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Viking Therapeutics(NASDAQ:VKTX)Q22020 Earnings CallJul 29, 2020, 4:30 p.m. ET

Operator

Welcome to the Viking Therapeutics 2020 second-quarter financial results conference call. [Operator instructions] As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded today, July 29, 2020. I would now like to turn the conference over to Viking's manager of investor relations, Stephanie Diaz. Please go ahead, Stephanie.

Stephanie Diaz -- Manager of Investor Relations

Hello, and thank you all for participating in today's call. Joining me today is Brian Lian, Viking's president and CEO; and Greg Zante, senior vice president of finance. Before we begin, I'd like to caution that comments made during this conference call today, July 29, 2020, will contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, concerning the current beliefs of the company, which involve a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ from these statements and the company undertakes no obligation to revise or update any statement made today.

I encourage you to review all of the company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission concerning these and other matters. I'll now turn the call over to Brian Lian for his initial comments. Brian?

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Stephanie, and thanks to everyone listening on the webcast or by phone. Today, we'll provide an overview of our second-quarter 2020 financial results, as well as an update on recent progress and developments related to our pipeline programs and operations. I'll begin by reviewing the status of our ongoing Phase 2b VOYAGE study. As a reminder, this trial is evaluating our small molecule thyroid hormone beta receptor agonist VK2809, in patients with biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis.

Enrollment in the trial continues. And despite the ongoing pandemic, more sites are open today for patients screening and enrollment, and fewer sites are reporting operational disruptions compared with two months ago. We currently anticipate completion of enrollment in this study in the first half of 2021. I'll provide more color on VOYAGE in a few minutes.

During the quarter, we also made great progress with our second small molecule thyroid receptor beta agonist, VK0214, which we're developing as a potential treatment for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. We're pleased to report that we recently filed an IND with the FDA to initiate the first-in-human studies of this important molecule. We plan to initiate these studies following clearance of the IND. I'll provide additional detail on our development activities after we review our second-quarter financial results.

With that, I'll turn the call over to Greg Zante, Viking's senior vice president of finance. Greg?

Greg Zante -- Senior Vice President of Finance

Thanks, Brian. In conjunction with my comments, I'd like to recommend that participants refer to Viking's Form 10-Q filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which we expect to file later today for additional details. I'll now go over our financial results for the second quarter and first six months ended June 30, 2020. I'll first go over the second-quarter results.

Our research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2020 were $7.8 million, compared to $7.3 million for the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily due to increased expenses related to our clinical studies, manufacturing for our drug candidates, salaries and benefits, and stock-based compensation, partially offset by decreased expenses related to preclinical studies and services provided by third party consultants. Our general and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2020 were $2.8 million, compared to $2.2 million for the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily due to increased expenses related to stock-based compensation, legal expenses, and insurance expenses, partially offset by decreased expenses related to services provided by third-party consultants and travel.

For the three months ended June 30, 2020, Viking reported a net loss of $9.6 million or $0.13 per share, compared to a net loss of $7.7 million or $0.11 per share in the corresponding period of 2019. The increase in net loss and net loss per share for the three months ended June 30, 2020, was primarily due to the increases in research and development and general and administrative expenses noted previously, as well as decreased interest income due to the decline in interest rates throughout the second quarter of 2020 as compared to prevailing interest rates during the second quarter of 2019. I'll now go over our results for the first six months of 2020. Our research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 were $15.8 million, compared to $11.8 million for the same period in 2019.

The increase was primarily due to increased expenses related to our clinical studies, manufacturing for our drug candidates, salaries and benefits, and stock-based compensation, partially offset by decreased expenses related to services provided by third-party consultants and preclinical studies. Our general and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020 were $5.8 million, compared to $4.5 million for the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily due to increased expenses related to stock-based compensation, legal expenses, and insurance expenses, partially offset by decreased expenses related to services provided by third-party consultants, professional fees, and travel. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, Viking reported a net loss of $19.3 million or $0.27 per share, compared to a net loss of $12.6 million or $0.18 per share in the corresponding period in 2019.

The increase in net loss and net loss per share for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was primarily due to the increases in research and development and general and administrative expenses noted previously, as well as decreased interest income due to the decline in interest rates throughout the first half of 2020 as compared to prevailing interest rates during the first half of 2019. Turning to the balance sheet. At June 30, 2020, Viking held cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments totaling $263 million and had 72,758,342 shares of common stock outstanding. This concludes my financial review, and I'll now turn the call back over to Brian.

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Greg. I'll now provide an update on our recent development activities, beginning with our lead program, VK2809, for the treatment of NASH. As a reminder, VK2809 is an orally available small molecule agonist of the thyroid homeowner receptor that possesses selectivity for liver tissue, as well as the beta receptor subtype, suggesting promising therapeutic potential in a range of metabolic disorders, including NASH. As we previously discussed, in a 12-week Phase 2 trial in patients with hypercholesterolemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, VK2809 produced statistically significant reductions in liver fat content, as well as improvements in LDL cholesterol, meeting the study's primary and secondary efficacy endpoints.

On exploratory efficacy measures, evaluating other plasma lipids such as triglycerides, apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein A, treatment with VK2809 also resulted in significant reductions. Importantly, the study showed VK2809 to possess an encouraging safety and tolerability profile with no serious adverse events reported among patients receiving VK2809 or placebo. The initial data from this study were highlighted at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, or AASLD, in 2018. Additional data, including efficacy at the low dose of 5 milligrams daily, were presented at the international liver conference, or EASL, in 2019.

As we indicated on our last quarterly call, further results from this study have been selected for oral presentation at the upcoming 2020 EASL meeting, which will be held in a virtual format from August 27 through August 29. The VK2809 presentation will occur on Friday, August 28. In our view, the data obtained thus far suggests that VK2809 possesses several differentiating characteristics relative to the current NASH development landscape. In addition to the potent reductions observed in liver fat, which we believe suggests promise for improvement in other histologic features, VK2809's broader efficacy on lipid measures suggest additional potential cardiometabolic benefits for patients with NASH.

The compound's oral route of administration, liver-targeted mode of action and encouraging safety and tolerability to date combined to place it among the most promising development programs in the NASH landscape today. Given the encouraging findings from the 12-week Phase 2 study, last year, we initiated a 52-week Phase 2b study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of VK2809 in patients with biopsy-confirmed NASH and fibrosis. This study, which we've called the VOYAGE study, is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial designed to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of VK2809 in the setting of NASH. The study is targeting enrollment of approximately 340 patients across five treatment arms, including 1 milligram daily, 2.5 milligrams daily, 5 milligrams every other day, 10 milligrams every other day and placebo.

The target population includes patients with F2 and F3 fibrosis, as well as up to 25% with F1 fibrosis. F1 patients must possess additional risk factors to be eligible for enrollment. The primary endpoint of the study will evaluate the relative change in liver fat content as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction from baseline to week 12, in subjects treated with VK2809 as compared to subjects receiving placebo. Secondary objectives include evaluation of histologic changes assessed by hepatic biopsy after 52 weeks of therapy.

We are currently enrolling patients in this study in the United States, and we remain on track to open sites outside the U.S. later this quarter. As we reported in our last quarterly update, we continue to closely monitor site activities in the context of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. To reiterate an important comment from our last update, we have never paused enrollment in this study or indicated to our sites that we plan to defer any activities required for trial execution.

Since our last update, we're encouraged that sites continue to loosen many of the restrictions put in place earlier in the pandemic. We have more sites open for in-person and virtual patient engagement today than in prior months and anticipate further expansion of site activities in the coming months. In addition, we're pleased to report that dosing in this study has now exceeded six months and we look forward to completion of the planned 52-week treatment window that will enable the evaluation of VK2809 safety and efficacy on histologic endpoints in NASH. With respect to further expansion of clinical sites, we remain on track to open sites outside the U.S.

later this year in both the third and fourth quarters and continue to target over 80 sites globally. As we've previously indicated, we continue to anticipate completion of enrollment in VOYAGE in the first half of next year. I would now like to provide an update on our VK0214 program. Like VK2809, VK0214 is an orally available small molecule thyroid hormone receptor agonist that possesses selectivity for the beta receptor subtype.

We are developing VK0214 as a potential treatment for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy or X-ALD. X-ALD is a serious degenerative neuromuscular disease for which no pharmacologic treatment exists. The disease is caused by a defect in a peroxisome transporter called ABCD1. This defect can result in increased plasma and tissue levels of very long-chain fatty acids, which are believed to contribute to the cerebral and motor neuron toxicities that are characteristic of the disease.

The thyroid beta receptor is an important potential target for therapeutic intervention in X-ALD because is believed to play a role in very long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Data from in vivo models have demonstrated that treatment with VK0214 produces reductions in very long-chain fatty acids in both plasma and tissue. These encouraging findings suggest potential benefit in the setting of X-ALD and we're eager to move VK0214 into the clinic. To this end, we are pleased to report that we recently filed an IND for VK0214 to initiate the clinical development of this important program.

Following clearance of the IND, we plan to initiate the first in-human studies of VK0214, to be followed by initiation of a proof-of-concept study in patients with X-ALD. We will provide more details on trial design upon study initiation. As we advance both VK2809 and VK0214, we continue to carefully manage our cash resources and maintain a strong financial position. As Greg stated earlier, we ended the second quarter with approximately $263 million in cash, which we currently expect will provide sufficient runway to achieve a number of the key clinical milestones that we believe will drive value creation in the future.

In conclusion, we continue to make exciting progress with both our VK2809 and VK0214 programs. With respect to our Phase 2b VOYAGE trial, evaluating VK2809 in patients with biopsy-confirmed NASH and fibrosis, we've increased the number of sites that are open and actively enrolling and look forward to adding new sites, both within and outside the U.S. in the coming months. We're also happy to report that we passed the six-month dosing milestone and continue to treat subjects for the planned 52-week trial duration.

We currently anticipate completion of enrollment in the first half of 2021. With respect to VK0214 for the treatment of X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy, we recently filed an IND for this program, and we expect to initiate clinical development in the third quarter. Finally, during the second quarter, we continued to carefully manage our cash to ensure that we have the resources to optimally advance our key programs through their critical milestones. This concludes our prepared comments for today.

Thanks again for joining us. And now, we'll open the call for questions. Operator?

Operator

[Operator instructions] The first question comes from John -- Joon Lee, excuse me, of SunTrust. Please go ahead.

Joon Lee -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey -- Analyst

Hi. Good afternoon and thanks for taking my questions. Brian, did I hear correctly that in your VOYAGE study, you have passed the six-month threshold? And you are now going beyond that in treating patients?

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Hi, Joon. Yes, that's correct.

Joon Lee -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey -- Analyst

Great. So that pretty much puts the question at rest. OK. That's great to hear.

And then the other question I have is one of your peer companies, Intercept, received a disciplining CRL last month without an AdCom. And then the FDA stated that they did not believe the risk-benefit justified approval. What are your thoughts on that CRL? And how does this, if at all, change your development plans for 2809?

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Thanks, Joon. It's really a complicated question. And I don't have a lot of insight on the nature of the CRL or any discussions Intercept may or may not have had with the FDA.

As far as our plans, our plans are unchanged. So we're going to complete the VOYAGE study and read those data out and then plan for a Phase 3 trial. And currently, the guidance is unchanged with the registration endpoints. So we are not altering our strategy at all.

We look forward to completing the VOYAGE study. That's the main focus right now.

Joon Lee -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey -- Analyst

In your view, if you look -- as you look at the profile of 2809 and compare that with OCA, what can you point to as a source of conviction that this 2809 won't be as nearly as a concern when it comes to review process down the line?

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yes. Well, it's a -- they're a little bit apples to oranges. It's a different mechanism with obeticholic acid. They did a longer, larger study.

We're focused now on a Phase 2b study. We're looking at both the registration endpoints as secondary endpoints at 12 months. But it's tough to make that comparison just because they're just different molecules targeting different receptors and different mechanisms.

Joon Lee -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey -- Analyst

Yeah. Understand. And then the last question is, when you report the additional data at EASL next month, what should we be focusing on?

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yes. We'll report data from the 16-week visit in that study. And then we'll also report data from some of the subsets of patients. Patients with higher BMI, higher baseline ALT, that sort of thing.

So I think it's an interesting data set. So we look forward to presenting it.

Joon Lee -- SunTrust Robinson Humphrey -- Analyst

Great. Looking forward to it. And congrats and thanks so much.

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks a lot, Joon.

Operator

The next question comes from Michael Morabito of Chardan Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Michael Morabito -- Chardan Capital Markets -- Analyst

Hi, guys. Thanks for taking the questions. I was wondering if you could go into any more detail on the ex U.S. sites that you plan to open.

You said about 80 sites globally. Do you know, once all is said and done, how many of those will be ex U.S. versus in the U.S.? And what do you think the mix of U.S. versus non-U.S.

patients will be by the time the study is finished?

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. The mix should be about three to one, at least, maybe closer to four to one, but at least three to one. And we had originally targeted around 12 ex U.S., and we'll be potentially moving that up closer to 15. But that's sort of the broad mix there, primarily U.S.

but a little tranche of ex-U.S. as well.

Michael Morabito -- Chardan Capital Markets -- Analyst

And so when you enroll patients in the ex U.S. sites, do you expect the U.S. versus ex-U.S. next to be relatively equal in all five arms of the study?

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

I would expect so. Well, obviously, there are more U.S. sites, so we'll have more patients from the U.S. in the study.

But yes, it should be well balanced in that regard. It's a randomized study.

Michael Morabito -- Chardan Capital Markets -- Analyst

OK. And some of your competitors have hinted that they may be able to run registrational trials at -- with an endpoint of less than 52 weeks based on some of their data. From the data that you've seen today, do you think that there's any chance that you would be able to run a trial that would be shorter than a 52-week Phase 3?

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

So it's a good question. We don't know. We haven't generated any data longer than 12 weeks. We have the 16-week data from the follow-up visit, but the patients only received 12 weeks of therapy.

So we'll make that determination once we have our 12-month data in hand, but it's just hard to answer right now.

Michael Morabito -- Chardan Capital Markets -- Analyst

OK. Thanks for taking the question.

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Michael.

Operator

The next question comes from Matt Luchini of BMO Capital. Please go ahead.

Matt Luchini -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Hi. Good afternoon, and thanks for taking my question. And congrats on the progress. So it sounds like from an enrollment -- VOYAGE enrollment perspective, you're pretty optimistic on how things are progressing.

And so I'm just wondering, is the gating factor in terms of your enrollment guidance more actually on the ex U.S. side? Or is it still pulling enough patients through on the U.S. side? And then secondarily, while I appreciate that it's somewhat a moot point given that we passed the six-month mark. Can you just maybe comment, did the FDA actually come back and sort of bless VOYAGE to continue dosing? Or was it more a continuation of the no-news-is-good-news commentary that we saw last quarter? Thank you.

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Thanks, Matt. So on the second question, there was never any requirement that we check in with the FDA at six months. The trial that was cleared to proceed was a 52-week trial, and we were requested to submit our 12-month tox data at some time frame before any subject reach that six-month threshold.

So there wasn't any sort of a check in or OK or anything from the FDA. We didn't receive one. We didn't expect one, and there was never one outlined for us. With respect to enrollment, the modeling that we do for completion enrollment, it encompasses the time to get the U.S.

and ex-U.S. sites onboard. And then we have enrollment assumptions in each of those sites and model it out from there. So it's a combination of U.S.

and ex-U.S., and they're both going to be important contributors. But bulk of the contribution will come from U.S. patients, at least that's our expectation today.

Matt Luchini -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

OK. And just given all the -- in terms of the initial PDFF data, should we be expecting that closer to, say, the tail end of the first half? Or do you think, really, it's a second-half event? Or is it still too early to say?

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

I think it's early to say. We'll report it as soon as we have it, but it's early to say. We have some -- a pretty broad window in there, and that reflects a lot of the uncertainty in the current clinical environment. But I don't think we're going to narrow it down today.

Matt Luchini -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Understood. Just thought I would ask. Thanks for taking the questions.

