Archive for the ‘Genetic Counseling’ Category

Resources What is Genetic Counseling?

By Amy Adams, MS

Reviewed by Kari Danziger, MS, CGC; Jennifer Graham, MS, CGC; Larry Prensky, MS, CGC, CCGC Last Updated April 11, 2011

Every day researchers are learning more about the genetics of common diseases and how those diseases run in families. If you have an inherited disease in your family, a genetic counseling session can help you understand your personal risk or the risk for other family members. It can also help you learn what testing, surveillance, prevention strategies, or research trials may be right for your situation. In most cases, a genetic counselor will lead the session, but some nurses, doctors, and medical geneticists are also trained to do genetic counseling.

Traditionally, a genetic counselor has a masters degree in genetic counseling and has studied genetic diseases and how those diseases run in families. The genetic counselor can help a person or family understand their risk for genetic conditions (such as cystic fibrosis, cancer, or Down syndrome), educate the person or family about that disease, and assess the risk of passing those diseases on to children.

A genetic counselor will often work with families to identify members who are at risk. If it is appropriate, they will discuss genetic testing, coordinate any testing, interpret test results, and review all additional testing, surveillance, surgical, or research options that are available to members of the family.

Genetic counselors often work as part of a health care team in conjunction with specially trained doctors, social workers, nurses, medical geneticists, or other specialists to help families make informed decisions about their health. They also work as patient advocates, helping individuals receive additional support and services for their health care needs.

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Any person who may have a genetic condition, has a family history of an inherited disease, or has other risk factors for a genetic condition or birth defect may benefit from seeing a genetic counselor. If a person's family history indicates the possibility of an inherited disease, their doctor may give them a referral. Some pregnant women may also be referred to genetic counselors to receive counseling about the risks of birth defects or for help in interpreting test results. Pregnant women older than 35 are especially likely to see a genetic counselor because it is standard for them to be offered amniocentesis due to their increased risk of having a baby with a chromosomal abnormality such as Down syndrome.

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What Is Genetic Counseling?

In genetic counseling, specially-trained professionals help people learn about genetic conditions, find out their chances of being affected by or having a child or other family member with a genetic condition, and make informed decisions about testing and treatment.

There are many reasons that people go for genetic counseling, such as:

Clinical geneticists and genetic counselors often work together as part of a health care team. They diagnose and care for people with genetic conditions and give information and support to people with genetic conditions and their families.

Clinical geneticists are medical doctors with special training in genetics. In addition to educating families about genetic conditions, they perform clinical exams and order lab tests to diagnose the causes of birth defects and other genetic conditions. They can explain how a genetic condition may affect a person and give advice about treatment options and recurrence risks for future pregnancies.

Genetic counselors are professionals who have special training to help people and families cope with and understand genetic conditions. They are also trained to provide counseling and support for people and families with genetic conditions.

Some of the things a genetic counselor or clinical geneticist might do during a clinical visit include:

Genetic Testing Registry The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides a central location for voluntary submission of genetic test information by providers and includes an international directory of genetic testing laboratories.

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Genetic Counseling | Family Health History and Genetics ...

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The University of Cincinnati Genetic Counseling Program is an excellent choice for students who value an academically challenging curriculum that is well-balanced in the major areas of genomic sciences, counseling skills, and research. Our program provides students with opportunities, as well as choices. For example, a student may work on an existing project with a world-renowned researcher or he/she may want to delve into a relatively unexplored research topic. Or, as another example, a student who in the future hopes to become a genetic counseling program director may elect to participate in UC's Preparing Future Faculty program.

Students have the freedom to focus on areas of interest by developing a personalized elective rotation or by taking elective courses. We are committed to collaboration and teamwork, by providing students with experience working with other genetics professionals, other health care providers, with educators, and withagencies in our community and beyond. Because we value critical thinking, a genetic counseling student graduating from our program will have the tools to evaluate just about any case or professional dilemma, and to develop an action plan. Lastly, our program values diversity, in the broadest sense of the word. Each student, supervisor and instructor brings a unique set of strengths to the educational environment and we learn from each other every day.

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Genetic Counseling Graduate Program, UC/CCHMC

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Genetic counselors are health care professionals who have specialized education and training in the field of medical genetics. Genetic counselors interpret family history information and educate patients and professionals about genetic diseases.

As health care professionals, genetic counselors help individuals and families understand and adjust to a genetic diagnosis or the possibility of having a hereditary disorder. As specialized counselors, they help them understand genetic testing options and the implications of undergoing genetic testing, as well as address psychosocial and ethical issues associated with a genetic disorder or genetic test result.

