with a 2% heart-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (hdECM)-based bioink and loaded it onto the polycaprolactone (PCL) mesh (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Fig. 5). Subsequently, to confirm whether SDF-eMSC-PAs are functional and can efficiently release SDF-1, we cultured SDF-eMSC-PAs in vitro for 28 days (Supplementary Fig. 5a) and collected supernatants at various time points for three days to generate the release kinetics of the SDF1-eMSC-PAs using the SDF-1 ELISA kit. The cumulative release curve showed that although the initial concentration of SDF-1 was higher in the SDF-cytokine-PAs (300ng/ml) than in the SDF-eMSC-PAs on Day 0, no SDF-1 was detectable in the SDF-cytokine-PAs from Day 7. However, the expression of SDF-1 released from the SDF-eMSC-PAs increased consistently until Day 21 (Supplementary Fig. 5b), suggesting that SDF-eMSCs continuously secreted SDF-1 within the patch.

a Procedures for manufacturing a cardiac patch encapsulating SDF-engineered MSCs (SDF-eMSC-PA) with a polycaprolactone (PCL) platform produced by a 3D printing system. b Optical image within the hdECM patch. SDF-eMSC-PAs were prelabeled with the red florescence dye DiI for tracing. Scale bars: 1mm. c Image of epicardially transplanted SDF-eMSC-PAs in the MI-induced heart. d Macroscopic view of hearts at 8 weeks after PA transplantation.

To finally determine whether simultaneous induction of both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis by using hiPSC-ECs and SDF-eMSC-PAs could lead to comprehensive vascular regeneration and functional improvement in MI-induced hearts, we induced MI by LAD ligation after the formation of five experimental groups as follows: (1) MI control, (2) SDF-eMSC-PA implanted epicardium of MI hearts (PA only, 1106), (3) hiPSC-ECs, intramyocardial injection (EC only, 1106), and (4) combined platform of hiPSC-ECs and SDF-eMSC-PA (EC+PA, 1106 in each) (Fig. 4). We first performed serial echocardiography for all experimental groups at pre, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after cell treatment. All experimental groups were significantly reduced compared with that in the sham group (Supplementary Fig. 6ag). Of interest, cardiac function in the EC+PA group was significantly preserved until 8 weeks compared with its cardiac function at pre, but cardiac function in other groups, such as the control, hiPSC-EC alone and SDF-eMSC-PA alone groups, continuously decreased until 8 weeks. (Fig. 4ad). Adverse cardiac remodeling determined by the LVIDd, LVIDs, SWT, PWT, and RWT was notably reduced in the EC+PA group compared with the other groups (Fig. 4ei and Supplementary Fig. 6h). To further evaluate cardiac function more precisely, we performed LV hemodynamic measurements using an invasive pressure-volume (PV) catheter, which can measure the hemodynamic pressure and volume of the LV. The results of the PV loop at 8 weeks post-cell treatment showed that the EC+PA group had significantly improved cardiac function and prevented adverse cardiac remodeling compared with the other groups (Fig. 5). The two parameters of general cardiac function, stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO), were significantly higher (Fig. 5ac), and the maximum volume (V max), which is the cardiac remodeling index measured at the maximum diastole, was significantly lower in the EC+PA group than in the other groups (Fig. 5d). Although the pressure max (P max) measured at the maximum systole did not differ significantly between groups, the maximum rate of pressure change (dP/dtmax) and the minimum rate of pressure change (dP/dtmin), which indicate the pressure change in LV per second, were increased in the EC+PA group. (Fig. 5ef and Supplementary Fig. 7a). Temporal variation in the occluded inferior vena cava (IVC) was used to evaluate load-independent intrinsic cardiac contractibility. The end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR), which indicates the absence of diastolic dysfunction, did not differ between the groups, whereas the slope of the end-systolic pressure volume relationship (ESPVR), which indicates cardiac contractibility, was significantly improved in the EC+PA group compared with the other groups (Fig. 5gh and Supplementary Fig. 7b). Collectively, these results from LV hemodynamic measurements consistently demonstrate that treatment with the combined platform with hiPSC-ECs and SDF-eMSC-PAs improves cardiac repair in MI hearts.

a Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF). b EF delta change at 8 weeks after cell treatment. c Left fractional shortening (FS). d FS delta change at 8 weeks after cell treatment. e Left ventricular internal diastolic dimension (LVIDd). f Left ventricular internal systolic dimension (LVIDs). g Septal wall thickness (SWT). h Posterior wall thickness (PWT). i Relative wall thickness (RWT). n=611. *p<0.05.

a Representative images of the hemodynamic pressure and volume (PV) curve at steady state at 8 weeks post-cell treatment. b Stroke volume (SV). c Cardiac output (CO). d Volume max (V max) defining the amount of blood volume in the LV at end-diastole. e dP/dtmax refers to the maximal rate of pressure changes during systole. f The minimal rate of pressure changes during diastole (dP/dtmin). g Slope of end-systolic pressure volume relationship (ESPVR) indicating the intrinsic cardiac contractibility as measured by transient inferior vena cava (IVC) occlusion. h Slope of end-diastolic pressure volume relationship (EDPVR). n=4. *p<0.05.