Brian Lian -- President and Chief Executive Officer

See the article here:
Viking Therapeutics (VKTX) Q2 2020 Earnings Call Transcript - Motley Fool

San Diego Jul 30, 2020 (Thomson StreetEvents) -- Edited Transcript of Viking Therapeutics Inc earnings conference call or presentation Wednesday, July 29, 2020 at 8:30:00pm GMT

Viking Therapeutics, Inc. - President, CEO & Director

* Gregory S. Zante

Viking Therapeutics, Inc. - SVP of Finance

Laidlaw & Company (UK) Ltd., Research Division - MD of Healthcare Research & Senior Biotechnology Analyst

Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., Research Division - Executive Director & Senior Analyst

* Matthew W. Luchini

B. Riley FBR, Inc., Research Division - Research Analyst

Chardan Capital Markets, LLC, Research Division - Senior Research Analyst of Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals

ROTH Capital Partners, LLC, Research Division - MD, Senior Research Analyst & Head of Pharmaceuticals Research

Vida Strategic Partners Inc. - President & CEO

Welcome to the Viking Therapeutics 2020 Second Quarter Financial Results Conference Call. (Operator Instructions). As a reminder, this conference call is being recorded today, July 29, 2020.

I would now like to turn the conference over to Viking's Manager of Investor Relations, Stephanie Diaz. Please go ahead, Stephanie.

Stephanie Diaz, Vida Strategic Partners Inc. - President & CEO [2]

Hello, and thank you, all, for participating in today's call. Joining me today is Brian Lian, Viking's President and CEO; and Greg Zante, Senior Vice President of Finance.

Before we begin, I'd like to caution that comments made during this conference call today, July 29, 2020, will contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, concerning the current beliefs of the company, which involve a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ from these statements and the company undertakes no obligation to revise or update any statement made today. I encourage you to review all of the company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission concerning these and other matters.

I'll now turn the call over to Brian Lian for his initial comments. Brian?

Brian Lian, Viking Therapeutics, Inc. - President, CEO & Director [3]

Thanks, Stephanie, and thanks to everyone listening on the webcast or by phone. Today, we'll provide an overview of our second quarter 2020 financial results as well as an update on recent progress and developments related to our pipeline programs and operations. I'll begin by reviewing the status of our ongoing Phase IIb VOYAGE study. As a reminder, this trial is evaluating our small molecule thyroid hormone beta receptor agonist VK2809, in patients with biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Enrollment in the trial continues. And despite the ongoing pandemic, more sites are open today for patients screening and enrollment, and fewer sites are reporting operational disruptions compared with 2 months ago. We currently anticipate completion of enrollment in this study in the first half of 2021. I'll provide more color on VOYAGE in a few minutes.

During the quarter, we also made great progress with our second small molecule thyroid receptor beta agonist, VK0214, which we're developing as a potential treatment for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. We're pleased to report that we recently filed an IND with the FDA to initiate the first-in-human studies of this important molecule. We plan to initiate these studies following clearance of the IND.

I'll provide additional detail on our development activities after we review our second quarter financial results. For that, I'll turn the call over to Greg Zante, Viking's Senior Vice President of Finance. Greg?

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Gregory S. Zante, Viking Therapeutics, Inc. - SVP of Finance [4]

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Thanks, Brian. In conjunction with my comments, I'd like to recommend that participants refer to Viking's Form 10-Q filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which we expect to file later today for additional details.

I'll now go over our financial results for the second quarter and first 6 months ended June 30, 2020. I'll first go over the second quarter results. Our research and development expenses for the 3 months ended June 30, 2020, were $7.8 million compared to $7.3 million for the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily due to increased expenses related to our clinical studies, manufacturing for our drug candidates, salaries and benefits and stock-based compensation, partially offset by decreased expenses related to preclinical studies and services provided by third party consultants. Our general and administrative expenses for the 3 months ended June 30, 2020, were $2.8 million compared to $2.2 million for the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily due to increased expenses related to stock-based compensation, legal expenses and insurance expenses, partially offset by decreased expenses related to services provided by third-party consultants and travel. For the 3 months ended June 30, 2020, Viking reported a net loss of $9.6 million or $0.13 per share compared to a net loss of $7.7 million or $0.11 per share in the corresponding period of 2019. The increase in net loss and net loss per share for the 3 months ended June 30, 2020, was primarily due to the increases in research and development and general and administrative expenses noted previously,as well as decreased interest income due to the decline in interest rates throughout the second quarter of 2020 as compared to prevailing interest rates during the second quarter of 2019.

I'll now go over our results for the first 6 months of 2020. Our research and development expenses for the 6 months ended June 30, 2020, were $15.8 million compared to $11.8 million for the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily due to increased expenses related to our clinical studies, manufacturing for our drug candidates, salaries and benefits and stock-based compensation, partially offset by decreased expenses related to services provided by third-party consultants and preclinical studies. Our general and administrative expenses for the 6 months ended June 30, 2020, were $5.8 million compared to $4.5 million for the same period in 2019. The increase was primarily due to increased expenses related to stock-based compensation, legal expenses and insurance expenses, partially offset by decreased expenses related to services provided by third party consultants, professional fees and travel. For the 6 months ended June 30, 2020, Viking reported a net loss of $19.3 million or $0.27 per share compared to a net loss of $12.6 million or $0.18 per share in the corresponding period in 2019. The increase in net loss and net loss per share for the 6 months ended June 30, 2020, was primarily due to the increases in research and development and general and administrative expenses noted previously as well as decreased interest income due to the decline in interest rates throughout the first half of 2020, as compared to prevailing interest rates during the first half of 2019.

Turning to the balance sheet. At June 30, 2020, Viking held cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaling $263 million, and had 72,758,342 shares of common stock outstanding. This concludes my financial review, and I'll now turn the call back over to Brian.

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Brian Lian, Viking Therapeutics, Inc. - President, CEO & Director [5]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Thanks, Greg. I'll now provide an update on our recent development activities, beginning with our lead program, VK2809 for the treatment of NASH. As a reminder, VK2809 is an orally available small molecule agonist of the thyroid homeowner receptor that possesses selectivity for liver tissue as well as the beta receptor subtype, suggesting promising therapeutic potential in a range of metabolic disorders, including NASH. As we previously discussed, in a 12-week Phase II trial in patients with hypercholesterolemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, VK2809 produced statistically significant reductions in liver fat content as well as improvements in LDL cholesterol, meeting the study's primary and secondary efficacy endpoints. On exploratory efficacy measures, evaluating other plasma lipids such as triglycerides, apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein A, treatment with VK2809 also resulted in significant reductions. Importantly, the study showed VK2809 to possess an encouraging safety and tolerability profile with no serious adverse events reported among patients receiving VK2809 or placebo. The initial data from this study were highlighted at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, or AASLD, in 2018. Additional data, including efficacy at the low dose of 5 milligrams daily, were presented at the international liver conference, or EASL, in 2019. As we indicated on our last quarterly call, further results from this study have been selected for oral presentation at the upcoming 2020 EASL meeting, which will be held in a virtual format from August 27 through August 29. The VK2809 presentation will occur on Friday, August 28. In our view, the data obtained thus far suggests that VK2809 possesses several differentiating characteristics relative to the current NASH development landscape. In addition to the potent reductions observed in liver fat, which we believe suggests promise for improvement in other histologic features, VK2809's broader efficacy on lipid measures suggest additional potential cardiometabolic benefits for patients with NASH. The compound's oral route of administration, liver-targeted mode of action and encouraging safety and tolerability to date combined to place it among the most promising development programs in the NASH landscape today.

Given the encouraging findings from the 12-week Phase II study, last year, we initiated a 52-week Phase IIb study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of VK2809 in patients with biopsy-confirmed NASH and fibrosis. This study, which we've called the VOYAGE study, is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial designed to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of VK2809 in the setting of NASH. The study is targeting enrollment of approximately 340 patients across 5 treatment arms, including 1 milligram daily, 2.5 milligrams daily, 5 milligrams every other day, 10 milligrams every other day and placebo. The target population includes patients with F2 and F3 fibrosis as well as up to 25% with F1 fibrosis. F1 patients must possess additional risk factors to be eligible for enrollment. The primary endpoint of the study will evaluate the relative change in liver fat content as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction from baseline to week 12, in subjects treated with VK2809 as compared to subjects receiving placebo. Secondary objectives include evaluation of histologic changes assessed by hepatic biopsy after 52 weeks of therapy.

We are currently enrolling patients in this study in the United States, and we remain on track to open sites outside the U.S. later this quarter. As we reported in our last quarterly update, we continue to closely monitor site activities in the context of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. To reiterate an important comment from our last update, we have never paused enrollment in this study or indicated to our sites that we plan to defer any activities required for trial execution. Since our last update, we're encouraged that sites continue to loosen many of the restrictions put in place earlier in the pandemic. We have more sites open for in-person and virtual patient engagement today than in prior months and anticipate further expansion of site activities in the coming months. In addition, we're pleased to report that dosing in this study has now exceeded 6 months and we look forward to completion of the planned 52-week treatment window that will enable the evaluation of VK2809 safety and efficacy on histologic endpoints in NASH. With respect to further expansion of clinical sites, we remain on track to open sites outside the U.S. later this year in both the third and fourth quarters, and continue to target over 80 sites globally. As we've previously indicated, we continue to anticipate completion of enrollment in VOYAGE in the first half of next year.

I would now like to provide an update on our VK0214 program. Like VK2809, VK0214 is an orally available small molecule thyroid hormone receptor agonist that possesses selectivity for the beta receptor subtype. We are developing VK0214 as a potential treatment for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, or X-ALD. X-ALD is a serious degenerative neuromuscular disease for which no pharmacologic treatment exists. The disease is caused by a defect in a peroxisome transporter called ABCD1. This defect can result in increased plasma and tissue levels of very long-chain fatty acids, which are believed to contribute to the cerebral and motor neuron toxicities that are characteristic of the disease. The thyroid beta receptor is an important potential target for therapeutic intervention in X-ALD because is believed to play a role in very long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Data from in vivo models have demonstrated that treatment with VK0214 produces reductions in very long-chain fatty acids in both plasma and tissue. These encouraging findings suggest potential benefit in the setting of X-ALD and we're eager to move VK0214 into the clinic. To this end, we are pleased to report that we recently filed an IND for VK0214 to initiate the clinical development of this important program. Following clearance of the IND, we plan to initiate the first in-human studies of VK0214, to be followed by initiation of a proof-of-concept study in patients with X-ALD. We will provide more details on trial design upon study initiation.

As we advance both VK2809 and VK0214, we continue to carefully manage our cash resources and maintain a strong financial position. As Greg stated earlier, we ended the second quarter with approximately $263 million in cash, which we currently expect will provide sufficient runway to achieve a number of the key clinical milestones that we believe will drive value creation in the future.

In conclusion, we continue to make exciting progress with both our VK2809 and VK0214 programs. With respect to our Phase IIb VOYAGE trial, evaluating VK2809 in patients with biopsy-confirmed NASH and fibrosis, we've increased the number of sites that are open and actively enrolling and look forward to adding new sites, both within and outside the U.S. in the coming months. We're also happy to report that we passed the 6-month dosing milestone and continue to treat subjects for the planned 52-week trial duration. We currently anticipate completion of enrollment in the first half of 2021. With respect to VK0214 for the treatment of X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy, we recently filed an IND for this program, and we expect to initiate clinical development in the third quarter. Finally, during the second quarter, we continued to carefully manage our cash to ensure that we have the resources to optimally advance our key programs through their critical milestones.

This concludes our prepared comments for today. Thanks again for joining us. And now we'll open the call for questions. Operator?

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Questions and Answers

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Operator [1]

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(Operator Instructions) The first question comes from Joon Lee of SunTrust.

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Joon So Lee, SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., Research Division - VP [2]

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Brian, did I hear correctly that in your VOYAGE study, you have passed the 6-month threshold? And you are now going beyond that in treating patients?

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Brian Lian, Viking Therapeutics, Inc. - President, CEO & Director [3]

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Joon, yes, that's correct.

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Joon So Lee, SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., Research Division - VP [4]

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Great. So that pretty much puts the question at rest. Okay. That's great to hear. And then the other question I have is one of your peer companies, Intercept, received a disciplining CRL last month without an AdCom. And then the FDA stated that they did not believe the risk-benefit justified approval, what are your thoughts on that CRL? And how does this, if at all, change your development plans for 2809?

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Brian Lian, Viking Therapeutics, Inc. - President, CEO & Director [5]

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Yes. Thanks, Joon, it's really a complicated question. And I don't have a lot of insight on the nature of the CRL or any discussions Intercept may or may not have had with the FDA. As far as our plans, our plans are unchanged. So we're going to complete the VOYAGE study and read those data out and then plan for a Phase III trial. And currently, the guidance is unchanged with the registration endpoints. So we are not altering our strategy at all. We look forward to completing the VOYAGE study. That's the main focus right now.

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Joon So Lee, SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., Research Division - VP [6]

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In your view, if you look -- as you look at the profile of 2809 and compare that with OCA, what can you point to as a source of conviction that this 2809 won't be as nearly as a concern when it comes to review process down the line?

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Brian Lian, Viking Therapeutics, Inc. - President, CEO & Director [7]

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Yes. Well, it's -- they're a little bit apples to oranges. It's a different mechanism with obeticholic acid. They did a longer, larger study. We're focused now on a Phase IIb study. We're looking at both the registration endpoints as secondary endpoints at 12 months. But it's tough to make that comparison just because they're just different molecules targeting different receptors and different mechanisms.

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Joon So Lee, SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., Research Division - VP [8]

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Yes. Understand. And then the last question is, when you report the additional data at EASL next month, what should we be focusing on?

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Brian Lian, Viking Therapeutics, Inc. - President, CEO & Director [9]

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Yes. We'll report data from the 16-week visit in that study. And then we'll also report data from some of the subsets of patients. Patients with higher BMI, higher baseline ALT, that sort of thing. So I think it's an interesting data set. So it's -- we look forward to presenting it.

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Operator [10]

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The next question comes from Michael Morabito of Chardan Capital Markets.

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Michael Vincent Morabito, Chardan Capital Markets, LLC, Research Division - Senior Research Analyst of Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals [11]

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I was wondering if you could go into any more detail on the ex U.S. sites that you plan to open. You said about 80 sites globally. Do you know, once all is said and done, how many of those will be ex U.S. versus in the U.S.? And what do you think the mix of U.S. versus non-U. S. patients will be by the time the study is finished?

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Brian Lian, Viking Therapeutics, Inc. - President, CEO & Director [12]

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Yes. The mix should be about 3:1 at least, maybe closer to 4:1, but at least 3:1. And we had originally targeted around 12 ex U.S., and we'll be potentially moving that up to -- closer to 15, but that's sort of the broad mix there. Primarily U.S., but a little tranche of ex U.S. as well.

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Michael Vincent Morabito, Chardan Capital Markets, LLC, Research Division - Senior Research Analyst of Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals [13]

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And so when you enroll patients in the ex U.S. sites, do you expect the U.S. versus ex U.S. next to be relatively equal in all 5 arms of the study?

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Brian Lian, Viking Therapeutics, Inc. - President, CEO & Director [14]

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I would expect so. Well, the -- obviously, there are more U.S. sites so we'll have more patients from the U.S. in the study. But yes, it should be well balanced in that regard. It's a randomized study.

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Michael Vincent Morabito, Chardan Capital Markets, LLC, Research Division - Senior Research Analyst of Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals [15]

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Okay. And some of your competitors have hinted that they may be able to run registrational trials at -- with an endpoint of less than 52 weeks based on some of their data. From the data that you've seen today, do you think that there's any chance that you would be able to run a trial that would be shorter than a 52-week Phase III?

Excerpt from:
Edited Transcript of VKTX.OQ earnings conference call or presentation 29-Jul-20 8:30pm GMT - Yahoo Finance

There are many benefits of plant-based eating. But is it safe to exclude meat when youve got a whole-grain bun in the oven? Registered dietitian Julia Zumpano, RD, shares her tips for being a pro at pregnancy while still being pro-plants.

Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services.Policy

Vegetarian diets are nutritional powerhouses because they are:

The tricky part of eating vegetarian while youre pregnant, explains Zumpano, is that your protein needs increase during those months.

Zumpano says the average pregnant woman needs 71 to 75 grams of protein a day during pregnancy. That number can be even higher due to a number of factors, including if youre carrying multiples. If you want to eat vegetarian during pregnancy, its best to see a dietitian for a personal assessment to know your specific protein needs.

Its definitely doable to eat vegetarian while pregnant I did it myself but you need to plan your meals around protein to ensure youre getting enough, which may also include protein supplements.