As members of a health care team, genetic counselors serve as educators to patients, physicians, other health care providers and society.

Genetic counselors obtain a Master of Science degree from an accredited two-year graduate program in genetic counseling. Following graduation, genetic counselors become certified through the American Board of Genetic Counseling after passing rigorous board examinations.

Genetic counselors may work in a variety of clinical settings, including preconception, prenatal, pediatrics, oncology, neurology and other medical specialties. Genetic counselors are often affiliated with teaching universities, but many also work in private practice settings. Genetic counselors also work in administrative, teaching, laboratory and research areas.

Continued growth of the genetic counseling field is expected for many years. The emphasis on individualized (personalized) medicine resulting from the genomic revolution will increase the demand for genetic counselors who are specifically trained to translate complex medical and scientific information for families and other health professionals.

Genetic counselors typically earn between $50,000 and $100,000 a year depending on their position, level of expertise, and area of the U.S. or world where they practice.

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Genetic Counselor - Mayo Clinic

Frequently Asked Questions About Genetic Counseling What are genetic professionals and what do they do?

Genetics professionals are health care professionals with specialized degrees and experience in medical genetics and counseling. Genetics professionals include geneticists, genetic counselors and genetics nurses.

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Genetic professionals work as members of health care teams providing information and support to individuals or families who have genetic disorders or may be at risk for inherited conditions. Genetic professionals:

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Your health care provider may refer you to a genetic professional. Universities and medical centers also often have affiliated genetic professionals, or can provide referrals to a genetic professional or genetics clinic.

As more has been learned about genetics, genetic professionals have grown more specialized. For example, they may specialize in a particular disease (such as cancer genetics), an age group (such as adolescents) or a type of counseling (such as prenatal).

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Your health care provider may refer you to a geneticist - a medical doctor or medical researcher - who specializes in your disease or disorder. A medical geneticist has completed a fellowship or has other advanced training in medical genetics. While a genetic counselor or genetic nurse may help you with testing decisions and support issues, a medical geneticist will make the actual diagnosis of a disease or condition. Many genetic diseases are so rare that only a geneticist can provide the most complete and current information about your condition.

Along with a medical geneticist, you may also be referred to a physician who is a specialist in the type of disorder you have. For example, if a genetic test is positive for colon cancer, you might be referred to an oncologist. For a diagnosis of Huntington disease, you may be referred to a neurologist.

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FAQ About Genetic Counseling

Summary

Genetic counselors assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects.

Genetic counselors assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects. They provide information and advice to other healthcare providers, or to individuals and families concerned with the risk of inherited conditions.

Genetic counselors work in university medical centers, private and public hospitals, physicians offices, and diagnostic laboratories. They work with families, patients, and other medical professionals. Most genetic counselors work full time.

Genetic counselors typically need at least a masters degree in genetic counseling or genetics. Although most genetic counselors have a masters degree, some earn a Ph.D.

The median annual wage for genetic counselors was $56,800 in May 2012.

Employment of genetic counselors is projected to grow 41 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations. Genetic counselors should have better than average job prospects overall.

Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of genetic counselors with similar occupations.

Learn more about genetic counselors by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

Genetic counselors provide information and advice to other healthcare providers, or to individuals and families concerned with the risk of inherited conditions.

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Genetic Counselors : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S ...

Key Messages: Genetic counselors are specially trained to advise you and your family on identifying and managing inherited cancer risk. Information about your familys cancer history can help your genetic counselor guide you more effectively. A genetic counselor can work with you and your doctor to coordinate genetic testing and explain the results. Resources are available to help you find a genetic counselor in your area.

Genetic counseling for cancer involves having a trained genetic counselor help you and your family understand your inherited cancer risk. Inherited cancer risk may be passed from parent to child. The genetic counselor explains available genetic tests. He or she can also offer information about cancer screening, prevention, and treatment options and provide support.

A genetic counselor is a health professional with specialized training in medical genetics and counseling. Most genetic counselors have a Master's degree in genetic counseling. Some have degrees in related fields, such as nursing or social work. Genetic counselors are certified through the American Board of Genetic Counseling. They are often licensed by their state. Like other health professionals, they must participate in continuing education to maintain their certification.

Genetic counselors are trained to advise you about:

You can get more about of your genetic counseling appointment if you have more information about your familys cancer history. Helpful information that may be requested by the genetic counselor includes:

Although having this information is very helpful, it is not necessary. You should not avoid genetic counseling just because you do not know a lot about your family history.