Next, we investigated the in vivo behavior of intramyocardially implanted hiPSC-ECs in the presence or absence of SDF-eMSC-PAs. Since hiPSC-ECs constantly express GFP, we could track their fate in heart tissue sections. Confocal microscopic examination of heart tissues harvested at 8 weeks after cell treatment demonstrated that implantation of SDF-eMSC-PAs significantly improved the retention and engraftment of intramyocardially injected GFP-positive hiPSC-ECs. Quantitatively, the proportion of GFP-positive hiPSC-ECs in the EC+PA group was substantially higher than that in the EC group (Fig. 6a). Of interest, while the hiPSC-ECs in the hiPSC-ECs alone group were localized near the injection sites, the hiPSC-ECs in the EC+PA group were distributed throughout the regions of the left ventricle. Given the ability of SDF-eMSC-PAs to improve the survival and retention of injected hiPSC-ECs, we sought to examine whether SDF-eMSC-PAs exerted direct cytoprotective effects in hiPSC-ECs in vitro. Ischemic injury was simulated by exposing hiPSC-ECs to H2O2 (500M). Administration of CM from SDF-eMSCs (SDF-eMSC-CM) significantly improved the viability of both hiPSC-ECs and HUVECs as determined by the LIVE/DEAD assay and CCK-8 assay (Supplementary Fig. 8af). Treatment with SDF-eMSC-CM substantially increased the number of viable cells, suggesting that SDF-eMSC-CM exerts direct cytoprotective effects on ECs against ischemic insults. Subsequently, we performed thorough histological analyses using heart tissues harvested 8 weeks post-cell treatment to examine whether SDF-eMSC-PAs could concurrently promote hPSC-EC-dependent vasculogenesis as well as angiogenesis of host blood vessels. IB4 conjugated with rhodamine was systemically injected to identify the functional endothelium in these experiments. Initially, confocal images demonstrated that the number of total IB4-positive (IB4+) capillaries in both the border zone and infarct zone of the hearts in the EC+PA group was substantially higher than that in the other groups, including the EC group (Fig. 6b). The number of vessels that were GFP negative but positive for IB4 (GFP-/IB4+) was also significantly higher than that in other groups, including the EC-only group (Fig. 6c). These results suggest that the combined approach significantly promoted the angiogenesis of host vessels in MI hearts. More importantly, the number of de novo vessels formed by hiPSC-ECs-GFP+ was substantially higher in the EC+PA group than in the EC-only group, indicating that SDF-eMSC-PAs facilitates hiPSC-EC-dependent vasculogenesis (Fig. 6de and Supplementary Fig. 9a). Notably, the number of larger blood vessels (diameter range: >5 m), one of the indicators of functional blood vessels in the EC+PA group, was significantly higher than that in the EC group. Of interest, many of those larger vessels in the EC+PA group displayed abundant expression of -SMA, a marker for smooth muscle cells, suggesting that these larger vessels (CD31+/-SMA+) may be arteriole-like vessels, indicating that SDF-eMSC-PA played certain roles in vascular ingrowth and maturation (Fig. 6eg and Supplementary Fig. 9b).

a Representative image of hiPSC-ECs-GFP within the infarct area at 8 weeks post-cell treatment and their quantification summary. n=3. *p<0.05. Scale bars: 1000m. b Representative images of blood vessels stained with IB4-rhodamine (red) in the infarct zone (IZ), border zone (BZ), and remote zone at 8 weeks after cell treatment and a summary of their quantification. n=57. *p<0.05. Scale bars: 100m. c Representative images of blood vessels negative for GFP but positive for IB4 (GFP-/IB4+) in the infarcted area and their quantification summary. hiPSC-ECs-GFP (green), IB4-rhodamine (red) and DAPI (blue). n=5. *p<0.05. Scale bars: 20m. d, e Representative images of GFP and IB4 (GFP+/IB4+)-positive blood vessels in the infarcted area and their quantification. hiPSC-ECs-GFP (green), IB4-rhodamine (red) and DAPI (blue). n=5. *p<0.05. Scale bars: 20m. f, g Diameter of hiPSC-EC-derived GFP-positive blood vessels in the infarcted area and border zone. n=5. *p<0.05.

To further investigate whether the vascular regeneration achieved by the combined platform (EC+PA) was sufficient to salvage the myocardium from ischemic insult, we quantified the viable myocardium by immunostaining for cardiac troponin T (cTnT) antibody using the heart tissues harvested from all experimental groups at 8 weeks post-cell treatment. The number of viable cTnT+ cardiomyocytes in the EC+PA group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (Fig. 7a). These results from histological analyses using heart tissues motivated us to test whether SDF-eMSCs (Supplementary Fig. 10a) could confer direct cytoprotective effects on cardiomyocytes against ischemic insults in vitro. Ischemic injury was simulated by exposing cardiomyocytes to H2O2 (500M). The results from both the LIVE/DEAD assay and the cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) assay demonstrated that the administration of SDF-eMSC-conditioned media (CM) significantly improved the viability of cultured cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal rats (NRCM) against H2O2 treatment compared with other treatments. These results also suggest that SDF-eMSCs have direct cytoprotective effects against ischemic insults (Supplementary Fig. 11ac).

a Representative immunostaining images of myocardium stained with cTnT (green) and DAPI (blue) at 8 weeks after cell treatment and quantification of the number of cTnT-positive cardiomyocytes. SDF-eMSCs labeled with DiI within the cardiac patch (red) n=5. *p<0.05. Scale bar: 300m. b Representative images of Massons trichrome staining using heart tissues harvested 8 weeks after cell treatment. c, d Quantification summary of a percentage of fibrosis and viable myocardium. n=5. *p<0.05. Scale bars: 2000m.

Consequently, the combined treatment group showed a significant decrease in cardiac fibrosis. The results of Massons trichrome staining using cardiac tissue harvested at 8 weeks exhibited an area of fibrosis (%), which was significantly lower in the combined treatment groups than in the other groups (Fig. 7bd). Taken together, our results clearly suggested that the combined treatment resulted in comprehensive cardiac repair through enhanced vascular regeneration and that the SDF-eMSCs contributed at least to some extent indirect protection of myocardium from ischemic injury via consistent secretion of cytoprotective SDF cytokines.