A vegetarian diet typically cuts out meat, but there is a lot of grey. Some vegetarian diets include eggs and dairy. A vegan diet has no meat, dairy or eggs. A pescatarian diet is plant-based but includes fish. Is one type better during pregnancy?

If someone is open to less restrictive eating during pregnancy, I try to guide them that way because it can be easier to fill the nutritional requirements, says Zumpano. For example, if someone is vegan but open to dairy during pregnancy, I would encourage that shift so they can get their protein and calcium needs met by food sources.

If youre set on a vegan pregnancy or dont want to adjust your eating habits, youre still good. Youll just need to use a supplement or a vegetarian product like tofu to meet the nutritional needs of you and your baby.

All pregnant women, whether or not they eat meat, need to take a quality prenatal vitamin. If the vitamin doesnt contain enough calcium or folate, you may need additional supplementation.

A high-variety diet can help you meet your nutritional requirements in pregnancy:

There are also some foods you should avoid:

If you want to ensure complete nutrition during a vegetarian pregnancy, its best to plan ahead. Zumpano recommends making a list of the fruits, veggies, proteins and grains youre willing to eat and then planning your meals around them.

Probably the hardest time to successfully eat vegetarian is during the first three months of pregnancy, says Zumpano. If you have morning sickness or nausea, food may not taste good. Or you dont feel like eating for fear it will all come back up. It can be almost impossible to eat a complete diet in this situation.

To avoid having soda crackers as your primary food source, Zumpano recommends:

Youll likely find it easier to meet all your nutritional needs in trimesters two and three (when you dont feel like retching all day). But you can use these tips at all points in your pregnancy to ensure your baby gets the best nutrition for a healthy start in life

These recipes can help you get started in developing a nutritionally complete eating plan:

Originally posted here:
Can You Safely Have a Vegetarian Pregnancy? Health Essentials from Cleveland Clinic - Health Essentials from Cleveland Clinic

By: Lifestyle Desk | New Delhi | Published: July 7, 2020 6:33:51 pm Rowling wrote a long tread defending herself. (Photo: JK Rowling/Facebook)

It will probably be a while for JK Rowling to extricate herself from the growing controversy she finds herself embroiled in. Recently, the Harry Potter author faced fresh heat on one of her tweets that suggested transgender hormone therapy is a variant of conversion therapy for young gay people..

It all started when a Twitter user made a claim that the author had allegedly liked a tweet that compared prescribed hormones to antidepressants. Soon, Rowling wrote a long tread defending herself and went to write, Ive ignored fake tweets attributed to me and RTed widely. Ive ignored porn tweeted at children on a thread about their art. Ive ignored death and rape threats. Im not going to ignore this. When you lie about what I believe about mental health medication and when you misrepresent the views of a trans woman for whom I feel nothing but admiration and solidarity, you cross a line.

She added, Ive written and spoken about my own mental health challenges, which include OCD, depression and anxiety. I did so recently in my essay TERF Wars. Ive taken anti-depressants in the past and they helped me. Many health professionals are concerned that young people struggling with their mental health are being shunted towards hormones and surgery when this may not be in their best interests. Many, myself included, believe we are watching a new kind of conversion therapy for young gay people, who are being set on a lifelong path of medicalisation that may result in the loss of their fertility and/or full sexual function. Adding to this, she shared links to support her tweets, giving instances. The long-term health risks of cross-sex hormones have been now been tracked over a lengthy period. These side-effects are often minimised or denied by trans activists.

Soon, people began expressing their anger. JK Rowling is now openly advocating for conversion therapy for trans kids. As a survivor of an extreme form of homebrew conversion therapy, I say *once again* without reservation that she is a danger to children, wrote one, while another said: JK Rowling comparing transitioning to conversion therapy is a great example of how conspiratorial and anti-science the TERF mindset is.

The Indian Express is now on Telegram. Click here to join our channel (@indianexpress) and stay updated with the latest headlines

For all the latest Books And Literature News, download Indian Express App.

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See the rest here:
JK Rowling faces backlash for likening transgender hormone replacement to gay conversion therapy - The Indian Express

Kanye West has denounced a US parenting organisation that has been promoted by his wife Kim Kardashian, as a conspiracy.

The 43-year-old rapper spoke out in his first interview since declaring his plans to run for the Presidency and hit out at Planned Parenthood.

The organisation says it provides essential health care services like STD testing and treatment, birth control, well-woman exams, cancer screening and prevention, abortion, hormone therapy and infertility services.

Kanye has denounced it as 'the devil's work' as he claims he is "following the word of the bible" despite wife Kim's support of Planned Parenthood and her pro-choice views.

Speaking to Forbes about his 2020 presidential campaign, Kanye revealed that he was running for office because he had received a message from God as the born again Christian set out some of his thoughts.

One of his main claims was that Planned Parenthood was the work of "white supremacists" which has prompted a swift response from the organisation.

Kanye said: I am pro-life because Im following the word of the bible. Planned Parenthoods have been placed inside cities by white supremacists to do the Devils work.

Planned Parenthoods Director of Black Leadership and Engagement, Nia Martin-Robinson, hit back at Kanye's remarks in a statement.

She said: "Black women are free to make our own decisions about our bodies and pregnancies, and want and deserve to have access to the best medical care available.

Any insinuation that abortion is Black genocide is offensive and infantilising.

"The real threat to Black communities safety, health, and lives stems from lack of access to quality, affordable health care, police violence and the criminalisation of reproductive health care by anti-abortion opposition.

Keeping Up With The Kardashians fans will recall that Kim was joined by her sisters Khloe and Kourtney at a Planned Parenthood clinic for a visit in 2017.

Kim publicly voiced her support at the time on Instagram, sharing a photo of them at one of the clinics, captioning it with: "My sisters and I visited Planned Parenthood recently and learned that the House of Representatives forced through a bill that strips health care coverage from millions of people and raises health care costs, including Planned Parenthood patients.

They are such an amazing place that provides so much to so many! #istandwithpp.

Do you have a story to sell? Get in touch with us at webcelebs@trinitymirror.com or call us direct 0207 29 33033.

Continue reading here:
Kanye West sparks fury saying Planned Parenthood 'carries out the devil's work' - Mirror Online

Ah, there it is again hunger, causing your tummy to grumble and your mind to drift away from the task in front of you. "Didn't I just have lunch an hour ago?" you might ask yourself as you make your fifth trip to peer into the fridge again. Hunger is natural and is supposed to be self-regulated; these days, everyone on talk shows and on Instagram seem to be talking about "intuitive" eating or listening to your body's needs, especially when you feel hungry. We bet you know when you've crossed a line, though, and "snacking" turns into an unintentional fourth or fifth meal. If you constantly feel hungry no matter what you're eating, it's time to think about what you're putting on the plate.

Sometimes, an unchecked increase in appetite can be explained by other health conditions or life situations (such as breast feeding), or even by medications you take. But more often, there may be other choices you're making during the day that might unintentionally add fuel to your endless appetite. Below, with the help of a holistic panel of health experts assembled by Good Housekeeping, we explore some of the reasons you may be feeling hungry all of the time and how to fix them, starting right now.

Believe it or not, sometimes our body processes thirst in the same way that it processes hangry pangs, and you could be mistaking thirst for hunger. Stefani Sassos, MS, RDN, CDN, the Good Housekeeping Institute's registered dietitian, explains that how much water you drink directly influences how "satiated" (full!) you feel during the day. "My biggest tip is not to wait until you're 'thirsty' to grab some water chances are that you're already dehydrated if you're feeling thirst or dry mouth," Sassos says, adding that most women need to consume at least 72 ounces of water each day (but that formula may depend on your size and activity level). "Set a schedule for yourself to space out your water intake throughout the day and make it a priority." Plus, upping how much water you're drinking on average may be a boon for weight loss if you're dieting or exercising, as Sassos links being properly hydrated to active metabolic rates throughout the day.

How do you know if you're actually thirsty and not truly hungry in the moment? Try drinking a glass or two of water before you decide if it's time to eat again, and wait a few minutes. "You'll be able to gauge whether you're truly hungry or just thirsty," Sassos says.

Meaning, you may be missing out on a much-needed meal (like breakfast!) when you're burning through a bunch of energy during the day or, you're mindlessly eating when you're simply bored on the couch. Comprehensive research establishing the link between hunger and physical activity is lacking, but as Sassos points out, limited research suggests that exercise may trick your body into suppressing appetite during a workout (your body temperature may have something to do with that phenomena). If you're not eating wholesome meals before or after prolonged activity cycling, running, swimming, lifting weights, as examples you may be setting yourself up for intense hunger pangs later in the day. "You need proper nutrition to help repair your muscle," Sasso says, adding that she'll actively pad her meals with nutritious picks to "complement" her workout session.

Conversely, you may be engaging in distracted or mindless eating when you're sedentary (think: on the couch, at your desk, or in the car). "If you're sedentary most of the day and not doing much, boredom can certainly entice you to eat more," Sassos says. "If you just ate and know you should feel full, but are bored and want to eat more, consider distracting yourself pick up a book, or actually get up and exercise! If I know I'm just bored and not hungry, I'll hold a plank for a minute and that craving will go away."

Fiber is that magical ingredient that makes a meal feel really filling as opposed to something that doesn't really satisfy you after you've finished eating, explains Julie Benard, M.D., a board-certified pediatric obesity medicine specialist and a pediatrician within the University of Missouri Health Care system. "A diet low in fiber can cause frequent hunger, as fiber is broken down slowly by our gastrointestinal tract, which leads to more stable blood sugar levels and therefore less feelings of hunger," she says.

You should be aiming to eat your way through 25g of fiber throughout the day, Sassos says. But you don't have to painstakingly count at first: Load up on meals that are highly fibrous, that incorporate things like avocados, beans, or most nuts as the main attraction. You should feel the results soon thereafter: "High-fiber foods may actually take longer to chew, are slower to digest, and promote satiety," Sassos says.

Dr. Benard and Sassos don't want you to believe all carbs are bad: Whole grains, fruits, and vegetables all contain naturally occurring carbohydrates, and they are definitely pillars of any healthy diet. Refined carbohydrates, however, should be enjoyed occasionally. White breads, pasta, and pastries, among many other items that are also high in saturated fats and sugar, cause a spike in insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar. "We get an initial burst of energy and satiety from these starchy and sugary treats, but then insulin causes our body to burn through that sugar quickly," Dr. Benard explains. "This leads to subsequent rapid declines in blood sugar that trigger our feelings of hunger once again."

Photo credit: Getty Images

Sugar is a carbohydrate too, and it's often the main ingredient in refined carbohydrates alongside classic desserts that you're thinking of right now. You probably are sick to death of hearing about that afternoon "sugar crash," when your blood sugar plummets after eating something very sweet, which later causes you to reach for even more food to help you get your blood sugar back up again. But did you know that repeatedly working your way through this cycle may cause lasting damage? Sugar and refined carbohydrates play into constant elevated blood sugar that can lead to insulin resistance, when your body can't use glucose from your blood for energy (a form of prediabetes), Sassos says.

"Interestingly enough, insulin shares similarities with leptin a hormone that helps to regulate appetite and weight control," she explains. "Lepin and insulin actually directly regulate each other, and in the case of insulin resistance, this will cancel out the 'appetite-control' effect and can lead to a vicious hunger cycle." Sugar is naturally found in nutritious items like fruits, but if you can identify snacks in your daily rotation that are high in added sugars or processed carbs, those are some of the first items you should cut back on.

If you're new to trying out a vegetarian or vegan diet, this could be especially true. And protein doesn't just mean red meat! It includes lean fish, poultry, and plant-based items like tofu or lentils. "A diet low in protein can also lead to frequent feelings of hunger, even though one may be consuming a higher amount of calories," Dr. Benard says.

She explains that a hormone called ghrelin is the hormone responsible for our hunger pangs at the molecular level, and is released when the stomach is empty. Our stomach is stretched in the process of eating, thus decreasing the levels of ghrelin released, but "what we're eating can determine how long our ghrelin levels stay low," Dr. Benard says. "Protein is the most effective nutrient at keeping ghrelin low for longer periods of time, especially compared to carbohydrates." Science!

Which is why you may always fall prey to a post-lunch (or dinner) snack later on. "A lot of people will tell me they're 'being good' with their nutrition up until the afternoon, where cravings hit and they just fall off the wagon," Sassos explains. "When I go to analyze their 'good' mornings, it's usually just low-calorie! Restricting yourself early in the day actually may set you up for failure as the day progresses."

There's been a lot of debate around skipping breakfast recently, and some dieters swear by restricting their meals to certain hours of the day (often referred to as intermittent fasting). Regardless of when you choose to eat your first meal of the day, it should be full of nourishing items alongside plenty of water, Sassos recommends. "Im a fan of bulking up that breakfast and lunch meal with lean protein, healthy fiber, and tons of vegetables to keep you full for hours," she says. "Eating fiber in the morning can help to control afternoon cravings, and I like to look at it as making an investment to help you have a successful day."

Feeling hungry might be a side effect of purposefully not feeding yourself because you feel that you've "lost control," says David Schlundt, PhD, an associate professor of psychology at Vanderbilt University and a member of the university's Diabetes Research and Training Center. "Food provides some temporary relief from negative emotion, but hunger is rarely the trigger for emotional eating It's a problem when people impose unrealistically strict dietary rules on themselves," he says.

For example, if you believe that you shouldn't eat breakfast because it'll make you gain weight, then you will likely feel hungry when you skip it and then break other self-imposed dietary rules. "An example might be that you believe donuts are bad, but when you're hungry and there's a donut in the break room, you pick up two when no one is looking," Schlundt explains. "This becomes a problem not because you took in calories your body was telling you to do that but because the perceived rule violation is a negative experience leading to guilt, self-blame, and abstinence violation. This is the extended loss of control that occurs as a result of your self-defined dietary violation."

This behavior can lead you to be extremely restrictive in what you eat, when you eat, or how much you eat later on, Schlundt says, all factors that can influence your appetite.

Photo credit: Mike Garten

Ah, yet another way that sleep can impact our daily lives. Not getting enough rest at night may inadvertently affect how much you're eating throughout the day, especially if you're frequently getting less than 7 hours of sleep. "Feeling sleep deprived can do a number on our will power, as we then tend to not make the best nutrition choices," Dr. Benard says, like easy ready-to-eat items containing refined carbs and sugar. "On a hormonal level, some studies also suggest that a lack of sleep may be associated with lower levels of leptin our 'feeling full' hormone and higher levels of ghrelin the hungry hormone."

These hormones may be at the heart of why sleep deprivation has been associated with excessive weight gain over a longer period, Sassos says. A landmark study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology followed 60,000 women over 16 years while recording their sleep habits and dietary functions alongside other lifestyle aspects; it noted that women who slept 5 hours or less per night had a 15% higher risk of becoming obese, and were 30% more likely to gain 30 pounds in the same time frame compared to women who slept 7 hours each night.

All to say: You should be doing everything in your power to establish better sleep hygiene, and work on creating a better-for-you bedtime routine.

"I like to categorize cravings by whether they're coming from above the neck or below the neck," Sassos explains. "Above the neck cravings are emotional, often come on suddenly, and aren't satisfied even if you do eat a full meal. They may trigger feelings of shame and guilt, and you may feel like you have no control over your food choices."

On the flip side, then, "below the neck" cravings are actually a sign of physical hunger that you shouldn't ignore, Sassos says. "These cravings build gradually, and many food options sound appealing. Once you're sensibly full, the cravings go away. Below the neck cravings aren't associated with any feelings of guilt or anger, but rather you feel satisfied or even relieved after eating that particular item or meal."

Stress has a terrible way of impacting much of our lives, including how much we eat; the flight-or-fight response associated with stress can lead to an increase in hunger later on (the Cleveland Clinic even lists hunger a side effect of stress). But more seriously, Schlundt says that a severe, sustained change in appetite is one of the main symptoms of major depressive disorder. "There are two types of people: Those who eat more when depressed, and those who lose interest in food when depressed," he adds. "Eating more when depressed may be more complicated than just increased hunger. It is probably some degree of loss of control over behavior rather than hunger alone."

If mealtimes have become an unstable part of your day and feel that it might be due to anxiety, depression, or emotional trauma, you should consider seeking out professional help. The American Psychological Association's Psychologist Locator tool can help you find a licensed therapist in your area that takes your insurance.