When going to the appointment, consider taking someone with you. This may or may not be a family member, depending on your preference. The genetic counselor will discuss a lot of information. Another person can help you listen and think of questions. If you choose to bring a family member, that person may also be able to provide information about your family history.

The following topics will be covered during your appointment with a genetic counselor:

Your genetic counselor will typically write a summary of your appointment. Usually, a copy of this report will go to you and to the doctor who referred you to the genetic counselor. Your genetic counselor may also provide you with written information relevant to your family history. In some situations, you or other family members may qualify for research or screening studies. Your genetic counselor can provide you with information about those studies and help you make the necessary arrangements.

If you choose genetic testing, your counselor can help you coordinate the details, including working with the testing laboratory to find out if insurance pays for the costs of the test. When the test results are available, your counselor can review them with you and help you understand them.

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What to Expect When Meeting With a Genetic Counselor ...

Genetic counseling is the process by which the patients or relatives at risk of an inherited disorder are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of developing or transmitting it, and the options open to them in management and family planning. This complex process can be separated into diagnostic (the actual estimation of risk) and supportive aspects.[1]

The National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) officially defines genetic counseling as the understanding and adaptation to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease.[2] This process integrates:

A genetic counselor is an expert with a Master of Science degree in genetic counseling. In the United States they are certified by the American Board of Genetic Counseling.[1] In Canada, genetic counselors are certified by the Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors. Most enter the field from a variety of disciplines, including biology, genetics, nursing, psychology, public health and social work.[citation needed] Genetic counselors should be expert educators, skilled in translating the complex language of genomic medicine into terms that are easy to understand.

Genetic counselors work as members of a health care team and act as a patient advocate as well as a genetic resource to physicians. Genetic counselors provide information and support to families who have members with birth defects or genetic disorders, and to families who may be at risk for a variety of inherited conditions. They identify families at risk, investigate the problems present in the family, interpret information about the disorder, analyze inheritance patterns and risks of recurrence, and review available genetic testing options with the family.

Genetic counselors are present at high risk or specialty prenatal clinics that offer prenatal diagnosis, pediatric care centers, and adult genetic centers. Genetic counseling can occur before conception (i.e. when one or two of the parents are carriers of a certain trait) through to adulthood (for adult onset genetic conditions, such as Huntington's disease or hereditary cancer syndromes).

Any person may seek out genetic counseling for a condition they may have inherited from their biological parents.

A woman, if pregnant, may be referred for genetic counseling if a risk is discovered through prenatal testing (screening or diagnosis). Some clients are notified of having a higher individual risk for chromosomal abnormalities or birth defects. Testing enables women and couples to make a decision as to whether or not to continue with their pregnancy, and helps provide information that can be used to prepare for the birth of a child with medical issues.

A person may also undergo genetic counseling after the birth of a child with a genetic condition. In these instances, the genetic counselor explains the condition to the patient along with recurrence risks in future children. In all cases of a positive family history for a condition, the genetic counselor can evaluate risks, recurrence and explain the condition itself.

The goals of genetic counseling are to increase understanding of genetic diseases, discuss disease management options, and explain the risks and benefits of testing.[3] Counseling sessions focus on giving vital, unbiased information and non-directive assistance in the patient's decision making process. Seymour Kessler, in 1979, first categorized sessions in five phases: an intake phase, an initial contact phase, the encounter phase, the summary phase, and a follow-up phase.[4] The intake and follow-up phases occur outside of the actual counseling session. The initial contact phase is when the counselor and families meet and build rapport. The encounter phase includes dialogue between the counselor and the client about the nature of screening and diagnostic tests. The summary phase provides all the options and decisions available for the next step. If counselees wish to go ahead with testing, an appointment is organized and the genetic counselor acts as the person to communicate the results.

Families or individuals may choose to attend counseling or undergo prenatal testing for a number of reasons.[5]

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Genetic counseling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

If you and your partner are newly pregnant, you may be amazed at the number and variety of prenatal tests available to you. Blood tests, urine tests, monthly medical exams, screening tests, and family history tracking each helps to assess the health of you and your baby, and to predict any potential health risks.

You may also have the option of genetic testing. These tests identify the likelihood of passing certain genetic diseases or disorders (those caused by a defect in the genes the tiny, DNA-containing units of heredity that determine the characteristics and functioning of the entire body) to your children.

Some of the more familiar genetic disorders are:

If your history suggests that genetic testing would be helpful, you may be referred to a genetic counselor. Or, you might decide to seek out genetic counseling yourself.