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Enhancement strategy for effective vascular regeneration following myocardial infarction through a dual stem cell approach | Experimental &...

In 2009, I was living in Buckinghamshire, England with my husband. We had a two-year-old and a four-year-old and I had just stopped working for a big bank, so I had no private health insurance.

Around that time, I'd been getting these sore throats, totally out of the blue. They were wiping me out for a week at a time, which with two young kids was pretty difficult. I started to get them almost on a monthly basis. And so I decided I was going to get myself checked, just in case. But I didn't expect anything really.

It never crossed my mind that I would be diagnosed with anything serious. When I went into the doctor's surgery in May, the nurse did a throat swab and actually wasn't going to bother doing a blood test. I remember she then said, "Let's just do a blood test now."

My family and I then went on vacation with friends, but when we came back, I had a message from my doctor saying she wanted to talk to me about the blood tests. So I went in for an appointment, and she told me that the hospital had picked something up and wanted to run some more tests. But she genuinely didn't seem to believe that it was going to be anything serious.

At that stage, I was obviously a bit worried. But I thought of how you hear these situations where people go in and get tested and everything's fine. I thought I'd be a little bit nervous, but that it would all probably be OK and that perhaps I was just being a drama queen.

But when I got to the hospital elevator, I saw that I had been directed to a hematology department and cancer unit and I just burst into tears.

My husband and I then went in and spoke to a consultant and he explained that after seeing this one blood test, they wanted to do some more tests. They wanted to rule out multiple myeloma, a type of bone marrow cancer. But they reassured me that typically it was diagnosed people over 70 and more common in men and within the Black population. I was told that at the age of 34, I was likely far too young to have it.

The first tests all came back and looked OK; my bloods weren't as bad as I thought. I had no bone damage and the X rays were all clear. Then I had a bone marrow biopsy and the doctor came back and told me that I had 10 percent cancerous myeloma cells (abnormal plasma cells) in my bones. So I got diagnosed with myeloma less than six weeks after I first went to the doctor. I was classed as having smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) for the first year, an earlier disease stage of multiple myeloma where the abnormal plasma cell levels in my bones and paraprotein levels in my blood weren't quite bad enough for any action to be taken immediately. Even being diagnosed with smoldering multiple myeloma is quite rare.

I still don't know if my sore throats were related to my diagnosis, but there is research that indicates some people with SMM can have impaired immune systems, because myeloma affects plasma cells, which are part of the immune system. So perhaps I was more vulnerable to picking up illnesses at that time.

I think a lot of doctors don't give a specific prognosis. If I'd asked direct questions, I think they would have talked to me about it. But I didn't really do that. I think I didn't really want to know.

But the general prognosis I saw everywhere in those days for myeloma was around two to five years. It felt like my whole world just fell away overnight really. I genuinely didn't believe I was going get to see my kids get through elementary school, let alone high school.

My myeloma became more active in 2010. I had more than 10 percent cancerous cells in my bone marrow, which rose to 50 percent at worst, my calcium levels had risen, I was borderline anemic and I was suffering from some bone pain. So, the same year I joined the Myeloma XI trial. It involved maintenance therapy with a cancer drug called lenalidomide. The trial started with chemotherapy, then a stem cell transplant and then the maintenance therapy drug.

I went through two different types of chemotherapy and then had my first stem cell transplant in 2011. I was really worried still at this stage, fearing that because my condition had progressed, the prognosis of living for two to five years might be accurate.

The stem cell transplant was one of the worst experiences of my life. I was just so sick. I felt like I wanted the world to swallow me up. During the treatment your stem cells are collected, then you have a high dose of chemotherapy before the stem cell transplant takes place. I got ulcers in my mouth, couldn't eat and had no energy. When my husband visited I would just be asleep. I couldn't talk to him. I couldn't talk to anyone. I didn't see my children for three weeks. They came into the hospital once and it was just so difficult that I told my husband not to bring them again.

The first stem cell transplant put me into a partial remission. I was lucky that that was on the trial from 2011 till 2019, because that maintenance therapy wasn't available to most people at that time. Partial remission allowed my life to return to almost normal. Whilst I still had to be careful to avoid infections, I was able to go back to working, I took up netball for the first time since school, and focused on fundraising. Most importantly, I was there for my family.

But by 2019, my paraprotein levels had been going up for a year or so and they went outside of the trial guidelines. So doctors had to take me off the maintenance therapy, which meant those levels increased at a faster rate. I went back onto a different type of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, and then had another stem cell transplant in 2020. Now I'm on immunotherapy.

I think the maintenance therapy was a game changer because it gave me a much longer remission than a lot of people get, though treatments are getting better all the time, and now there are more options. When I do relapse again, which I will, hopefully there will be more options for me.

I hope that I can live with multiple myeloma long term. We're also keeping our fingers crossed for a cure at some stage.

If the nurse hadn't done those blood tests in 2009, it might have been months or years before I'd been diagnosed. And who knows whether that would have been good, in a way, because I'd have lived a few years without knowing, or whether I'd have ended up with bone damage or kidney damage, which is how lots of people get diagnosed with myeloma, when things have gone too far. But over the years I've realized there's nothing to be gained by having that conversation with myself. So I don't have it anymore.

I am hopeful for the future. I've become much more positive about my diagnosis. I began fundraising for the charity Myeloma UK, which has really been my savior because it's allowed me to have a focus on something that feels really positive. And, I now work as a community fundraiser for the charity Brain Tumour Research, and I love my job. It's the first time I've ever loved a job.