Underlying conditions like these can be the source of your insatiable appetite, but this is probably the least likely explanation for feeling hungry all the time. "Increased hunger can certainly be a sign of diabetes, alongside increased thirst or frequent urination," Dr. Benard says. "It also could be a sign of hyperthyroidism, which goes hand in hand with an increased heart rate, feeling jittery, or losing weight without trying There are rarely genetic changes that can lead to insatiable hunger as well."

If you feel like you've exhausted the suggestions on this list to no avail, it's time to schedule a checkup with your healthcare provider, where you can address your diet and other aspects of your hunger in depth. Your appetite may be caused by a condition that's beyond your control and could require qualified attention.

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Health Experts Weigh In on the Real Reason You're Always Feeling Hungry - Yahoo Canada Shine On

A simple test of a womans hair could tell women how many eggs they have left by judging levels of a key fertility hormone, scientists say.

US and Spanish researchers found biologically relevant levels of anti-Mllerian hormone (AMH) an indicator of ovarian reserves in womens hair samples.

AMH is a hormone produced by the cells within a womans ovaries and gives an indication of her egg reserves and subsequent fertility.

The hormone is incorporated into the matrix of hair before it reaches the surface of the skin.

Levels of AMH from the hair correlated with levels from blood samples, which is currently the most common method of measuring the hormone.

But taking AHM readings from the hair would be less invasive than a blood sample and a more appropriate representation of hormone levels, according to scientists.

Testing can be done without visiting a clinic, such as by sending a hair sample through the post, which makes this type of test cheaper and available to a broader range of women.

The role of AMH as a measure of ovarian reserve in predicting response to ovarian stimulation for IVF now seems beyond question, researchers add.

Hair is a medium that can accumulate biomarkers over several weeks, while serum is an acute matrix representing only current levels, said Sarthak Sawarkar at US health tech firm MedAnswers, who presented his research online at the 36th Annual Meeting of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.

While hormone levels in blood can fluctuate rapidly in response to stimuli, hormone levels measured in hair would represent an accumulation over several weeks.

A measurement using a hair sample is more likely to reflect the average hormone levels in an individual.

AMH has become a key marker in the assessment of how women may respond to fertility treatment.

The hormone is produced by small cells surrounding each egg as it develops in the ovary.

Studies have not correlated AMH levels to a reliable chance of live birth, nor to forecasting the time of menopause.

However, AMH measurement has become an intrinsic marker in assessing how a patient will respond to ovarian stimulation for IVF as a normal responder, poor responder (with few eggs), or over-responder (with many eggs and a risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome).

Currently, AMH is presently measured in serum taken from a blood sample drawn intravenously, but readings taken this way represent just a snapshot of a moment in time and are relatively invasive to complete.

To learn more about the potential of AMH readings taken from the hair, researchers collected hair and blood samples 152 women from whom hair were during hospital visits.

AMH was also measured in blood samples from the same subjects, as well as an ultrasound count of developing follicles in the ovary a method known as antral follicle count (AFC).

Biologically relevant AMH levels were successfully detected in the hair samples, which declined with patient age, as expected by the team.

AMH levels from hair strongly correlated with levels as determined by both serum in the blood and AFC.

The hair test was also able to detect a wide range of AMH levels within individuals from a similar age cohort, suggesting a greater accuracy than from a single blood sample.

Hormones accumulate in hair shafts over a period of months, while hormone levels in serum can change over the course of hours, they found, meaning the hair test may be a more reliable measurement.

Hormone levels are also assessed non-invasively, which reduces testing stress and offers a less expensive assay.

This study is very interesting as it suggests AMH can be reliably measured from hair samples as opposed to the standard approach of a blood test, Tim Child, medical director at Oxford Fertility, told the Times.

The AMH level in hair is more likely to be averaged-out over a time period rather than the more instant level in a blood sample.

The question is whether the hair AMH levels correlate to the ovarian response and therefore numbers of eggs collected during an IVF cycle this is not examined in this study.

If the correlation is poor then hair samples will be of no benefit.

If the correlation is as good as, or perhaps even better than with blood AMH, then this technique promises to further simplify the fertility treatment process for women and will be an exciting development.

The results have been presented by PhD student Sarthak Sawarkar, working in the laboratory of Professor Manel Lopez-Bejar in Barcelona, with collaborators from MedAnswers.

Read this article:
Simple hair test 'could tell women how many eggs they have left' - Brinkwire

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Global Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment Market Report 2020, Size, Share, Business Plan, Growth Opportunities, Top Players, Application,...

There is no greater feeling than that of being a parent. This is what most parents say when you ask them how they feel about being parents, and we fully agree with them. Because the joy of bringing life into this world is completely overwhelming. The joy of becoming parents, for couples suffering from infertility problems, is above everything in this world. For us (me and my wife) to undergo this experience was a very long journey on a tough road, full of pain, stress, worry, and tensions.

After we got married in Sept 2013, my wife was suffering from some infertility problem so we couldnt conceive naturally. It is after the 10th month of our marriage the most difficult phase of our life started when people in our neighborhood, friends and relatives stared, asking queries, especially womenfolk; as it is common in our culture people start asking Kehn Chusa, meaning if they have conceived. You hear this talk just after only a few months of marriage. The infertile couples like us face so many problems, a mental harassment. Same is the case with us. We got treatment from leading gynaecologists and infertility specialists of the valley, who prescribed every kind of test, scan, hormone therapy, laparoscopy, HSG, and loads of medicines. One day we used to visit clinic and the next day to some peer baba. On the one hand doctors looted us in lacks, on the other hand peer babas in thousands. This took a heavy toll on our bodies. It consumed us physically, mentally and psychologically. We lost our precious assets, health deteriorated, money wasted, and our valuable time consumed in it. But all in vain.

God is great. We never lost hope and our prayers were accepted. When, on one day I came across an advertisement in a newspaper about Dr. Manika Khanna from Delhi, a leading IVF Specialist. We visited for appointment to Karan Nagar, Srinagar, and after consultations we decided to accept her advice to visit Delhi for IVF Treatment. That visit changed our life for good. In our first attempt we conceived (Gaudium IVF Hospital Delhi). Manika Madam came like an angel in our life. She and her dedicated team including names like Dr. Meetu, Dr. Nikita, staff nurses like Minni sister etc. work very hard to bring happiness in childless families. I am thankful to almighty Allah who sent an angel in the form of Manika madam and her team Gaudium, for providing us life changing experience. At the same time I am thankful to dear Ishfaq Shaheen who belongs to Srinagar branch of Gaudium who guided me and all such couples like us throughout this successful journey.

At last I would like to advice all such couples, dont waste your hard earned money and your precious time. Consult some authentic specialist, and then leave it to God.

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Infertility, and the stress thereof - Greater Kashmir

Endometriosis Therapies Market 2020: Inclusive Insight

Los Angeles, United States, July 2020: The Endometriosis Therapies on the Move market has been garnering remarkable momentum in the recent years. The steadily escalating demand due to improving purchasing power is projected to bode well for the market. Report Hives latest publication, Titled [Endometriosis Therapies on the Move Market Research Report 2020], offers an insightful take on the drivers and restraints present in the market. It assesses the historical data pertaining to the Endometriosis Therapies on the Move market and compares it to the current market trends to give the readers a detailed analysis of the trajectory of the market. A team subject-matter experts have provided the readers a qualitative and quantitative data about the market and the various elements associated with it. Additionally, this report encompasses an accurate competitive analysis of major market players and their strategies during the projection timeline.

The research study includes the latest updates about the COVID-19 impact on the Endometriosis Therapies on the Move sector. The outbreak has broadly influenced the global economic landscape. The report contains a complete breakdown of the current situation in the ever-evolving business sector and estimates the aftereffects of the outbreak on the overall economy. Key players in this market are AbbVie, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Astellas Pharma, Meditrina Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Neurocrine Biosciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical

>>> Get Free Sample PDF (including COVID19 Impact Analysis, full TOC, Tables and Figures) of Endometriosis Therapies Market:

There are 10 Chapters to deeply display the Endometriosis Therapies market:

Chapter 1, is executive summary of Endometriosis Therapies Market; Chapter 2, is definition and segment of Endometriosis Therapies; Chapter 3, to show info and data comparison of Endometriosis Therapies Players; Chapter 4, to explain the industry chain of Endometriosis Therapies; Chapter 5, to show comparison of regions and courtiers(or sub-regions); Chapter 6, to show competition and trade situation of Endometriosis Therapies Market; Chapter 7, to show comparison of applications; Chapter 8, to show comparison of types; Chapter 9, to show investment of Endometriosis Therapies Market; Chapter 10, to forecast Endometriosis Therapies market in the next years.

Global Endometriosis Therapies Market is estimated to reach xxx million USD in 2020 and projected to grow at the CAGR of xx% during 2020-2026. According to the latest report added to the online repository of Report Hive Research the Endometriosis Therapies market has witnessed an unprecedented growth till 2020. The report also emphasizes the initiatives undertaken by the companies operating in the market including product innovation, product launches, and technological development to help their organization offer more effective products in the market. It also studies notable business events, including corporate deals, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, partnerships, product launches, and brand promotions.

COVID-19 Impact on Endometriosis Therapies Market

This study specially analyses the impact of Covid-19 outbreak on the Endometriosis Therapies Market, covering the supply chain analysis, impact assessment to the Endometriosis Therapies Market size growth rate in several scenarios, and the measures to be undertaken by Endometriosis Therapies Market companies in response to the COVID-19 epidemic.

Competitive Landscape:

The competitive analysis of major market players is another notable feature of the Endometriosis Therapies Market industry report; it identifies direct or indirect competitors in the market.

Key parameters which define the Competitive Landscape of the Endometriosis Therapies Market:

Revenue and Market Share by Player Production and Share by Player Average Price by Player Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player Concentration Rate Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Manufacturing Base

While segmentation has been provided to list down various facets of the Endometriosis Therapies market, analysis methods such as S.T.E.E.P.L.E., S.W.O.T., Regression analysis, etc. have been utilized to study the underlying factors of the market. Summarization of various aspects consisted of the report has also been encompassed.

Analysis of Global Endometriosis Therapies Market: By Type

Hormonal Contraceptives, Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (Gn-RH) Agonists , Progestin Therapy, Aromatase Inhibitors

Analysis of Global Endometriosis Therapies Market: By Application

Hospital, Clinic, Other

Endometriosis Therapies Market: Regional analysis includes:

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico) Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy) Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia) South America (Brazil, Argentina, etc.) Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

Our exploration specialists acutely ascertain the significant aspects of the global Endometriosis Therapies market report. It also provides an in-depth valuation in regards to the future advancements relying on the past data and present circumstance of Endometriosis Therapies market situation. In this Endometriosis Therapies report, we have investigated the principals, players in the market, geological regions, product type, and market end-client applications. The global Endometriosis Therapies report comprises of primary and secondary data which is exemplified in the form of pie outlines, Endometriosis Therapies tables, analytical figures, and reference diagrams. The Endometriosis Therapies report is presented in an efficient way that involves basic dialect, basic Endometriosis Therapies outline, agreements, and certain facts as per solace and comprehension.

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Some of the Major Highlights of TOC covers:

1 Study Coverage1.1 Endometriosis Therapies Product Introduction1.2 Market Segments1.3 Key Endometriosis Therapies Manufacturers Covered: Ranking by Revenue1.4 Market 21.4.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Growth Rate 21.4.2 Hormonal Contraceptives, Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (Gn-RH) Agonists , Progestin Therapy, Aromatase Inhibitors1.5 Market 31.5.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Growth Rate 31.5.2 Hospital, Clinic, Other1.6 Study Objectives1.7 Years Considered

2 Executive Summary2.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Market Size, Estimates and Forecasts2.1.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Revenue 2015-20262.1.2 Global Endometriosis Therapies Sales 2015-20262.2 Global Endometriosis Therapies, Market Size by Producing Regions: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20262.2.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Retrospective Market Scenario in Sales by Region: 2015-20202.2.2 Global Endometriosis Therapies Retrospective Market Scenario in Revenue by Region: 2015-2020

3 Global Endometriosis Therapies Competitor Landscape by Players3.1 Endometriosis Therapies Sales by Manufacturers3.1.1 Endometriosis Therapies Sales by Manufacturers (2015-2020)3.1.2 Endometriosis Therapies Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)3.2 Endometriosis Therapies Revenue by Manufacturers3.2.1 Endometriosis Therapies Revenue by Manufacturers (2015-2020)3.2.2 Endometriosis Therapies Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)3.2.3 Global Endometriosis Therapies Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) (2015-2020)3.2.4 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Endometriosis Therapies Revenue in 20193.2.5 Global Endometriosis Therapies Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)3.3 Endometriosis Therapies Price by Manufacturers3.4 Endometriosis Therapies Manufacturing Base Distribution, Product Types3.4.1 Endometriosis Therapies Manufacturers Manufacturing Base Distribution, Headquarters3.4.2 Manufacturers Endometriosis Therapies Product Type3.4.3 Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Endometriosis Therapies Market3.5 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

4 Market Size 2 (2015-2026)4.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Market Size 2 (2015-2020)4.1.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Sales 2 (2015-2020)4.1.2 Global Endometriosis Therapies Revenue 2 (2015-2020)4.1.3 Endometriosis Therapies Average Selling Price (ASP) 2 (2015-2026)4.2 Global Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast 2 (2021-2026)4.2.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Sales Forecast 2 (2021-2026)4.2.2 Global Endometriosis Therapies Revenue Forecast 2 (2021-2026)4.2.3 Endometriosis Therapies Average Selling Price (ASP) Forecast 2 (2021-2026)4.3 Global Endometriosis Therapies Market Share by Price Tier (2015-2020): Low-End, Mid-Range and High-End

5 Market Size 3 (2015-2026)5.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Market Size 3 (2015-2020)5.1.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Sales 3 (2015-2020)5.1.2 Global Endometriosis Therapies Revenue 3 (2015-2020)5.1.3 Endometriosis Therapies Price 3 (2015-2020)5.2 Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast 3 (2021-2026)5.2.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Sales Forecast 3 (2021-2026)5.2.2 Global Endometriosis Therapies Revenue Forecast 3 (2021-2026)5.2.3 Global Endometriosis Therapies Price Forecast 3 (2021-2026)

6 North America6.1 North America Endometriosis Therapies by Country6.1.1 North America Endometriosis Therapies Sales by Country6.1.2 North America Endometriosis Therapies Revenue by Country6.1.3 United States6.1.4 Canada6.1.5 Mexico6.2 North America Endometriosis Therapies Market Facts & Figures 26.3 North America Endometriosis Therapies Market Facts & Figures 3

7 Europe7.1 Europe Endometriosis Therapies by Country7.1.1 Europe Endometriosis Therapies Sales by Country7.1.2 Europe Endometriosis Therapies Revenue by Country7.1.3 Germany7.1.4 France7.1.5 UK7.1.6 Italy7.1.7 Russia7.2 Europe Endometriosis Therapies Market Facts & Figures 27.3 Europe Endometriosis Therapies Market Facts & Figures 3

8 Asia Pacific8.1 Asia Pacific Endometriosis Therapies by Region8.1.1 Asia Pacific Endometriosis Therapies Sales by Region8.1.2 Asia Pacific Endometriosis Therapies Revenue by Region8.1.3 China8.1.4 Japan8.1.5 South Korea8.1.6 India8.1.7 Australia8.1.8 Indonesia8.1.9 Thailand8.1.10 Malaysia8.1.11 Philippines8.1.12 Vietnam8.2 Asia Pacific Endometriosis Therapies Market Facts & Figures 28.3 Asia Pacific Endometriosis Therapies Market Facts & Figures 3

9 Latin America9.1 Latin America Endometriosis Therapies by Country9.1.1 Latin America Endometriosis Therapies Sales by Country9.1.2 Latin America Endometriosis Therapies Revenue by Country9.1.3 Brazil9.2 Central & South America Endometriosis Therapies Market Facts & Figures 29.3 Central & South America Endometriosis Therapies Market Facts & Figures 3

10 Middle East and Africa10.1 Middle East and Africa Endometriosis Therapies by Country10.1.1 Middle East and Africa Endometriosis Therapies Sales by Country10.1.2 Middle East and Africa Endometriosis Therapies Revenue by Country10.1.3 Turkey10.1.4 GCC Countries10.1.5 Egypt10.1.6 South Africa10.2 Middle East and Africa Endometriosis Therapies Market Facts & Figures 210.3 Middle East and Africa Endometriosis Therapies Market Facts & Figures 3