But what do genetic counselors do, and how can they help your family?

Genetic counseling is the process of:

Genetic tests are done by analyzing small samples of blood or body tissues. They determine whether you, your partner, or your baby carry genes for certain inherited disorders.

Genes are made up of DNA molecules, which are the building blocks of heredity. They're grouped together in specific patterns within a person's chromosomes, forming the unique "blueprint" for every physical and biological characteristic of that person.

Humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in pairs in every living cell of our bodies. When the egg and sperm join at conception, half of each chromosomal pair is inherited from each parent. This newly formed combination of chromosomes then copies itself again and again during fetal growth and development, passing identical genetic information to each new cell in the growing fetus.

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Genetic Counseling - KidsHealth

In 2008, Stanford accepted its first class into the MS in Human Genetics and Genetic Counseling degree and in 2011 received full accreditation from ABGC (now ACGC). Be a part of this exciting opportunity and join a world renowned Genetics department located at a top 10 medical school in one of the most beautiful and diverse areas of the country. Our program will utilize state of the art genomics resources that are already well developed at Stanford, and train you to work with patients in a wide range of settings and from a multicultural background.

Stanford's curriculum is set up on the quarter system, and students will take 6 academic quarters of work, and conduct clinical rotations full time through the summer between their first and second years. The course distribution (2014-2015 Curriculum) will allow students to take 1-3 elective courses in an area of their choice, such as Spanish language training, cancer biology, pediatrics and reproductive health issues, or biomedical ethics.

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Master's Program in Human Genetics and Genetic Counseling ...

What is a genetic counselor?

A genetic counselor is a medical professional who can guide you through the complex information about your chances of having a child with a genetic disorder or birth defect as well as through the testing, treatment, and other options available. The counselor's role is to translate all the technical and scientific information and to help you sort out your feelings so that you can make informed choices and decide what's right for you and your family.

You may want to talk to a genetic counselor if any of the following apply to you:

The counselor will ask you and your partner for your family health histories as far back as possible, so try to speak with relatives ahead of time to find out about any birth defects or chronic illnesses (such as heart disease or diabetes) in either of your families. You'll need to find out whatever you can about the health histories of your parents, siblings, children, aunts, uncles, and grandparents.

Your counselor will talk to you about any inherited disorders that show up in your family history and your chances of passing them on to your child. She'll also ask about any toxic substances you may have been exposed to or medications you may be taking or have taken during your pregnancy, so bring a list of those.

The counselor can help you understand the risks, benefits, and limitations of any prenatal tests you're considering and the results of tests you've already taken.

An average counseling session takes about 20 to 60 minutes, but take all the time you need to ask questions. Afterward, the counselor will write a letter summarizing the session and send it to you and your practitioner, if appropriate. A genetic counselor may also provide referrals to community resources, if you wish, or coordinate further prenatal testing for you.

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Prenatal genetic counseling | BabyCenter

What is genetic counseling?

Genetic counseling is the process of determining the risk you haveof passing on an inheritable disease to your baby. Genetic counselinginvolves a specially trained health care professional who identifiesfamilies at risk, investigates the problem present in the family,interprets information about the disorder, analyzes inheritance patternsand risks of recurrence, and reviews available options with the family.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),approximately 3% of babies born in the United States will have a birthdefect. Genetic counseling is not necessary for the majority of coupleswho are pregnant or planning on getting pregnant.

Genetic counselingshould be considered by couples who have one or more of the followingrisk factors:

The following represents some of the ethnic groups which have a greaterchance for certain genetic defects:

When you are working with a genetic counselor, there are a numberof things you should expect. You should start with your blood relativeson both sides to begin creating a comprehensive background on specificdiseases and why they occurred. This is probably the most importantpiece of evaluating genetic risks.

To help facilitate this evaluation, your health care provider willprobably ask some of the following questions:

A gene is a segment of DNA that is coded to pass along a certaintrait; it has a specific task (i.e., determining the color of youreyes). Genes are the simplest building blocks of heredity. They aregrouped together in specific patterns within a persons chromosomes,forming the unique blueprint for every physical and biologicalcharacteristic of that person.

Chromosomes are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules.Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in pairs in every living cellof our bodies. When the egg and sperm join at conception, half ofeach chromosomal pair is inherited from each parent.

Genetic disorders may be caused by of a variety of factors. Geneticdisorders may be caused by chromosomal abnormalities. Disorders mayalso be caused by a single gene.

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Genetic Counseling - American Pregnancy Association