So I'm going to hope for the best, and if I relapse then we'll deal with that at the time.

Deb Gascoyne lives in the U.K. with her husband and two children.

All views expressed in this article are the author's own.

As told to Jenny Haward.

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'I Had a Sore Throat, Weeks Later I Was Diagnosed with a Rare Disease' - Newsweek

A London mum has lost nearly three inches in height after being diagnosed with an aggressive form of blood cancer. Antoinette Carr, 49, had just returned to work as a Projects Administrator after the birth of her second child when she felt extremely tired.

She assumed that it was simply the result of being a mum to two young children, but it turned out to be multiple Myeloma. The mum from Enfield visited her GP initially thinking her symptoms might be down to a vitamin deficiency and so the shock of the diagnosis caused an "out-of-body experience" and she wasn't to know the diagnosis would result in a years-long ordeal and multiple fractures in her spine.

After a series of tests, Antoinette was diagnosed with Multiple Myeloma, an incurable form of blood cancer in February 2012. She told MyLondon: "I just felt so tired. I thought it would be a vitamin deficiency or something, I never even considered it would be cancer. But when doctors said I needed a bone marrow biopsy, that's when the penny dropped."

Read more: 'Healthy, happy' nursery worker, 21, died with Covid-19 while waiting for liver transplant

"It almost felt like an out of body experience," she added. "It was like I was in the room, and I could see the doctor's mouth moving, but I couldn't actually hear or take in what he was saying to me."

Multiple myeloma, also known as myeloma, is a type of bone marrow cancer. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue at the centre of some bones that produces the body's blood cells . In the early stages, it often doesn't cause any symptoms and is only diagnosed after a routine blood or urine test. Eventually, it may show up with a persistent bone pain and tiredness.

To confirm the diagnosis, Antoinette had to endure a bone marrow biopsy to test how much myeloma is in the blood. Antoinette said doctors numbed the area of her back and took a long needle "like a skewer" and twisted it into her back "like a corkscrew".

"I felt it all," she said. "It was worse than childbirth. The pain was just horrendous.

"Even to this day I've had to have biopsies and every time the doctor says to me, 'we're going to have to do bone marrow biopsy'. I just broke down crying, begging for sedation."

Over the past 10 years, Antoinette has had eight different chemotherapy treatments including a autologous stem cell transplant all to varying degrees of success. She got used to visiting hospital regularly, often up to three times a week as her cancer went through periods of shrinking and growing.

But at its worst, just a week into the COVID-19 pandemic, the cancer cells had spread into Antoinettes spine, weakening it and this caused 13 separate spinal fractures and collapsed vertebrate's, leading to her losing three inches in height.

One day, she was washing her hair over the bath when she stood up and had a sharp pain in her back. Undeterred, she went into her bedroom to get the hairdryer out when she was unable to pick it up. Antoinette explained: "I called my husband. I went downstairs and sat down but then I couldn't move.

"On the way to the hospital I just kept throwing up in the car. By the time we got to the hospital, I was covered in it all and so embarrassed. Doctors then said I had four fractures in my back."

Antoinette had an operation and was given a back brace and told to rest up. However her pain got worse and eventually she was unable to even go to the toilet by herself without the help of her husband Richard.

Doctors believed she may have been given the wrong type of brace, which lead to her back being unsupported and the thirteen total fractures, which were inoperable. She now requires a walking stick.

"A few of the vertebrae had completely collapsed, they couldn't fix them," she explained. "So as a result, I've lost three inches in height. I know because the tap in the kitchen. I used to look down on it. Now the taps are basically in my face. I've got a shorter spine, I've essentially collapsed like a pack of cards.

"If I'm standing up and you look at me from the side, you can see me hunched forward as I've got like a curve in my back. I do try to stand up straight but it's quite painful. When I'm standing up straight and I'm walking, it feels like there's a magnet pulling me forward. So I use the walking stick to give me a more upright posture.

"And there's nothing more doctors can do about the hunch and as someone who's not old, it really does affect me. It took me ages to be able to look in the mirror and not cry."

Although Antoinettes future is determined by the results of her monthly blood tests, she is still determined to live the life that she has in full. Many treatment options have now been exhausted, but she was accepted into a clinical trial for a new experimental drug since November 2021. She has been responding well to the treatment so far, but the trial has been extremely tough on her, due to the many side effects.

Unfortunately a stem cell match has also yet to be found for Antoinette, but she remains hopeful even after all that she has been through. She added: "It's my kids and my husband that keep me going. This is why I keep fighting because I want to see them grow up. Every milestone is a blessing. I just couldn't imagine not being there for them."

Antoinette's best friend Jenesse has been fundraising to get her to Jamaica for her 50th birthday to see family. You can donate here. Jenesse also urges others to add themselves to get stem cell register in case they are a match for Antoinette, or another blood cancer patient.

Stem cells can grow into any other cell in your body and this means they can be used to treat a wide range of blood cancers and disorders. For some people, a stem cell transplant, which is also known as a bone marrow transplant, is the only hope of survival.

However, 65 to 75 per cent of those in need (about 400 UK patients) are unable to find a sibling match so rely on the generosity of strangers. Those interested as in registering as a donor must order a swab kit online which can be done on the Anthony Nolan website here.