11 Company Profiles11.1 Company111.1.1 Company1 Corporation Information11.1.2 Company1 Description and Business Overview11.1.3 Company1 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.1.4 Company1 Endometriosis Therapies Products Offered11.1.5 Company1 Related Developments11.2 Company211.2.1 Company2 Corporation Information11.2.2 Company2 Description and Business Overview11.2.3 Company2 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.2.4 Company2 Endometriosis Therapies Products Offered11.2.5 Company2 Related Developments11.3 Company311.3.1 Company3 Corporation Information11.3.2 Company3 Description and Business Overview11.3.3 Company3 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.3.4 Company3 Endometriosis Therapies Products Offered11.3.5 Company3 Related Developments11.4 Company411.4.1 Company4 Corporation Information11.4.2 Company4 Description and Business Overview11.4.3 Company4 Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.4.4 Company4 Endometriosis Therapies Products Offered11.4.5 Company4 Related Developments

12 Future Forecast by Regions (Countries) (2021-2026)12.1 Endometriosis Therapies Market Estimates and Projections by Region12.1.1 Global Endometriosis Therapies Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-202612.1.2 Global Endometriosis Therapies Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-202612.2 North America Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast (2021-2026)12.2.1 North America: Endometriosis Therapies Sales Forecast (2021-2026)12.2.2 North America: Endometriosis Therapies Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)12.2.3 North America: Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast by Country (2021-2026)12.3 Europe Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast (2021-2026)12.3.1 Europe: Endometriosis Therapies Sales Forecast (2021-2026)12.3.2 Europe: Endometriosis Therapies Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)12.3.3 Europe: Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast by Country (2021-2026)12.4 Asia Pacific Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast (2021-2026)12.4.1 Asia Pacific: Endometriosis Therapies Sales Forecast (2021-2026)12.4.2 Asia Pacific: Endometriosis Therapies Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)12.4.3 Asia Pacific: Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast by Region (2021-2026)12.5 Latin America Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast (2021-2026)12.5.1 Latin America: Endometriosis Therapies Sales Forecast (2021-2026)12.5.2 Latin America: Endometriosis Therapies Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)12.5.3 Latin America: Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast by Country (2021-2026)12.6 Middle East and Africa Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast (2021-2026)12.6.1 Middle East and Africa: Endometriosis Therapies Sales Forecast (2021-2026)12.6.2 Middle East and Africa: Endometriosis Therapies Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)12.6.3 Middle East and Africa: Endometriosis Therapies Market Size Forecast by Country (2021-2026)

13 Market Opportunities, Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis13.1 Market Opportunities and Drivers13.2 Market Challenges13.3 Market Risks/Restraints13.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis13.5 Primary Interviews with Key Endometriosis Therapies Players (Opinion Leaders)

14 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis14.1 Value Chain Analysis14.2 Endometriosis Therapies Customers14.3 Sales Channels Analysis14.3.1 Sales Channels14.3.2 Distributors

15 Research Findings and Conclusion

16 Appendix16.1 Research Methodology16.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach16.1.2 Data Source16.2 Author Details16.3 Disclaimer

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COVID-19 Impact on Endometriosis Therapies Market Trends, Key Players, Overview, Competitive Breakdown and Regional Forecast by 2026 - Owned

Grard Karsenty was a young scientist trying to make a name for himself in the early 1990s when he first stumbled upon a finding that would go on to transform our understanding of bone, and the role it plays in our body.

Karsenty had become interested in osteocalcin, one of the most abundant proteins in bone. He suspected that it played a crucial role in bone remodelling the process by which our bones continuously remove and create new tissue which enables us to grow during childhood and adolescence, and also recover from injuries.

Intending to study this, he conducted a genetic knockout experiment, removing the gene responsible for osteocalcin from mice. However to his dismay, his mutant mice did not appear to have any obvious bone defects at all. For him, it was initially a total failure, says Mathieu Ferron, a former student of Karsenty who now heads a research lab studying bone biology at ICRM in Montreal. In those days it was super-expensive to do modification in the mouse genome.

But then Karsenty noticed something unexpected. While their bones had developed normally, the mice appeared to be both noticeably fat and cognitively impaired.

Mice that dont have osteocalcin have increased circulating glucose, and they tend to look a bit stupid, says Ferron. It may sound silly to say this, but they dont learn very well, they appear kind of depressed. But it took Karsenty and his team some time to understand how a protein in bone could be affecting these functions. They were initially a bit surprised and terrified as it didnt really make any sense to them.

Almost 15 years later, Karsenty would publish the first of a series of landmark papers that would revolutionise our perspective on bone and the skeleton in general. We used to view our skeleton as primarily a mechanical structure whose main role is to serve as a scaffold for the rest of the body. But our bones are very much live organs, which we now believe play a role in regulating a whole range of vital bodily processes ranging from memory to appetite, muscle health, fertility, metabolism and many others.

The idea that bone is just a simple organ thats separated from everything else as a mineralised tissue, and that doesnt communicate thats changed, says Thomas Clemens, professor of orthopaedic surgery at the Johns Hopkins Center for Musculoskeletal Research. Karsenty has ushered in the idea that bone is involved in communicating with other tissues in the body that wasnt really understood or investigated before.

We now know that bones communicate by participating in a network of signals to other organs through producing their own hormones, proteins that circulate in the blood. Karsentys mice eventually led him to realise that osteocalcin was in fact one such hormone, and understanding its links to regulating so many of these functions could have future implications in terms of public health interventions.

The idea that bone could produce a hormone affecting metabolism or even your liver initially came as a bit of a shock, says Ferron. People did not expect that. But other scientists have since replicated the results, and even discovered new hormones also produced by bones. Its opened up a completely new field in bone research.

As we age, all of us inevitably lose bone. Research shows that humans reach peak bone mass in their 20s; from then onwards, it is a slow decline that can eventually lead to frailty and diseases such as osteoporosis in old age.

Over the past decade, new findings have suggested that this reduction in bone mass may also be linked to the weakening of muscles referred to in medical terms as sarcopenia as well as the memory and cognitive problems that many of us experience as we grow older. This appears to be connected to the levels of osteocalcin in the blood, through its role as a master regulator, influencing many other hormonal processes in the body.

People who are very active tend to have less of a cognitive decline with age than sedentary people

Osteocalcin acts in muscle to increase the ability to produce ATP, the fuel that allows us to exercise, says Karsenty. In the brain, it regulates the secretion of most neurotransmitters that are needed to have memory. The circulating levels of osteocalcin declines in humans around mid-life, which is roughly the time when these physiological functions, such as memory and the ability to exercise, begin to decline.

But intriguingly in recent years, Karsenty has conducted a series of experiments in which he has shown that by increasing the levels of osteocalcin in older mice through injections, you can actually reverse many of these age-related ailments.

Osteocalcin seems to be able to reverse manifestations of ageing in the brain and in muscle, he says. What is remarkable is that if you give osteocalcin to old mice, you restore memory and you restore the ability to exercise to the levels seen in a young mouse. That makes it potentially extremely attractive from a medical point of view.

Scientists have also found that for humans, one way of naturally maintaining the levels of this hormone in the blood, even as we age, is through exercise, something that makes intuitive sense, as physical activity has long been known to have anti-ageing properties. Ferron is hoping that these findings can be used to support public health messages regarding the importance of staying active through middle age and later life.

If you exercise regularly, then it stimulates your bone to make more osteocalcin, and that will have these beneficial effects on muscle and brain, he says. From epidemiological studies, we know that people who are very active tend to have less of a cognitive decline with age than sedentary people. With time, maybe people will be more aware of this connection, and think of their bone health as being just as important as other aspects of staying healthy.

Ongoing research in this area also suggests that exercising more during the teenage years and early adulthood can continue to have a protective effect on bone and other aspects of health much later in life.

I think this could reinforce the message that its important for people to be active during adolescence and early adult years, Ferron says. This means they reach a higher peak bone mass, which will protect them from age-related problems linked to osteocalcin decline.

Osteocalcin is not the only bone hormone to have caught the attention of scientists, however. At the Mayo Clinic, Sundeep Khosla has been studying a hormone called DPP4, which is made by cells on the outer layers of bone, called osteoclasts, and appears to play a role in how bone regulates blood sugar.

Khosla is particularly interested in this hormone because the drug denosumab which is clinically prescribed to osteoporosis patients to try and slow down the rate of bone loss seems to have a positive effect on DPP4 as well. In a study of osteoporosis patients taking denosumab published earlier this year, he noticed that those also suffering from diabetes experienced an improvement in their symptoms.

This shows that maybe this drug can treat both osteoporosis and diabetes at the same time, says Khosla. Were now looking to follow up on these observations and test this through a randomised control trial.

However, osteocalcin, with its potential to prevent many aspects of age-related decline, remains the major topic of interest in bone research. Given that so many people ignore public health guidelines regarding exercise in 2017, the British Heart Foundation reported that around 20 million adults in the UK are insufficiently active Karsenty is working on a means of artificially increasing the levels of osteocalcin in the blood and has even filed a patent on using it to treat cognitive disorders.

This is not easy, but what we are hoping to do is to deliver osteocalcin perhaps through developing a molecule which regulates osteocalcin, he says. Were exploring various ways of doing this, but the idea would be eventually to have something which could be used to treat age-related diseases such as sarcopenia and memory decline. This is really going to profit the elderly the most, but anyone with a decline in muscle function, because of a hip fracture or another condition, could also benefit from this treatment.

Ferron says that such a treatment would differ from current medications designed to improve bone health in osteoporosis, as they only work by blocking bone loss. A drug targeting osteocalcin would aim to achieve wider health benefits through stimulating bone gain.

However, there are still plenty of hurdles to overcome. For example, simply injecting a form of osteocalcin is unlikely to be sufficient to achieve a therapeutic benefit in humans.

Treatments like that tend to be more costly and more difficult as protein injections dont have a very long half life, says Ferron. My lab is developing a stabilised form of osteocalcin so it can stay longer in the body, but the best solution would be to have some sort of small pharmacological molecules that could be put in a pill to target the receptor of osteocalcin to stimulate its activity. So thats the idea I see for the future.

But Karsentys findings have also led scientists to ponder a somewhat profound question: how did bones develop the ability to produce hormones such as osteocalcin in the first place?

The scientist himself believes that the answer lies deep in our evolutionary past. I think that evolution has invented osteocalcin as a survival hormone, he says. Because to escape predators, you need your bones to be able to signal to your muscles to run, which is mediated by osteocalcin. To survive, you also need to remember where to find food or where a predator was an hour ago, and such memory processes are regulated by osteocalcin. More and more, we think that it evolved as a hormone to help animals escape danger.

More:
Does the key to anti-ageing lie in our bones? - The Guardian

Studies have shown that the menopausal transition, particularly perimenopause and early post-menopause, is correlated with an increased risk of depression due to changing hormone levels. Indeed, the2018 guidelines for perimenopausal depression, published in Menopause, the journal of the North American Menopause Society (NAMS), state that:

A new Turkish study published July 1, 2020, in Menopause has confirmed a correlation between the menopausal transition and depression, and an association between certain risk factors and depressive episodes after menopause. The research team looked at 485 post-menopausal Turkish women ages 35 to 78 to assess the frequency of depressive symptoms, the biological, social, and psychological variables involved, and levels of the fear of death. The researchers noted that 41 percent of participants reported experiencing some type of depression. The team has theorized that this percentage is misleadingly low because of the younger age of the participants (average age of 56.3 years).

RELATED: Coping With Hot Flashes and Other Menopausal Symptoms: What 9 Celebrities Said

The psychosocial and biological variables that the team discovered to be correlated with the risk of developing depressive symptoms are:

The major point here is that women who are under a lot of stress, have major life events, have poor health already, and particularly a history of depression are the ones at higher risk, saysStephanie Faubion, MD, the medical director of NAMS. She adds, We know that the biggest risk factor for developing depression in midlife is a previous history of depression.

RELATED:10 Ways to Beat Menopausal Belly Fat

There was no confirmation of a relationship between depression and the fear of death.

The findings of this study involving post-menopausal Turkish women are consistent with existing literature and emphasize the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in midlife women, particularly those with a history of depression or anxiety, chronic health conditions, and psychosocial factors such as major stressful life events. Women and the clinicians who care for them need to be aware that the menopause transition is a period of vulnerability in terms of mood, Dr. Faubion said in a press release regarding the study July 1.

RELATED:Stress and Anxiety Sabotage Personal Wellness, Women Say

Faubion, who is also the Penny and Bill George Director of the Mayo Clinic's Center for Women's Health,warns that this study just looked at a group of women who came into the clinic. All were post-menopausal, but we dont know where those women were in the menopause transition, whether they were early or many years after, which could skew the results, she said in a subsequent interview with Everyday Health.

RELATED: Sexual Dysfunction in Some Women Can Occur Years Before Menopause

This study reinforces the fact that we should be monitoring women for mood issues during midlife because we can do something about it, says Faubion, noting that treatment with an antidepressant is considered first-line therapy for major depression, regardless of when it occurs. But sometimes just dealing with the symptoms of menopause (night sweats, hot flashes, sleep disruption) is enough to improve mood, andhormone therapy (HT) may also have a direct impact on depressive symptoms that occur during the menopause transition and in early post-menopause.

RELATED: 12 Women Over Age 60 Who Inspire Wellness and Living Your Best Life

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Menopause and Depression Are Strongly Linked - Everyday Health

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'I thought there had to be a lump' Reading man describes his battle against breast cancer - The Wokingham Paper

A special thank you to Kathleen Dickson and Dr. John Bergeron for pointing out that yes, indeed, there are also many women who have made and continue to make significant contributions to health. We have added their additions below, but this list is by no means complete.

From open heart surgery to child-resistant containers, prestigious awards and bombs (not that kind), Canada has a long history of Canadians whose ideas and inventions have played huge roles in defining this nations healthcare.

DNA and cancer

Nada Jabado at McGill affiliated Childrens Hospital is a pioneer in pediatric cancer and her discovery of the role of what is known as the epigenome that marks the DNA in our genes in cancer. She is a leader in innovation in Health research and recognized for her leadership in the application of discoveries to address brain tumours in children.

Insulin

Perhaps the most famous health innovation to come out of Canada, if such a thing can be measured. The arrival of insulin has saved countless lives since its creation in 1922 when Frederick Banting and Charles Best isolated and extracted insulin from the pancreas of dogs. Their Nobel Prize arrived swiftly thereafter in 1923.

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28 cool health things that started with a Canadian - Regina Leader-Post

IVF is expensive! Here's a break-down of all the costs associated with the fertility process, which explains why it's so pricey in the first place.

Infertility is a tough emotional and physical experience and a record number of families are using Invitro Fertilization (IVF) to have babies. A report by Pew Research Center suggests that the number of assisted reproductive technology (ART) births in the UShas gone up threefold since 1996. Moreover, one in three American adults has used or knows someone who has sought after some form of fertility treatment. That is 12.7% of women aged 15-49, as stated by the CDC. IVF is the most popular form of ART treatment which apparently, is more expensive in the United States than anywhere else.

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Have you ever wondered how embryos are created in the lab? ( ): Using Standard IVF means to place both gametes, previously treated to facilitate this process, together in a petri dish. We let nature do its part and spermatozoon will run to the oocyte in the culture media drops and, if everything goes well, one day later we will have a zygote (the single cell made by the fusion of both gametes). ( ): With this process, we take every spermatozoon one by one, after a proper process, and we physically inject it inside the oocyte emulating thus the natural process. If everything goes well, one day later we will have the zygote. This zygote with only one cell will start cleavage and will increase its cell number day by day. Thus, on the day 2 of the embryo, we expect to have, average, 2-4 cells, on the 3rd day, average, 6-12, on day 4 cells should start compacting and become a new structure called Morula and fifth day, we should have a blastocyst. Feel free to ask additional questions and check our webpage - http://www.geomedicalart.com #ivfjourney #ivf #invitro #invitrofertilization #fertility #fertilityjourney #embryo #health #georgia

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IVF is a fertility treatment that uses a female's eggs and a male's sperm. The process involves combining the extracted egg and retrieved sperm in a laboratory dish. The mixture forms an embryo in a process called insemination, and the fertilized is then transferred to your uterus, three to five days after fertilization.