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London mum loses 3 inches in height due to curved spine after devastating cancer diagnosis - My London

A bone marrow transplant is a medical procedure that replacesthe bone marrow with healthy cells. Replacement cells might come from either ones own body or from a donor. A stem cell transplant, or more specifically, a hematopoietic stem cell transplant, is another name for a bone marrow transplant. Transplantation can be used to treat leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma, as well as other blood and immune system illnesses that impact the bone marrow. Cancer and cancer treatment can damage the hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are blood-forming stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells that are damaged may not develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. These blood cells are vital, and each one serves a specific purpose. A bone marrow transplant can help the body regenerate the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets it requires.

The global Bone Marrow Transplant market is estimated to be valued at $10,356.1 Mn Mn in 2021 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 4.0% over the forecast period (2022-2028).

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The study provides data on the most exact revenue estimates for the complete market and its segments to aid industry leaders and new participants in this market. The purpose of this study is to help stakeholders better understand the competitive landscape and design suitable go-to-market strategies. The market size, features, and growth of theBone Marrow Transplantindustry are segmented by type, application, and consumption area in this study. Furthermore, key sections of the GlobalBone Marrow Transplantmarket are evaluated based on their performance, such as cost of production, dispatch, application, volume of usage, and arrangement.

Competitive Analysis: Global Bone Marrow Transplant Market

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Company profiles, revenue sharing, and SWOT analyses of the major players in theBone Marrow TransplantMarket are also included in the research. TheBone Marrow Transplantindustry research offers a thorough examination of the key aspects that are changing, allowing you to stay ahead of the competition. These market measuring methods assist in the identification of market drivers, constraints, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the global market.

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Increasing efforts to set up centers for Bone Marrow Transplant is expected to Boost the growth of the market, Top Key players | Lonza, Merck KgaA,...

Are you age 18-40? Did you know thousands of people are waiting to find a lifesaving donor match for marrow or stem cells, many of them children?

Lord of New Life Lutheran Church of Midland is hosting a Be The Match donor registry drive at the Monday, Aug. 15 through Saturday, Aug. 20 at Midland County Fairgrounds. The drive will be 11 a.m.-10 p.m. Monday through Friday and 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Saturday at building 25, space 47.

Be The Match, operated by the National Marrow Donor Program, is a global leader in marrow/stem cell transplantation. They also host an international registry that matches patients who need a lifesaving transplant with eligible donors.

A marrow/stem cell donation is often the only cure for leukemia, lymphoma, sickle cell and other deadly diseases.

Matches are determined by genetic traits, not blood type, and can be difficult to find. Only 30% of patients have matches within their own family. Thousands of patients are waiting to find a match.

Many are not even aware of the program and that they can literally save someones life,said Jamie Fiste, drive organizer. If anyone is interested, we encourage them to stop by our booth. We will have everything they need to get placed on the registry. People can also register right from home.

If contacted by Be The Match, the organization arranges the entire donation process.

For more information about Be The Match, the donation process, or to register from home, visit http://www.bethematch.org.

For more information about the registry drive, visit http://www.lordofnewlife.org/be-the-match-bone-marrow-registry-drive.

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Save a life by joining Be The Match registry at Midland Fair - Midland Daily News

By UNC Health Talk

In the first few minutes after a baby is born, the babys umbilical cord (which carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the growing fetus) is cut and usually discarded.

But many people dont realize that extracting and donating the nutrient-rich blood from the cord can save someone elses life, as it did for 1-year-old Cole Baranowski.

Thanks to a cord blood transplant, Cole is now in remission from leukemia. He received an umbilical cord blood unit after his unrelated adult donor fell through.

UNC Health pediatric hematologist-oncologist Kimberly Kasow, DO, who specializes in bone marrow transplantation, explains how umbilical cord blood donation works and how it can give critically ill patients a second chance at life.

Umbilical cord blood is the blood left in the umbilical cord and placenta after a baby is delivered. It is rich in young blood-making cells, called hematopoietic stem cells.

Most cells can only make copies of themselves; for example, a skin cell can only make another skin cell. However, hematopoietic stem cells can mature into different types of blood cells in the body that will grow up to support the immune system and blood function. These stem cells can be used to treat more than 70 different diseases, including blood and bone marrow cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma; other blood disorders, such as sickle cell disease; bone marrow failures such as aplastic anemia; and disorders of the immune system, such as severe combined immunodeficiency.

Many patients with one of these conditions will require a lifesaving blood or marrow transplant to replace the unhealthy blood-forming cells with healthy ones. (Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones that contains stem cells that can develop into blood cells.)

As bone marrow transplant doctors, we will consider using umbilical cord blood for transplant because it is enriched in young cells that will grow and mature to be the healthy red and white blood cells and platelets that our patients need to survive, Dr. Kasow says.

When a patient needs a lifesaving blood or marrow transplant, umbilical cord blood is one of three sources that providers use, in addition to bone marrow and blood from adult donors. Cord blood may be a preferred option; it doesnt have to match the recipient as perfectly as a marrow or blood product from an adult donor should, since umbilical cord cells are not as mature. Cord blood transplant can be used in both children and adults.

Theres a lot to consider when selecting the right stem cell product and donor for our patients, Dr. Kasow says. We want the closest match possible to keep their body from rejecting these new cells and to prevent undesirable side effects. Oftentimes, these young cells in cord blood may help minimize those risks.

The Baranowskis experienced the benefits of a cord blood donation firsthand.

Cole had been scheduled to receive a bone marrow transplant from an adult donor, but when he was only a week from his scheduled transplant, the Baranowskis learned that his donor was not able to donate.

Cole had already been through two rounds of chemotherapy and CAR T-cell therapy (the process of training the patients own immune cells to destroy cancer cells) to get him healthy enough to receive the transplant.

To make matters worse, his parents had just learned that his cancer was starting to come back. Frantic to get him the healthy blood he needed, they felt they were back at square one. Thankfully, an umbilical cord blood match provided a quick solution.