This ART technique is applied to treat infertility patients who have male factor infertility, unexplained sterility, blocked or injured fallopian tubes, ovulation illnesses, and couples with genetic disorders.

RELATED: Paid Surrogacy Is Illegal In Canada - What Other Fertility Options Are There?

Figures from Advanced Fertility Care shows that live birth success rates in the US for each IVF round is 54.9% for patients below 35 years. The percentage decreases as a person gets older, with patients below 40 years having a success rate of 21.2% and those above 42 years achieving zero live births.

In the United States, the average cost for one IVF round is $12,000 without including the cost of medication. However, the cost varies and may be as high as $15,000 or as low as $10,000. Likewise, the cost of the medication ranges between excesses of $3,000 andas low as$1,500. Thus, on average, a patient can spend up to $20,000 for one IVF cycle, and up to $60,000 for three full IVF cycles.

The treatment is quite pricy primarily because the process involves many stages of preparation before, and after the treatment that tallies up over time. Patients pay for the IVF procedure itself, in addition to regular consultations, hormone medications, and the prospect of having to undergo more than one IVF cycle.

Many factors determine the cost of IVF, which includes the patients age, medical history, and the type of procedure. The costs from the procedure are determined by the injectables, specialist care, egg and sperm retrieval, genetic testing, insemination, storing and caring for the fertilized egg (embryo), and so on. Additionally, a patients personal choices can affect the cost as well. For instance, if a person has a low pain threshold, there will be an extra cost for getting sedated or anesthetized for egg retrieval.

On the whole, finances are a big consideration when it comes to IVF, which takes 10 t0 12 days of medication, and an additional five days to grow the embryo and placing it inside the uterus. The most expensive part of IVF is when a couple opts for a pregnancy carrier. If you add the legal and agency fees, IVF costs, and reimbursement to the pregnancy carrier, the cost can vary from a low of $50,000 to a high of $100,000.

Resorting to an IVF can look like too big a step, but there are ways you can save money on IVF.

Do A Mini-IVF.The bulk of expenses for IVF treatments go to the injectables used to stimulate the growth of an egg. This medication can be very pricy, but there is a way of doing IVF with fewer meds through Mini-IVF, short for minimal stimulation IVF. Although Mini-IVF has not caught on in America, it is a procedure that reduces IVF treatment costs by using much fewer injectables. However, this method is not recommended for everyone as it could lessen the chances of success for some. Therefore, seek guidance from a clinic that specializes in the procedure if you choose Mini-IVF treatment.

Thorough Financial Planning.How much money will you need? Get detailed information concerning every aspect of the treatment and cost. You will need to know what is factored into the total cost and what is not counted in. Then, begin saving months before, and read your insurance plan to see if you are eligible for partial coverage.

Choosing An IVF Clinic.Find the clinic that will provide the treatment you need at a price you can afford. Likewise, find a clinic that offers exceptional treatment packages with guarantees and great success rates, to avoid having to undergo more than one IVF round.

NEXT:Celebrities You Didn't Know Had Fertility Issues

Sources: webmd.com, cnyfertility.com, creatingafamily.org, medicalexpress.com.

Shawn Johnson Blames Past Drug Use & Eating Disorder For Her Miscarriage

I have been a writer since 2012, and have enjoyed the journey thus far. When I am not busy writing like there's no tomorrow, I enjoy spending time with my three daughters and watching Netflix.

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Where Is Your Money Really Going During IVF? | BabyGaga - BabyGaga

Researchers have identified the source of a damaging immune reaction to acute psychological stress. The study revealed that proteins secreted in brown fat cells are responsible for triggering an inflammatory response to severe stress.

Cortisol is the primary hormone that is released during the bodys fight or flight stress response. It is a powerful anti-inflammatory hormone that reduces inflammation and regulates sugar and metabolism for the effective management of stress.

Since stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline are designed to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation, experts have struggled to understand why stress tends to escalate inflammatory issues like autoimmune diseases and rheumatoid arthritis.

In the clinic, we have all seen super-stressful events that make inflammatory disease worse, and that never made sense to us, said study co-author Dr. Andrew Wang of Yale University.

The scientists pinpointed an immune system cell, the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), that triggers inflammation when the body is faced with psychological stress. Previous research has shown that IL-6, which is typically secreted in response to infections, plays a role in autoimmune diseases, cancer, obesity, diabetes, depression, and anxiety.

The researchers turned their attention to the relationship between IL-6 and stress after they observed elevated levels of the proteins in mice during a stressful procedure.

In a series of experiments with mice, the researchers found that IL-6 was induced by stress and worsened inflammatory responses. They were surprised to discover that IL-6 was secreted in brown fat cells, which are most notably involved in regulating metabolism and body temperature.

The team demonstrated that when signals from the brain to brown fat cells were blocked, stressful conditions had no effect on inflammatory responses.

The researchers identified an additional role of IL-6 in the bodys reaction to stress it helps prepare the body to increase glucose production in anticipation of threats.

Even after the metabolic production of glucose and the release of cortisol and adrenaline, IL-6 levels secreted by brown fat cells are at their peak. The researchers said this may explain why stress can trigger inflammation despite the presence of immune-suppressing hormones.

When IL-6 production was blocked in mice, they were less agitated when placed in a stressful environment. The experts suspect IL-6 may play a role in mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety.

According to Dr. Wang, many symptoms of depression such as loss of appetite and sex drive mimic those caused by infections like the flu. These so-called sickness behaviors can be triggered by IL-6.

Drugs that are designed to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis block the activity of IL-6. Preliminary findings suggest these drugs may help alleviate symptoms of depression, noted the researchers.

There is an ever-growing literature on the role of IL-6 outside of immunity, said study co-author Reina Desrouleaux. Our work is exciting because it contributes to shortening that gap of knowledge.

The study is published in the journal Cell.

By Chrissy Sexton, Earth.com Staff Writer

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Inflammatory response to stress linked to brown fat cells Earth.com - Earth.com

Weve all woken up covered in sweat at one point or another, especially on hot summer nights. But, if youve tried lowering your air conditioner, removing heavy blankets or adding a fan to your bedroom and you still wake up drenched, you might have night sweatsand it could signal a health issue that should be addressed sooner rather than later.

Night sweats, sometimes called nighttime hot flashes, dont mean you get hot while youre sleeping every now and then. Theyre repetitive, extreme and disrupt sleep, says Amy Zack, a family medicine physician at the Cleveland Clinic.

Its sort of a conventional name for an experience in which folks wake up soaked in sweat, she says. Its not just feeling hot, maybe if a room is hot or its warm outside, but rather sort of a drenching sweat that requires changing clothes, maybe changing bedclothes, as well.

Night sweats can be caused by a number of factors. If you have night sweats that disrupt your sleep, Zack says you need to talk to your doctor to rule out anything serious. Whenever we hear about somebody having soaking night sweats, it definitely requires a range of questions to determine what might be causing that, she says. Sleep disruption has a really big impact on all aspects of life.

Here are 10 possible causes of night sweats in women:

Common causes of night sweats for women are menopause and perimenopause, the stage leading up to menopause, when ovarian functions and menstrual cycles start to fluctuate, Zack says. Thats caused by hormonal fluctuation in the body, she explains. Its believed to affect the vascular system and result in a flushing and heat on the skin. When that happens, the body sweats to cool the skin down.

Night sweats and hot flashes during menopause can be treated with prescription medications and herbal supplements, such as ginseng or evening primrose oil.

Related:Kate Walsh on Menopause and What She Would Tell Her Younger Self

Night sweats can be a sign of a serious infection says Peter Bidey, vice chair of the Department of Family Medicine and assistant professor of family medicine at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.

Some of the infections that notoriously go along with night sweats are tuberculosis and HIV, he says, adding that endocarditis, an infection of the heart tissue, and osteomyelitis, infections of the bone, can also cause night sweats.

In these cases, treating the illness or infection may help night sweats go away.

Some cancers, like leukemia and Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, cause night sweats, Bidey says. And, night sweats can be an early sign of cancer, so its a good idea to visit your doctor for some tests.

Night sweats may also be a side effect of cancer treatments, including surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy and some medications, according to the National Cancer Institute.

Anxiety, stress and depression, though mental health conditions, also impact the body physically, including raising the heart rate. Anytime you raise the heart rate can cause a feeling of anxiety, jitteriness, restlessness, and that can definitely make you feel sweaty, Zack says.

But, anxiety might not always cause the soaking night sweats that come with other conditions, she says.

Related:9 Ways to Keep Anxiety at Bay

Night sweats may be a side effect of certain medications, Bidey explains. Antidepressants, medications used to treat diabetes and hormone therapy drugs commonly have night sweats as a side effect.

For people with drug addiction, especially opioids, night sweats might also accompany drug withdrawal, Bidey adds.

Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, causes excessive sweating, and sometimes night sweats.

Its generally less likely to be exclusively at night, Zack explains. It can change the body temperature and result in changes in metabolic rate that can cause sweating.

Treating the thyroid condition will usually help alleviate night sweats.

Any hormonal change may cause night sweats, especially for women, Zack says. That could include menopause, pregnancy, premenstrual syndrome or other hormonal shift.

Low testosterone in men may be another cause of night sweats.

Drinking alcohol raises your body temperature and can cause skin flushing. So, when you drink too much before bed, you may have night sweats. It disrupts sleep as well, Zack says. If you suspect your night sweats are alcohol-related, she suggests embracing a healthy lifestyle which includes healthy eating, exercise, and avoiding alcohol close to bedtime.

Related:What Does Recovery Mean Regarding Alcohol?

Night sweats are often a symptom of sleep apnea, the condition causing you to stop breathing while asleep (often several times a night), Bidey says.

Excessive sweating at night occurs three times more frequently in people with untreated obstructive sleep apnea, according to a 2013 study published in BMJ Open.

For people with hyperhidrosis, a condition that causes excessive sweating, night sweats are common.Its not only happening at night, though, Bidey says. Theyre overproducing sweat in certain areas of their body, sometimes their whole body. It happens during the day, too.

Medications, as well as some antiperspirants, Botox injections, laser treatment and iontophoresis are common treatments for hyperhidrosis, according to the International Hyperhidrosis Society.

The occasional sweaty night probably isnt cause for concern. Wearing loose-fitting clothing, opening a window, sleeping next to a fan, and avoiding alcohol, caffeine or spicy foods before bed will help, Bidey says.

But, if night sweats occur regularly and are so extreme that your clothing and bedclothes are soaked through, he suggests visiting your doctor.

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You dont want to chalk up night sweats to just being menopause or things along those lines, Bidey says. You want to take a deeper delve into it if necessary, which is where you want to bring in your primary care provider. Sometimes you could be missing a small cue or something, and it could be something thats more serious or underlying as a whole.

Stress, too, could be making you sweat more. Read more about how to stop stress sweating.

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What Causes Night Sweats? Causes of Night Sweats In Women - Parade

The research report on global Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment Market is a comprehensive guide for new market entrants. The report provides the market history of each product retailed by the company. It also provides a history of product types, technology and volume during the forecast period. The growth rate, challenges and obstacles are also explained in the Global Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment study report. The report highlights the rate of development of the strategies, products and technologies used in the production, manufacture and marketing of the product.

The following Top manufacturers are evaluated in this report: Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bio-Cancer Treatment International Limited, Biogen Inc, Boryung Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Cantex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., Cell Source, Inc., Cell2B S.A., CellECT Bio, Inc., Cleveland BioLabs, Inc., Compugen Ltd., Cynata Therapeutics Limited, Cytodyn Inc., Dompe Farmaceutici S.p.A., Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH, Escape Therapeutics, Inc., F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Fate Therapeutics, Inc., Generon (Shanghai) Corporation Ltd., Gilead Sciences, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., & amp; More.

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Product Type CoverageAzathioprineAdrenocorticotropic HormoneCyclophosphamideCyclosporine AOthersApplication CoverageHospitalClinicOthers

Some of the main geographic regions included in this report are: 1. North America (United States and Canada and rest of North America)2. Europe (Germany, France, Italy and the rest of Europe)3. Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea and the rest of Asia-Pacific)4. LAMEA (Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and the rest of LAMEA)

The market report contains the following chapters:

Chapter 1: The World Market Research Report Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment Help Understand Crucial Information About The Given Market. Chapter 2: The report provides a detailed study on each actor having a major impact on the global market Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment, such as company profiles, the latest technological advances of market players and the product profile of the player currently available in the market, as well as the regions in which they operate mainly. Chapter 3: It helps to understand the key product segments and their future on the global market Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment. It provides strategic solutions and recommendations in key business sectors based on market estimates. Chapter 4: The report also presents an eight-year forecast survey based on expected market growth.

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The Global Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment Market report analyzes the production of goods, supply, sales and the current state of the market in detail. In addition, the report examines the market share of production and sales of products, as well as capacity, production capacity, sales trends, cost analysis and revenue generation. Several other factors such as import / export status, industrial statistics, supply and demand ratio, gross margin and the structure of the industrial chain were also studied in the Global Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment Reports.

The main questions answered in the report are:

What is the estimated market size of the Global Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment market? What are the effective growth drivers in the global Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment market? Who are the main manufacturers on the world market for Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment? What are the opportunities, risks, obstacles and challenges of the global Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment? What are the sales, revenues and price analysis of the main manufacturers on the world market? Who are the main traders, distributors and resellers on the world market ?

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To conclude, the Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment report mentions the key geographies, the market landscapes as well as the product price, revenues, volume, production, supply, demand, rate of market growth and forecasts etc. This report also provides a SWOT analysis, an investment feasibility analysis and a return on investment. analysis.

Contact us Jay MatthewsDirect: +1 513 549 5911 (U.S.)+44 203 318 2846 (U.K.)Email: [emailprotected]

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Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment The market is booming worldwide | Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bio-Cancer Treatment International...

Liz Satterfield has a ritual for every time she returns home after leaving the house. Diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer in 2016, the Kirkland, Washington resident recently learned that the cancer that had spread to her brain in 2018 was still growing. Throughout the pandemic, shes had to visit the hospital at least once every three weeks, often more frequently, for treatments to control her disease.

I have a pair of shoes in a paper bag that I keep in the trunk of my car or a rack in the garage. I only wear those shoes when Im going in to get treatment, she says. When I come home, I strip in the garage and put everything right in the wash. I dont enter the house with anything that I was wearing at the cancer center. Its the way Im able to control what I can control in this situation, and gave my partner and me some peace of mind.

While COVID-19 has upended everyones life, the novel coronavirus impact on cancer patients is especially disruptive. Any infectious disease that taxes the immune system is high on their must-avoid listespecially for those getting chemotherapy or radiation treatments, both of which can weaken natural defenses. So that leaves cancer patients caught in the middle of two terrifying diseases.

Nearly 17 million people in the U.S. are living with cancer, many of whom, like Satterfield, are currently being treated for their disease, and forced to make these difficult calculations weighing their risk of cancer against their risk of getting COVID-19. Studies of cancer patients who become infected suggest that their death rate is higherranging from 13% to 28%than those without cancer (though these numbers continue to change as more data become available).

That risk could have a lasting impact on cancer rates and deaths in coming years. Between existing cancer patients who are concerned about the risk of COVID-19 and either delay or skip treatments, and those who have not yet been diagnosed but are reluctant to see their doctor for possible cancer symptoms, experts say both death rates and new cases may creep up. There have been people who are scared to death to even come near the cancer center, says Dr. Leslie Busby, a partner at Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers.

A crude forecast of how the pandemic might affect deaths from just breast and colon cancers alone conducted by researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) predicts 10,000 additional deaths from these two cancers on top of an expected 1 million over the next decade, based on the assumption that screenings are stopped for only six months. That model does not account for people who have not yet been diagnosed and are delaying seeing their doctorsand as a result, may not be diagnosed until their cancers are more advanced and harder to treat. We dont know what the level of disruption to care is going to be, but I think it has already been quite significant, and will last a while longer, says Dr. Ned Sharpless, director of the NCI, who commissioned the prediction.

He notes that increases in incidence and deaths from cancer due to COVID-19 may also be hidden, complicated by the fact that incidence, for example, may even dip for a while if fewer people are getting screening and fewer cancers are actually detected. Mortality may also be confounded by the fact that most cancer deaths are among older patients, and older patients are also at higher risk of dying from COVID-19 complications, so the pandemic could cause total cancer deaths to actually decrease tempoerarily.