The day we found out the donor fell through was as bad as the day we found out Cole had leukemia, says Allison Baranowski, Coles mom.

But were so thankful someone was so thoughtful and generous to donate their babys cord blood it saved Coles life. We didnt have to jump through as many hoops as if we had decided to pursue another adult donor.

Cole received his cord blood transplant March 4. His care team at the UNC Childrens decorated his room in a Batman theme and celebrated his second birthday his second chance at life.

Awareness about the ability to donate your babys umbilical cord blood is so important. Theres really no downside to it, and it can literally save a life, Baranowski says.

There are two ways to preserve umbilical cord blood:

Donate it to a public cord blood bank.

If you want to donate your babys cord blood, make sure your hospital is a collection site. For example, UNC Rex Hospital in Raleigh and N.C. Womens Hospital in Chapel Hill are collection sites for the Carolinas Cord Blood Bank, one of the largest and most respected cord blood banks in the world. Youll need to let your care team know that you want to donate before you go into labor.

If you choose to donate, youll be asked to provide your familys medical history, similar to when you donate blood as an adult. Your blood will be screened for genetic disorders and infections, per U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The babys umbilical cord blood will be tested to make sure it is healthy and has enough cells. If its viable, it will be frozen and listed in a registry, available for anyone in need of a transplant. Cord blood units that do not qualify can often be used for research, which is also important for future lifesaving discoveries.

Cord blood donations are an especially important option for ethnic minorities in need of a transplant, as it is usually harder for them to find adult donors who are a match when a sibling match is not an option.

Pay a third-party company to store it in a private cord blood bank to be used by the child or a family member later in life.

Some families choose to bank their childs umbilical cord blood privately, in the event that the child or another family member might need it in the future. If you choose to bank your childs cord blood, numerous vendors offer kits that you can purchase before delivery. Make sure you ask how much it will cost to collect and process the cord blood, and to store it annually.

Banking cord blood is a good option for parents who already know of a medical issue in the family that might require a blood or marrow transplant. For example, it might be recommended to a parent who already has a child with leukemia. However, theres no guarantee the childs cord blood will match the family members needs, Dr. Kasow says.

If you dont already have a family member in need of a blood transplant, chances are very small that you would need to use cord blood thats been banked privately, she says. And on the flip side, if you donate the cord blood to a public bank and find later that you need it for your child or a family member, your provider can check to see if it made it into the registry and if it is still available.

If you have questions about whether to donate or preserve your babys umbilical cord blood, talk to your doctor. For more information on cord blood preservation, visit BeTheMatch.org or the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

Editor's note: This story originally appeared on the UNC Health Talk blog.

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Umbilical cord blood donation saved 1-year-old boy's life - WRAL News

Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, applied in targeted drug delivery strategies, combine the intrinsic advantages of synthetic nanoparticles and cell membranes. Although stem cell-based delivery systems were highlighted for their targeting capability in tumor therapy, inappropriate stem cells may promote tumor growth.

Study:Stem cell membrane-camouflaged targeted delivery system in tumor. Image Credit:pinkeyes/Shutterstock.com

A review published in the journalMaterials Today Biosummarized the role of stem cell membrane-camouflaged targeted delivery system in tumor therapy and focused on the underlying mechanisms of stem cell homing toward target tumors. Nanoparticle-coated stem cell membranes have enhanced targetability, biocompatibility, and drug loading capacity.

Furthermore, the clinical applications of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were investigated as membrane-camouflaged targeted delivery systems for their anti-tumor therapies. In concurrence, the stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles have immense prospects in tumor therapy.

Cell-based targeted delivery systems have low immunogenicity and toxicity, innate targeting capability, ability to integrate receptors, and long circulation time. Cells such as red blood cells, platelets, stem cells, tumor cells, immune cells, and even viral/bacterial cells can serve as effective natural vesicles.

MSCs derived from the umbilical cord (UC-MSCs), bone marrow (BM-MSCs), and adipose tissue (ATMSCs) are utilized in clinical applications. However, iPSCs are preferable over MSCs in clinical applications due to their easy fetch by transcription factor-based reprogramming of differentiation of somatic cells.

Stem cells (MSCs/ iPSCs) can be easily isolated and used as drug delivery systems for tumor therapy. Stem cell-based delivery systems have inflammation or tumor lesions targeting capacity. However, stem cells are often entrapped in the lung due to their size, resulting in microembolism.

Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles are applied in targeted delivery strategies. To this end, stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles have tremendous prospects in biomedical applications. Although previous reports mentioned the role of cell membrane-coated nanocarriers in tumor therapy, delivery systems based on stem cell membranes have not been explored extensively.

Stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles obtained from stem cells have complex functioning and can achieve biological interfacing. Consequently, stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles served as novel drug delivery systems that could effectively target the tumor.

Previous reports mentioned the preparation of doxorubicin (DOX) loaded, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coated MSC membrane-based nanovesicles, which showed higher cellular uptake than their PLGA uncoated counterparts. Similarly, the DOX-loaded MSC membrane-coated gelatin nanogels showed enhanced storage stability and sustained drug release.

Thus, the stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles served as novel carriers for stem cells and facilitated the targeted delivery of the drugs at the tumor site. Since the stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles had good targeting and penetration abilities, they enhanced the efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents in tumor therapy and minimized the side effects.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) based photodynamic therapy (PDT) is mediated by photosensitizers with laser irradiations. Previous reports mentioned the development of MSC membrane-based mesoporous silica up-conversion ([emailprotected]2) nanoparticles that efficiently targeted the tumor due to their high affinity after being coated with MSC membrane.