Given those confounders, and the fact that many cancers take years to develop, it wont be clear exactly how COVID-19 has affected cancer rates and deaths for many years yet.

When you think of cancer care, there is very little that is elective, says Dr. Robert Keenan, chief medical officer and vice president of quality at Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa, Fl. Patients get chemotherapy as an intravenous infusion, which needs to be dosed and administered under medical care, and radiation treatments require calibrated doses from certified technicians in hospitals. And once patients have started chemotherapy or radiation regimens, they usually undergo treatment for several weeks, with each cycle building on the last to give them the best chance of wearing the cancer down and stopping malignant cells from growing and spreading.

As the pandemic began to surge, cancer doctors typically evaluated each of their patients to decide whether they needed to come in for their treatments or whether they could safely put off the chemotherapy infusion or radiation session for a week or more. Nancy Fleming, a former hospital pharmacist who was diagnosed with small cell lung cancer in 2019 after surviving breast cancer in 2003, receives an infusion of an immunotherapy drug once a month at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Mass. When cases of COVID-19 surged in Boston in April, her oncologist, Dr. Jacob Sands, suggested she put off one of her infusions by a week. He says he made these types of decisions on a case-by-case basis, depending on how well each individual patient was doing and how well-controlled their cancer was. For somebody who has ongoing disease control, where everything is stable, and they had been on therapy for more than a year, those were cases where we would discuss delaying treatment by a week, two weeks or even three weeks, Sands says.

Convincing them to continue their treatments wasnt easy, however. There was a lot of virtual and telephonic hand-holding, says Keenan. We tried to put in place measures to create an environment that let patients know that [the cancer center] was as safe a place as any to come in for their treatment. At many hospitals and cancer centers, patients and staff have been screening patients and staff for fever and COVID-19 symptoms, and many restricted visitors from coming with the patients for their treatments. Any care that could be provided virtually was moved to video or telemedicine, which cut down on the density of people. At Moffitt, Keenan says, clinic visits dropped by 40% to 50%, and patient appointments were scheduled to avoid pile ups waiting rooms. At Dana Farber, Sands says Patients were essentially able to get right into a private room when they showed up and we were able to completely isolate people so they were not sitting next to each other in the waiting room.

Such cues are critical to putting cancer patients at ease, agrees Busby, who asked non-essential staff to work from home. These practices helped to both lower the risk of spreading COVID-19 and sent signals to our patients that we were doing the best we can to protect their health, he says. Discussing these precautions helped to convince some wary patients to continue their treatments.

One such policy, however, was harder for patients to accept. Many cancer centers stopped allowing visitors to come with patients during their treatment appointments, which can stretch for several hours since the chemotherapy infusions themselves typically take at least 30 minutes. Its such a comfort to have family there, says Fleming. When you are a patient, when you are ill, its sometimes hard for you to absorb everything you are hearing. Its always good to have an advocate with you.

For breast cancer patients, there were other options as well. At the University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dr. Lisa Carey says the pandemic changed the therapies she offered her patients. At the beginning of the pandemic, for the patients whose cancers were hormone sensitive, I put them on anti-estrogen [pills] so we could tread water and keep an eye on the tumor for a couple months, while we waited for the [COVID-19] dust to settle before exposing them to an unknown level of danger of coming into the hospital for chemotherapy infusions, she says. The oral treatment, normally given before or with chemotherapy for maximum effectiveness, allowed the patients to treat their cancer and not compromise their care while avoiding exposure to the risks of COVID-19 in the hospital. The truth is, those things we did to protect them seemed to work, Carey says.

Protecting patients from getting exposed to the virus also guides some of her decisions around how to provide chemotherapy. If I have a choice between a [chemotherapy] drug that is given every week and a similar one that is given every three weeks, I now routinely use the one thats given every three weeks, she says. Even if there are a few more side effects, if it reduces the number of times a patient has to come in, then this is a conversation Im having with them.

Similar adjustments are possible for radiation treatment in some cases. Normally, radiation therapy is broken up into smaller, daily fractions in order to preserve the healthy tissue around cancers from the toxic effects of single blast. For breast cancer patients, recent, albeit early studies that followed patients for five years, suggested that significantly shorter courses of treatmentgiven over five days compared to 30, for examplecould be equally as effective in controlling the cancer. Typically we wouldnt embrace [such early results] in daily practice as quickly as we did except for the pandemic, says Dr. Reshma Jagsi, deputy chair of radiation oncology at the University of Michigan. But some patients were willing to take the risk of not having long term evidence on the safety and trust the five year data which was certainly compelling and intriguing.

For the most part, cancer patients have understood the importance of continuing their treatment and of balancing their risk of cancer against their risk of getting COVID-19. In fact, says Busby, its not so much our patients we worry about but the patients who are not ours yet. Most hospitals canceled routine cancer screening appointments for things like mammograms and colonoscopies, which are essential for detecting cancer early. And many people who might have potential cancer symptoms and arent diagnosed yet, arent going to the doctor because of COVID-19 fears. If thats the caseand only data on cancer rates in the coming months and years will provide the answerits possible that both the number of new cancer cases and their severity will increase as a result of the pandemic.

My concern is for the patients who have not yet been diagnosed with cancer; for those patients who delayed their screening; for patients who put off being examined for certain symptoms, says Jagsi. Those patients will be diagnosed at later stages and I do have great concern there that will change cancer-related treatment outcomes. In recent years, advances in screening have helped doctors more regularly diagnose patients at earlier stages where their disease is still treatable and curable, Jagsi notes. I fear that some COVID-19-related delays may compromise some of the advances we have seen.

How deeply COVID-19 will cut into those gains wont be clear until more data on new cancer cases becomes available in coming months. But most experts agree that its hard to imagine that the pandemic would contribute to a better situation; its going to have to be worse, says Carey.

In the meantime, patients are learning to accept the adjustments they need to make to ensure their treatments continue with as little disruption and in the safest way possible. Satterfield has had two COVID-19 tests because the chemotherapy she receives gives her a runny nose, cough and diarrheaall symptoms of COVID-19 that are flagged when she is screened before entering the cancer center for her treatments. But shes okay with that, and understands why its needed. For her, the most challenging part is emotional. With any terminal illness, its thereI think, is this the way the world is going to be when I die? Is this how I see the end of my life? But Im feeling better than I have in recent memory. As much as my health status doesnt sound great, I feel great. And Im thankful for that.

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Coronavirus Could Upend Cancer Trends in the U.S. - TIME

The report Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment Market Research Report 2015-2026 provides an in-depth analysis of the global Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment market across top key companies, products, and Applications. The research report provides an inclusive analysis of major industry drivers, restraints, and their impact on market growth during the forecast period.

The Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment Market Report covers the manufacturers data, pricing, revenue, gross profit, business distribution, demand, market size & growth forecast, etc. This information helps the consumer know about the competitors better. This Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment Market report also covers all the regions and countries of the world, which shows a regional development status, including market size & share, sales data, volume and value, as well as price data

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Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment Market 2020-2026: Segmentation

The Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment market report covers major market players like Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bio-Cancer Treatment International Limited, Biogen Inc, Boryung Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Cantex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., Cell Source, Inc., Cell2B S.A., CellECT Bio, Inc., Cleveland BioLabs, Inc., Compugen Ltd., Cynata Therapeutics Limited, Cytodyn Inc., Dompe Farmaceutici S.p.A., Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH, Escape Therapeutics, Inc., F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Fate Therapeutics, Inc., Generon (Shanghai) Corporation Ltd.

Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment Market is segmented as below:

By Product Type: Azathioprine, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Cyclophosphamide, Cyclosporine A, Others

Breakup by Application:Hospital, Clinic, Others

Impact of COVID-19:Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection TreatmentMarket report analyses the impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on the Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatmentindustry.Since the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 180+ countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency. The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatmentmarket in 2020.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; emergency declared in many countries; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market unpredictability; falling business assurance, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.

COVID-19 can affect the global economy in 3 main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disturbance, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.

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Top key Players Impacting the Growth of the Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Treatment Market 2020 | COVID19 Impact Analysis Bellicum Pharmaceuticals,...

There are dozens of potential coronavirus treatments in development or undergoing tests.

One intravenous (IV) treatment touted by Dr. Anthony Fauci of the White House coronavirus task force is remdesivir, made by Gilead Sciences.

Gilead has now announced pricing for its drug: $520 per vial, which adds up to $3,120 per patient for a six vial course of treatment.

The price to those "outside of private insurance" will be $390 per vial, Gilead says, or $2,340.

According to Reuters:

Analysts at Royal Bank of Canada said they saw revenue potential of $2.3 billion from the drug in 2020, helping offset more than $1 billion in development and distribution costs.

In contrast, the malaria drug hydroxychloroquine can cost pennies per dose and is being studied not only to treat coronavirus, but also to prevent it.

A media campaign controversialized hydroxycholorquine after President Trump repeatedly said the drug could be a game changer if it proves to be effective against coronavirus.

Studies have produced mixed results when it comes to both hydroxycholorquine and remdesivir.

A third drug, dexamethasone, is also being tested to use against coronavirus, as are numerous other medicines.

More results of various studies are expected by summer's end.

Read more by clicking the link here.

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/933097?src=mk

Fight improper government surveillance. Support Attkisson v. DOJ and FBI over the government computer intrusions of Attkisson's work while she was a CBS News investigative correspondent. Visit the Attkisson Fourth Amendment Litigation Fund. Click here.

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The high cost of the IV drug remdesivir for coronavirus: $3120 - Sharyl Attkisson

Endometriosis Therapies market research report provides the details about Industry Chain structure, Market Competition, Market Size and Share, SWOT Analysis, Technology, Cost, Raw Materials, Consumer Preference, Development and Trends, Regional Forecast, Company and Profile and Product and Service.

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Endometriosis Therapies Market 2020 Report Forecasts the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Business and future opportunity - Owned

Transgender women should be entitled to womb transplant to enable them to have their own babies, according to a leading British surgeon.

Two years ago a woman in Brazil became the first mother to give birth to her child using a womb transplanted from a deceased donor to a woman.

It was a major breakthrough in fertility medicine when the little girl was born healthy and weighing 5.6lbs.

It comes just four years after the worlds first womb transplant baby from a live donor was born in Sweden in 2014.

Surgeon Christopher Inglefield, founder of the London Transgender Clinic, says a successful uterus implant into a trans-female is now achievable.

He says the procedure essentially identical to that of cis-women - aka females born in that gender.

Mr Inglefield, a specialist in gender confirmation surgery as well as facial and body feminisation, said: This pioneering birth is extremely important for any trans female who would like to carry her own child.

Because once the medical community accept this as a treatment for cis-women with uterine infertility, such as congenital absence of a womb, then it would be illegal to deny a trans-female who has completed her transition.

"There are clearly anatomical boundaries when it comes to trans women but these are problems that I believe can be surmounted and the transplant into a trans-female is essentially identical to that of a cis-female.

The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) confirm there are no regulations in place to prevent a trans woman who has received a uterus transplant from having IVF treatment.

And Mr Inglefield describes how a transplant would work.

He explained: "The most important step is the harvesting from the donor as great care is required to avoid damage to the arteries and veins supplying the uterus.

"The actual plumbing in is straight forward.

"The donor vessels are connected to the pelvic artery and veins which are the same in both males and females.

"With a uterus transplant in a trans-female, the neovaginal would be opened at the pelvic end to accept the donor womb.

"And the same procedure is used in a cis-female transplant with the donor uterus being attached to the native vagina.

Trans females have a much narrower pelvis than cis-women of the same height, but there would still be room for them to carry a child.

Supplemental hormones could be taken to replicate the changes that occur in the body when a woman is pregnant.

Meanwhile its highly unlikely that a trans female would give birth naturally, but would be delivered via Caesarian section in order to safeguard the child.

Other experts have also endorsed Mr Inglefields claims.

In November last year, Dr Richard Paulson, former president of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, said there was no anatomical reason why a womb could not be successfully implanted into a transgender woman.

He added: "You could do it tomorrow. There would be additional challenges, but I dont see any obvious problem that would preclude it.

"I personally suspect there are going to be trans women who are going to want to have a uterus and will likely get the transplant.

Womb transplant surgery is being seen as a major cause for hope for those who suffer from Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome.

This is when a woman fails to develop a proper uterus and vagina yet has normal ovarian functions and normal external genitalia.

Women who have MRKH will still go on to develop breasts and pubic hair, but they will not have a menstrual cycle.

The syndrome is thought to affect around 1 in every 4,500 women.

But Mr Inglefield, who appeared in ITV's fly-on-the wall documentary Transformation Street, says the demand among trans women could be far greater.

He added: According to some estimates, the prevalence of transgender females in the UK could be as high as 1,000 per 100,000 persons, around 1 per cent of the population.

Just looking at the potential number of trans females who might seek uterine transplantation surgery and its abundantly clear it could become a vital medical service.

As it stands, trans women face a tricky pathway to motherhood, which is often achieved through surrogacy, adoption or fostering.

But those pathways are not without their own pitfalls and many would-be mothers simply long to carry their child, to be pregnant in the very real sense.

As womb transplant surgery is further improved and perfected, its vital trans women are not excluded from the conversation, at it could immeasurably improve a great many lives.

The Gender Recognition Act 2004 says that a trans female can apply for a Gender Recognition Certificate if they wish for their acquired gender to be legally recognised in the UK.

Applicants must go before a panel, documenting any treatments theyve had to change their sexual characteristics, such as hormone treatment or surgery.

They must have lived in their acquired gender for at least two years if single, or six years if married or in a civil partnership.

A spokesperson for the HFEA said: "I can confirm that to our knowledge there are currently no regulations in place which would prevent a person who has received a uterus transplant from having IVF treatment.

"The law, as it currently stands, does not require the person who is carrying a child to have obtained a GRC stating that they are female before having their fertility treatment.

And as stated in the Act the person who carries or has carried a child as a result of an embryo transfer, or artificial insemination, is considered as the mother of the child at birth."

The new test case, which has made headlines across the world, saw a 32-year-old woman born without a uterus given one taken from a 45-year-old donor who died from a brain haemorrhage.

The donor womb was implanted in a 10 hour surgery, which saw veins, arteries, ligaments and vaginal canals being connected.

And she then received fertilised eggs produced by IVF.

The birth took place in December 2017, but has only now been reported in journal The Lancet.

There have been 39 womb transplants across the world and of these, 11 babies born.

Until the Brazil transplant the surgery had failed 10 times.

The womb donor was a mum-of-three, who was in her mid-40s and died from bleeding on the brain.

Just six weeks after the surgery, the woman who received the womb started having periods.

Then, seven months later the eggs, which had been fertilised via IVF, were implanted in her womb.

Her baby was born by caesarean secion on December 15, 2017, and weighed 6lb.

Dr Dani Ejzenbery, from Hospital das Clicas in Sao Paulo, where the surgery was carried out, said: "The first uterus transplants from live donors were a medical milestone, creating the possibilty of childbirth for many infertile women with access to suitable donors and the needed medical facilities.

"However, the need for a live donor is a major limitation as donors are rare, typically being willing and eligible family members or close friends."

Imprial College London's Dr Srdjan Saso described the surgery as "extremely exciting".

The government equalities office estimates there are between 200,000 to 500,000 trans people in the UK.

Liz Armstrong, head of transplant development at NHS Blood and Transplant, said: No uterus transplant has yet been carried out in the UK.

"However if it was to go ahead, the donation and transplantation of a uterus would be carried out under the same regulatory framework in the UK as any other organ, whether from a living or deceased donor.

"The new opt out law in England, only applies to transplants which are already routinely carried out in this country specifically heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas and intestinal organs.

"It also covers certain tissue, including corneas, skin, blood vessels, bone, muscle and tendons.

"A uterus transplant would be classed as a novel transplant and would therefore only take place with the explicit permission from the donor or donors family.

"People have the option to state which routine organs they wish to donate, when recording an opt in decision on NHS Organ Donor Register.

"We would encourage everyone to speak with family and friends so they are clear on what you want to happen in the event of your death."

See original here:
Transgender women 'should be allowed womb transplants so they can have own babies' - Mirror Online

Skincare is predicting $180 billion in global spend by 2024. Thats a 30% increase from where it sits right now, but dont bother betting against it. The industry is a runaway rocket ship; it firmly pushed past makeup sales in 2018, and is now counting on multibillion dollar growth among men, who have recently discovered a wide world or products beyond lip balm and talcum powder.