These cell membrane-coated nanoparticles showed high cytocompatibility (with hepatocyte cells) and hemocompatibility (with blood). Moreover, the [emailprotected]2 nanoparticles-based PDT therapy under 980-nanometer laser irradiations could inhibit the tumors in vivo and in vitro. Consequently, the stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles had circulation for an extended time and escaped the immune system, thereby increasing their accumulation at the tumor site.

Stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles were also applied to deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) via magnetic hyperthermia therapy and imaging. Previous reports mentioned the preparation of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles using an MSC membrane that reduced the immune response.

Additionally, the CD44 adhesion receptors were preserved on the surface of the MSC membrane during preparation. These prepared nanovesicles were unrecognized by macrophages, which enabled their stability in blood circulation. The nanosize and tumor homing capacity of MSCs helped the nanovesicles generate a dark contrast in T2-weight magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles helped fabricate various targeted delivery strategies. Especially, stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles have the following advantages: stem cells are easy to isolate and expand in vitro. Thus, multilineage potential and phenotypes could be preserved for more than 50 population doublings in vitro.

Stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles also have an intrinsic capacity to target inflammation or tumor lesions. Hence, these nanoparticles were established for tumor therapy, building a strong foundation for stem cell membrane-mediated delivery systems.

On the other hand, stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles have the following drawbacks: Despite various sources for collecting MSCs (UC-MSCs/BM-MSCs/ATMSCs), the number of cells obtained is limited, although iPSCs are relatively easy to fetch by reprogramming differentiated somatic cells, the reprogramming is a high-cost step, restricting the clinical applications of iPSCs.

Zhang, W., Huang, X. (2022). Stem cell membrane-camouflaged targeted delivery system in tumor. Materials Today Bio.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006422001752

Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork the owner and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms part of the Terms and conditions of use of this website.

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Stem Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles in Tumor Therapy - AZoNano

The publication of proposals for new European Union rules on the use of substances of human origin (SoHO) has elicited largely positive responses from industryso far. But it is early days yet. The draft text, released in mid-July, will now enter that curious black box that is the EUs legislative machinery, and exactly when and how it emerges is, at the moment, anyones guess. What can be said at this stage is that there is wide relief right across the healthcare community in Europe that these proposals allow the chance of at last dragging the current legal frameworkcreated in the hugely different scientific and technological circumstances of 20 years agokicking and screaming into the second quarter of the 21st century (which it will be by the time any new rule proposed comes into force).

Expectations are highand diverse. The scope of the products covered by the legislation is wide, from blood transfusions to plasma collection, from IVF to plasma-derived medicines (PDMPs) and to transplants of bone marrow or stem cells or corneas, and extending as far as breast milk and fecal microbiota. The proposed new rules imply big changes for companies working on advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) and on PDMPsand are accordingly provoking anxieties as well as hopes, not least because an EU-wide authorization procedure is foreseen, with upfront risk assessment and clinical outcome data collection requirements. Even if the proposals insist these requirements will be proportionate to the identified risks, these are the sort of suggestions that cause company bosses to lose sleep over yet another round of new regulation.

EuropaBio, representing many European biotech companies, welcomed the proposal as an avenue that can support the growth of ATMPs and allow Europe to ensure it reclaims its title as a global leader in ATMP innovation. According to Claire Skentelbery, its director general, establishing a predictable, future-proof, and fair SoHO framework is critical for the sector, as requirements for donation, procurement, and testing apply to blood, tissues, and cells used in the production of ATMPs.

The European Confederation of Pharmaceutical Entrepreneurs (EUCOPE), with many member companies involved in ATMP development, was also glad to see the proposal emerge. But its early reaction highlighted concerns over the risk that the new rules could unhelpfully spill over into regulation of ATMPs, where, for instance, borderline issues frequently emerge when blood cells are used as starting materials for ATMP manufacture. As starting material for ATMPs, maintaining the clear classification between blood, tissues and cells, and ATMPs is crucial to provide clarity and appropriate regulatory standards when developing these transformative treatments, said EUCOPE. And in a clear hint of more reserved position, it added: We will stay active around the new SoHO regulation discussion.

The industry-backed European Alliance for Transformative Therapies (TRANSFORM) says it expects the outcome to reflect exigence of high quality standards, and, like EUCOPE, insists on retaining a clear distinction between advanced therapies and blood, tissues, and cells.The US-based Alliance for Regenerative Medicine greeted the proposal as holding the promise of improving patient safety while establishing greater legal and regulatory certainty for patients and developersagain with an emphasis on maintaining clear regulatory distinctions between starting materials and ATMPs. The EUs ATMP classification has established the region as a global leader in the regulation of cell and gene therapies, it saysurging that determining the classification of borderline cases between SoHOs and ATMPs should be based on the advice of the European Medicines Agency.

Another industry grouping engaged in PDMPs also took a conspicuously conditional stance on the proposals. The Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association said it welcomes positive developments but regrets missed opportunities to support both donors and patients. In particular, it fears not enough will be done to increase supplies of the plasma at the heart of the crucial and often irreplaceable rare disease treatments its members manufacture.

The declared aims of the EUs proposal are to increase the safety and quality of the processes in which these substances are donated and used, and to boost their supply and to ease their availability. The EU says it wants to offer support for innovation. But how far any such support will turn out to be balanced with new obstacles is what is behind the industry caution.

Reflector is Pharmaceutical Executives correspondent in Brussels

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Optimism Abounds On New EU Blood And Tissue Rules - Pharmaceutical Executive

HAEMOGLOBIN IS a protein in your red blood cells. Your red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. If you have a condition that affects your bodys ability to make red blood cells, your haemoglobin levels may drop. Low haemoglobin levels may be a symptom of several conditions, including different kinds of anaemia and cancer.