This success has already birthed, or at least magnified, a number of parallel, ripple businesses, which work in tandem with skincare, and share its self-care ethos. According to market research company Datassential, this trend is best exhibited in the recent convergence of beauty and food. Emerging brands like Purely Elizabeth, Sakara, Bare Bones Broth, Coco Luxe and Kalumi best exemplify the so-called kitchen beauty renaissance, and have staked claims on the credo that looking good starts with eating better.

We applaud their efforts, and have happily recommended some of their products. But its important to remember that many of the ideas and ingredients that these brands are selling are already available to us. In an age when (for some) skincare routines can cost over $200 a month, its helpful to revisit these concepts, and cultivate a grasp on how you can optimize your diet to help your skins greater cause preferably without having to rely on more subscription boxes.

To that end, we sourced a panel of 11 expert dermatologists and nutritionists and asked them a variety of questions. What foods are harmful to the skin? What foods are now seen as beneficial? Where do antioxidants fit in? Is turmeric overhyped? Find their answers below, including ruminations on gut health, sulfur and the best food to protect against sun damage.

Spoiler: it isnt M&Ms.

Skin is the bodys largest organ. When were not eating well or chronically stressed, inflamed skin is often the first telltale sign that somethings going on internally.There arent any serums, masks, creams or supplements that can take the place of a healthy diet.You can spend thousands on skincare products and supplements, but if youre eating poorly, your skin will show it. Nicole DeMasi, MS, RDN, CDCES, Founder of DeMasi Nutrition

People who are seriously concerned about optimizing their skincare routines should pay attention to diet: we are what we eat, and the skin shows it. Many dermatologic studies have shown a correlation between diet and common skin diseases such as acne and rosacea. There is also ample scientific evidence showing that our diet directly ages the skin, even leading to wrinkle. Oxidative stress can actually be linked back to certain foods it occurs when there are too many free radicals in the bodys cells, and not enough antioxidants to balance them. Dr. Kemunto Mokaya, board-certified dermatologist based in Knoxville,TN

Sugar is one of the absolute worst across the board when it comes to skin health. Kylene Bogden, RD,Love WellnessAdvisor,Dietician to the Cleveland Cavaliers

Sugar and high glycemic index foods(anything that converts into sugar quickly, likewhite bread, potatoes, processed foods) cause a spike in insulin, which leads to inflammation and a process called glycation. The sugar molecules attach themselves to the proteins in collagen and make collagenlose its elasticity, resulting in sagging skin.The spike in insulin can also cause a surge in testosterone, which can contribute to acne breakouts due to increased sebum production. Dr. Uzma Qureshi, MBChB, MRCGP, MRCS, medical director of MySkynClinic in Yorkshire

You may have noticed that when youve indulged a little more than usual in processed foods, it all shows up in your complexion. Sugar is one of the biggest culprits, and tends to have a major effect on skin: it activates inflammation by binding to collagen, which makes the skin appear stiff and more rigid. Jennifer Keirstead, RHN atMountain Trek Fitness Retreat & Health Spa

It isnt talked about enough, but common food senstivies like gluten and dairy can be very hard on the skin for certain people.(Im one of these people.) Heidi Moretti, MS, RD, The Healthy RD

The two most common things I eliminate with my male patients with skin concerns is cow dairy and trans fats (usually found in fried or processed food). In recent studies, dairy has been linked to increased acne and redness in the face. Your skin is made up of a large percentage of fatty cells, so poor quality fats such as trans fats found in fried foods are linked to poor skin health. Michael Robinson ND, CNS, LDN, Naturopathic Doctor and Licensed Nutritionist

Collagen is the main structural protein in the body. Its about 25-35% of the body. Without collagen, wed be just like a big puddle of skin. If you think about how inflammatory foods react in the body, they actually break down or hinder the use of proper collagen.So, ingesting inflammatory foods is actually doing the exact opposite of what were aiming for, when having great skin is our goal. Its about taking in foods that build collagen, not break it down. Dr. Christian Gonzalez, Naturopathic Doctor,Non-Toxic Living Expert, podcaster at Heal Thy Self

Vitamin Cisfound in both the epidermal (superficial) and dermal (deeper) layers of the skin. Its essential in collagen production. Peppers, dark leafy greens andBrusselssproutsaresome underrated sources. Dr. Qureshi

Vitamin C is needed in order for collagen synthesis to occur. To help promote collagen production, aim to consume foods rich in Vitamin C, such as citrus fruits, bell peppers, kiwi and strawberries, leafy greens, tomatoes and broccoli. Alex Turnbull, RD and Gut Council Member forJetson

For better skin, a large portion of the diet should include vegetables, fruits, whole-grains, legumes, seeds and nuts. Opt for healthier cooking methods like steaming and boiling. Foods rich in antioxidants help to neutralize free radicals, therefore preventing damage of collagen. Dr. Mokaya

People pay an arm and a leg to rub antioxidants like melatonin, glutathione, and resveratrol onto their skin, but these commercial products are often full of harsh chemicals. Meanwhile, those antioxidants are all available via food which benefits every cell in the body, not just where you rub the lotion. Glutathione is our master antioxidant and is found in greens like Brussels sprouts and asparagus, as well as almonds and walnuts. Melatonin is found richly in Cherries, orange bell peppers and Goji berries. Resveratrol is in dark-colored foods such as blueberries, red grapes and chocolate, as well as peanuts.Dr. Robinson

Anthocyanins are antioxidants in red and purple fruits and vegetables, and are helpful in reducing the inflammation and free-radical damage to the skin from UV light and everyday air pollution. Anthocyanins are commonly found in strawberries, raspberries, blueberries and blackberries, but cherries have the highest levels of all. So, say hello to summer fruit. Tsippora Shainhouse, MD, FAAD., board-certified dermatologist in Beverly Hills

Clinical research has shown that blemish-prone skin has a less-diverse skin microbiome. One simple way to increase the amount of good gut bacteria is to include probiotic-rich, fermented foods in the diet. These can include: unpasteurized sauerkraut, kimchi, miso and apple cider vinegar.Increase your high-fiber food intake, as theyre full of prebiotics. Prebiotics contain fibrous carbohydrates that nourish the good bacteria to help it to grow (broccoli, cauliflower, legumes, seeds, garlic, oats and avocado). The more varied your fiber sources, the more microbial diversity is encouraged. Keirstead

There are skin receptors on every organ, as well as inside our GI tract. When these receptors are disturbed and our good bacteria is thrown out of whack, you will see skin issues such as acne, psoriasis, dermatitis and others. Bogden

Many bowel conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease,are associated with skin rashes. Improving the healthy bacteria can be done bytaking a probiotic supplement, which will add bacteria such asLactobacillus and Bifidobacteriumand help foster the presence of good bacteria.Fermented foods such as pickled vegetables, kefir,Jerusalemartichokesand natural yogurtwill then feed that bacteria so they can multiply. Dr. Qureshi

Depending on the health of your gut bugs and the integrity of your gastrointestinal barrier, you may notice skin issues flare with foods such as dairy or gluten. This occurs when a gut tissue enzyme called transglutaminase cross-reacts with the epidermal tissues transglutaminase. Gut tissue transglutaminase is what helps digest gluten, and the same enzyme that processes gluten also exists in the skin! That cross-reaction is what results in issues like hives, eczema and psoriasis. Bogden

Omega 3 oils help keep skin hydrated, reduce inflammation and help the skin to repair itself.It also works to create strong cell membranes.You can find itinwalnuts, seafood and fatty fish. Dr. Qureshi

Salmon, mackerel, tuna and sardines are fatty fish that contain high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, which are known to reduce inflammation in the body and skin. Two to three servings a week can also help reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Adding these fish to the diet will help balance the omega 3-to-omega 6 fatty ratio (the latter of which can actually trigger inflammation). Fish oil supplements also make a fine substitute. Shainhouse

Zinc, which can be found in foods like oysters, fortified cereals, chickpeas and cashews has been shown to help reduce inflammation and may be beneficial for people who suffer from acne. Erin Jensen PA-C, founder of California-basedThe Treatment Skin Boutique.

Eating sulfur-rich foods is also super important for glowing skin. Foods like broccoli, cauliflower, onions, garlic, Brussels sprouts. Dr. Gonzalez

Foods thigh in beta carotene, meanwhile, can help protect against sun damage. Think carrots, pumpkins and sweet potatoes. Specifically, flaxseed contains alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).Ground flaxseeds (a great source of omega-3 fatty acids) will also protect against sun damage and the fortify the skin, by helping to decrease molecules that contribute to inflammation. Also, olive oil, a great source of heart healthy fats, which may have an impact on protecting our skin from sun damage. Turnbull

It is absolutely essential that your body gets enough water. Staying hydrated ensures that nutrients actually reach your skin cells. Avoid sugary drinks and enjoy water or green tea, which is known to be a brilliant source of antioxidants. Jensen

Alcoholis well-known to be dehydrating due to its diuretic effect, and can also trigger rosacea(askin condition where the face can turn red)in predisposed people, because it dilates the blood vessels. Caffeine, meanwhile,can cause increased levels of cortisol(astress hormone) which triggers increased levels of insulin. In turn, this causes increased sebum production and breakouts. Cortisol also ages skin by impairs the skins barrier function; it result in excess water loss, which leads to drier skin. Dr. Qureshi

Though not specifically a food, water is essential for keeping our skin healthy.Bodies are comprised of 70% water and it plays a vital role in many functions of the body, including hydrating the skin and encouraging elasticity. If youre looking for an extra boost of hydration and collagen, try incorporating bone broth into your diet.Not only is it hydrating, its rich in collagen.Turnbull

Menopausal women may want to consider phytoestrogens; these are plant-derived estrogens that can improve collagen, hydrate the skin and calm aggravated skin. Theyre in abundance in soya beans, soy products, yams, pomegranates and flaxseeds. Dr. Qureshi

There hasnt been enough research for me to confidently comment, but it likely has anti-inflammatory properties that would help in healing throughout the body. Dr. Qureshi

Tumeric contains curcumin. Its an antioxidant that has anti-inflammatory properties and helps reduce oxidative stress in the body.While turmeric is an amazing antioxidant, over-hyping it can lead to over-emphasis on its benefits at the expense of the many other wonderful antioxidants found in other natural spices. Consider clove, cinnamon, oregano, peppermint, rosemary, sage, ginger and yellow mustard seed. Of the list above, clove, cinnamon and oregano have a higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC score) than turmeric. Dr. Mokaya

Healthy levels of vitamin D have been demonstrated to prevent skin aging. Skin aging can be viewed at the molecular level, with the shortening of telomeres, caps of genetic material on the free ends of DNA strands. As these telomeres shorten with age, they render the DNA more and more unstable, until the cell dies. One studydemonstrated that telomeres were significantly longer in patients with the highest serum vitamin D levels, compared to those with the lowest the disparity was equivalent to five years of aging. Try toincorporate foods that are high in vitamin D into your dietand supplement with 600-800 IU of vitamin D daily (which is the recommended daily allowance, per both the National Academy of Medicine and the Skin Cancer Foundation). Shainhouse

The problem with labeling certain foods as beauty foods is that it over-emphasizes them at the expense of other healthy and beneficial foods. Those foods become a fad, and others, which have their own benefits, are then overlooked.Eating a plant-based, whole-food diet that emphasizes variety should be the revolution not just focusing on a few super foods that made it onto a list. Dr. Mokaya

Get away from the processed sugar and packaged foods, start to eat tons of dark leafy greens, adequate hydration and real food, and you will start to see a difference within a week or two. Bogden

Skin takes 120 days on average to rejuvenate. So any changes to diet need to be sustained in order to see benefit rather than be sporadic. Skincare is essential as the skin needs help as it ages to maintain youthful qualities. Dr. Qureshi

Overall, long-term consumption of fresh, fermented, minimally processed, whole foods is the key. It isnt one specific superfood that will ultimately be responsible for the health of any bodily system. And just as important to note: treating yourself to substances like sugar can be critical to the enjoyment of life, achieving a sustainable healthy lifestyle and activating your pleasure systems. Its what you do most of the time that matters. Balance is everything. Keirstead

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How to Eat Your Way to Healthier Skin - InsideHook

Menopause starts 12 months after the last menstrual period or when menstruation has stopped because of a clinical reason, such as removal of the ovaries, and symptoms may include hot flashes, sleep disturbances, urinary problems, and vaginal dryness.1

In 2017, the North American Menopause Society updated its 2012 Hormone Therapy Position Statement based on new evidence of the benefits versus risks.2 The 2017 position statement discussed that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) provides the most benefit for women younger than 60 years within 10 years of menopause onset and no treatment contraindications.2 This patient population can be treated for vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flashes. However, the risks of HRT may outweigh the benefits for women 60 years and older or those more than 10 or 20 years from menopause onset.2 These patients may have a greater risk of coronary heart disease, dementia, stroke, and venous thromboembolism.2 Pharmacists can play an important role in educating patients about HRT, as well as recommending pharmacotherapy based on age and medical history.

COUNSELING PEARLS, TREATMENT OPTIONS Unopposed estrogen should only be given to women who have had a hysterectomy.2 Combined estrogen-progestin therapy is recommended for women with an intact uterus to prevent endometrial cancer.2 Patients should use HRT for the shortest duration possible at the lowest dose for symptom management.2 Evidence suggests that the risk of breast cancer with HRT may depend on dose, duration of use, and regimen.2 Systemic HRT is not recommended in breast cancer survivors, as there is an increased risk of recurrence.2

There are various HRT options, which include systemic and vaginal estrogen treatments. Estrogen-only medications include a variety of dosage forms, such as gels, injections, oral, patches, vaginal creams and rings (figure2,3). Examples include estradiol (Alora), estradiol (Climara), estradiol (Divigel), and estradiol acetate (Femring).3 Common adverse effects may include breast tenderness, fluid retention, hair loss, headaches, and nausea. The genitourinary syndrome of menopause, which includes vaginal burning, dryness, and irritation, may be treated with low-dose topical vaginal estrogens, which are generally considered safe, as there is little systemic absorption.2 Progestin therapy is not needed with low-dose vaginal estrogen, but there is a lack of randomized trial information available beyond 1 year.2

Combination estrogen-progestin medications include oral and patch dosage forms, such as estradiol/drospirenone (Angeliq), estradiol/levonorgestrel (Climara Pro), and estradiol/norethindrone acetate (Activella).3 Common adverse effects include bloating, breast tenderness, fluid retention, hair loss, headaches, nausea, and vomiting. Conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene (Duavee) is a combination estrogen-hormone medication.3 Bazedoxifene is an estrogen agonist/antagonist, also known as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, which can protect against endometrial hyperplasia without the need for progestin.2 Bazedoxifene therapy may result in an increased risk of venous thromboembolism like estrogen does, so it is important to counsel patients about the signs and symptoms of blood clots.3

The North American Menopause Society recommends avoiding the use of compounded bioidentical hormones, because of the risk of overdosing or underdosing and a lack of efficacy and safety studies.2 Also, salivary hormone testing to determine the dose is unreliable, because of differences in hormone pharmacokinetics and absorption.2 The FDA does not have evidence that compounded bioidentical hormones are safe and effective.4

Pharmacists should educate patients about the risks of using compounded bioidentical hormones. FDA-approved bioidentical HRT, including estradiol and estrone, is monitored and regulated for safety and efficacy.2

HRT AND DEMENTIA There has been mixed evidence as to whether HRT has a protective effect or increases the risk of dementia. One observational study found an increased risk of Alzheimer disease in patients taking systemic HRT.5 The results of a 12-year population-based study showed that longer HRT use, especially in older women, was associated with higher cognitive status later in life.6 Also, individuals initiating HRT within 5 years of menopause had higher cognitive scores than those starting HRT 6 or more years later.6 There is ongoing research known as the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study that is evaluating the effects of HRT and normal aging on cognitive performance, imaging markers of Alzheimer disease, and brain structure in women who participated in the original Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study trial.7 This is a follow-up study evaluating these women 13 years after enrollment. Additionally, the study participants were randomized to receive oral or transdermal estrogen treatments or a placebo within 3 years of menopause.7 Because this study is more robust, it may shed more light on the effect of HRT on dementia.

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Hormone Replacement Therapy Most Benefits Women Under 60 - Pharmacy Times