If a disease or condition affects your bodys ability to produce red blood cells, your haemoglobin levels may drop. When your haemoglobin level is low, it means your body is not getting enough oxygen, making you feel very tired and weak.

Normal haemoglobin levels are different for men and women. For men, a normal level ranges between 14.0 grams per decilitre (gm/dL) and 17.5 gm/dL. For women, a normal level ranges between 12.3 gm/dL and 15.3 gm/dL. A severe low-haemoglobin level for men is 13.5 gm/dL or lower. For women, a severe low haemoglobin level is 12 gm/dL.

Your doctor diagnoses low haemoglobin by taking samples of your blood and measuring the amount of haemoglobin in it. This is a haemoglobin test. They may also analyse different types of haemoglobin in your red blood cells, or haemoglobin electrophoresis.

Several factors affect haemoglobin levels and the following situations may be among them:

Your body produces red blood cells and white blood cells in your bone marrow. Sometimes, conditions and diseases affect your bone marrows ability to produce or support enough red blood cells.

Your body produces enough red blood cells, but the cells are dying faster than your body can replace them.

You are losing blood from injury or illness. You lose iron any time you lose blood. Sometimes, women have low haemoglobin levels when they have their periods. You may also lose blood if you have internal bleeding, such as a bleeding ulcer.

Your body cannot absorb iron, which affects your bodys ability to develop red blood cells.

You are not getting enough essential nutrients like iron and vitamins B12 and B9.

Your bone marrow produces red blood cells. Diseases, conditions and other factors that affect red blood cell production include:

Lymphoma: This is a term for cancers in your lymphatic system. If you have lymphoma cells in your bone marrow, those cells can crowd out red blood cells, reducing the number of red blood cells.

Leukaemia: This is cancer of your blood and bone marrow. Leukaemia cells in your bone marrow can limit the number of red blood cells your bone marrow produces.

Anaemia: There are many kinds of anaemias involving low-haemoglobin levels. For example, if you have aplastic anaemia, the stem cells in your bone marrow dont create enough blood cells. In pernicious anaemia, an autoimmune disorder keeps your body from absorbing vitamin B12. Without enough B12, your body produces fewer red blood cells.

Multiple Myeloma: This causes your body to develop abnormal plasma cells that may displace red blood cells.

Chronic Kidney Disease: Your kidneys dont produce the hormone that signals to your bone marrow to make red blood cells. Chronic kidney disease affects this process.

Antiretroviral medications: These medications treat certain viruses. Sometimes these medications damage your bone marrow, affecting its ability to make enough red blood cells.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may affect bone marrow cells, reducing the number of red blood cells your bone marrow produces.

Doctors treat low haemoglobin by diagnosing the underlying cause. For example, if your haemoglobin levels are low, your healthcare provider may do tests that reveal you have iron-deficiency anaemia. If that is your situation, they will treat your anaemia with supplements. They may recommend that you try to follow an iron-rich diet. In most cases, treating the underlying cause of anaemia will bring the haemoglobin level up.

Many things can cause low haemoglobin, and most of the time you cannot manage low haemoglobin on your own. But eating a vitamin-rich diet can help maintain your red blood cells. Generally, a balanced diet with a focus on important nutrients is the best way to maintain healthy red blood cells and haemoglobin.

keisha.hill@gleanerjm.comSOURCE: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention

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Factors that affect haemoglobin levels and how to detect when it's low - Jamaica Gleaner

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IrelandUruguay, Eastern Republic ofUzbekistanVanuatuVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofViet Nam, Socialist Republic ofWallis and Futuna IslandsWestern SaharaYemenZambia, Republic ofZimbabwe

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BUDDY SCOTT: Love stems from the Father | Brazos Living | thefacts.com - Brazosport Facts

The media continues the one-handed count of patients that seem to be cured of HIV as a man who has lived with the disease since the 1980s has been in remission for 17 months.

The story is always the samethey seem to be cured, and they get a cool nicknamein this case the City of Hope Patient, after Duarte, California, where he was treated.

The difference in this case was the treatmenta bone marrow transplant to treat blood cancer leukemia from a donor who was naturally resistant to the virus.

The most remarkable difference however, is that he is only patient cured of HIV by coincidence.

The man had developed leukemia, and took the bone marrow transplant for that reason. As it happened, the donor was resistant to HIV, and taught the mans body to create an immune response against the virus.

RELATED: Worlds Second Person Cured of HIV: 40-Year-old Man is Confirmed to Be 30 Months Virus-Free

This is also the first one who got it during the epidemic of HIV/AIDS that took so many lives.

When I was diagnosed with HIV in 1988, like many others, I thought it was a death sentence, said the City of Hope Patient. I never thought I would live to see the day that I no longer have HIV.

SIMILAR: Two Patients Make History After Essentially Being Cured of HIV Using Stem Cell Transplant

So far, only three people have been seemingly cured of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which weakens the bodys immune system and leads to the more severe AIDS (autoimmune deficiency syndrome) which can be lethal.

The man no longer takes antiretroviral drugs, the only treatment for HIV. A bone marrow transplant is not a likely future cure, do to it being a tricky and side-effectual procedure.

Nevertheless, all cure cases have been those where a patient is given a transplant of some kind, mostly stem cells, that contain the very rarely occurring natural immunity to the virus.

The case was reported at the AIDS 2022 conference in Montreal, Canada.

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Fourth Patient Seemingly Cured of HIV Through Wild Coincidence - Good News Network