Archive for the ‘Skin Stem Cells’ Category

Even though your skin goes through unlimited wear and tear, it is able to repair itself. How does it undertake these regrowth factory activities? There are reservoirs of stem cells within supportive micro-environments, also called niches, throughout the skin. They can keep a tight leash on this repairing process. Too much tissue can lead to complications such as cancer, even though too less may enhance ageing.

Can stem cells direct other stem cells to reform into new skin when they reshape their niches? A study published in Science, led by Prof. Elaine Fuchs actually shows that stem cells have an effect on tissue regeneration. It marks out a molecular coordination tool that can be leveraged by stem cells to convey signals across niches.

The scientists wrote in the abstract of their article, published in Science: "Tissues rely on stem cells (SCs) for homeostasis and wound-repair. SCs reside in specialized microenvironments (niches) whose complexities and roles in orchestrating tissue growth are still unfolding. Here, we identify lymphatic capillaries as critical SC-niche components. In skin, lymphatics form intimate networks around hair follicle (HF) SCs."

Hence, another component of the niche that was revealed was the lymphatic capillaries, specialized types of vessels. They transport immune cells and also drain out excess fluids and toxins from tissues. As the capillaries integrate into a close network around the stem cell niche inside every hair follicle, all the niches get interconnected.

"By turning the skin completely transparent," says postdoctoral fellow Shiri Gur-Cohen, "we were able to reveal the complex architecture of this network of tubes." Researchers identified that the hair-follicle stem cells manage the behavior of lymphatic capillaries. They do this by secreting molecules acting as on-off switches for drainage. They enabled them to monitor the compositions of fluids and cells around them and finally synchronize regeneration across the tissues.

"The involvement of the lymphatic system in this process is a new concept," says Fuchs, "and might potentially provide new therapeutic targets for lymph-related conditions such as wound-healing defects and hair loss." The scientists summarized their findings in Science: "When lymphatics are perturbed or the secretome switch is disrupted, HFs cycle precociously and tissue regeneration becomes asynchronous. In unearthing lymphatic capillaries as a critical SC-niche element, we have learned how SCs coordinate their activity across a tissue."

Hence, to those who haven't understood why they are losing hair in tufts, checking out the scientific experiments on your lymphatic systems can go a long way in figuring out how it can be regrown.

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Hair regrowth depends on lymphatic system, finds study giving hope to find way to cure baldness - International Business Times, Singapore Edition

Since 2006, when Shinya Yamanaka, now the director of the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application at Kyoto University, discovered a method that could guide fully differentiated cells back to their pluripotent state, scientists have been using his recipe to produce induced pluripotent stem cells. The protocol relies on overexpressing the so-called Yamanaka factors, which are four transcription factors: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc (OSKM). While the technique reliably creates iPS cells, it can cause unintended effects, some of which can lead to cells to become cancerous. So researchers have worked to adjust the cocktail and understand the function of each factor.

No one had succeeded in creating iPS cells without forcing the overexpression of Oct4. It was thought that this was the most crucial factor of the four. At least until now.

If this works in adult human cells, it will be a huge advantage for the clinical applications of iPS cells.

Shinya Yamanaka, Kyoto University

Four years ago, Sergiy Velychko, a graduate student at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine in Hans Schlers lab, and his team were studying the role of Oct4 in creating iPS cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts. He used vectors to introduce various mutations of the gene coding for Oct4 to the cells he was studying, along with a negative controlone that didnt deliver any Oct4. He was shocked to discover that even using his negative control, he was able to generate iPS cells.

Velychkos experiment was suggesting that it is possible to develop iPS cells with only SKM.

We just wanted to publish this observation, Velychko tells The Scientist, but he knew hed need to replicate it first because reviewers wouldnt believe it.

He and his colleagues, including Guangming Wu, a senior scientist in the lab, repeated the experiment several times, engineering vectors with different combinations of the four factors. SKMthe combination that didnt include Oct4was able to induce pluripotency in the cells with about 30 percent of the efficiency of OSKM, but the cells were of higher quality, meaning that the researchers didnt see evidence of common off-target epigenetic effects. They reported their results yesterday (November 7) in Cell Stem Cell.

Efficiency is not important. Efficiency means how many colonies do you get, explains Yossi Buganim, a stem cell researcher at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, who was not involved in the study. If the colony is of low quality, the chances that eventually the differentiated cells will become cancerous is very high.

Finally, the team employed the ultimate test, the tetraploid complementation assay, in which iPS cells are aggregated with early embryos that otherwise would not have been able to form a fully functional embryo on their own. These embryos grew into mouse pups, meaning that the iPS cells the team created were capable of maturing into every type of cell in the animal.

Whats more is they found that the SKM iPS cells could develop into normal mouse pups 20 times more often than the OSKM iPS cells, suggesting that the pluripotency of iPS cells can be greatly improved by omitting Oct4 from the reprogramming factor cocktail.

The results will need to be verified in human cells, Buganim cautions. His team has developed methods for creating iPSCs that worked well in mouse cells only to be completely ineffective in humans.

Yamanaka himself was enthusiastic about the results, telling The Scientist in an email that his team would definitely try the method in other cell types, especially adult human blood cells and skin fibroblasts. If this works in adult human cells, it will be a huge advantage for the clinical applications of iPS cells.

S.Velychkoet al.,Excluding Oct4 from Yamanaka cocktail unleashes the developmental potential of iPSCs,Cell Stem Cell,doi:10.1016/j.stem.2019.10.002,2019.

Emma Yasinski is a Florida-based freelance reporter. Follow her on Twitter@EmmaYas24.

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Oct4, Considered Vital for Creating iPSCs, Actually Isnt Needed - The Scientist

Hormonal changes can play havoc with our skin as we get older, especially in the perimenopause and menopause years.

These changes aren't the same for every woman, and they don't all begin at once.

During the perimenopause and menopause, the most notable hormonal change is a decline of oestrogen levels.

Oestrogen affects every tissue and organ of the human body, skin included, so the decline of oestrogen in perimenopause and menopause can cause the following symptoms:

Dermatologist and founder of Meder Beauty Science Dr Tiina Meder explained the best way to look after your skin during perimenopause and menopause is a "considered daily skincare routine".

"Using a gentle cleanser will help preserve the skins barrier function and prevent dryness and sensitivity," she said.

"Antioxidant-rich moisturisers, packed with prebiotics, will help keep skin hydrated and protected, simultaneously restoring and preserving the skins microbiome.

"Facial oils will also help to compensate lipid deficiency, while weekly exfoliation will help stimulate skin renewal.

Perimenopausal and menopausal skin is more sensitive to sun exposure.

"The maintenance of melanocytes the cells that manufacture the pigment melanin - is controlled by oestrogen," said Dr Meder.

"During the perimenopause and menopause, the number of melanocytes in your skin reduces andoestrogenlevels decline. As a result, less protective melanin is produced, making the skin appear lighter.

"As melanin helps protect the skin from the environmental damage and sun exposure, a decline in the production of melanin results in skin that is more prone to damage from sun exposure.

"As a consequence, it is very important to protect the skin regularly and correctly the second these hormonal changes appear."

When choosing skincare products thatll protect and repair skin during the perimenopause and menopause, Dr Meder recommends looking out for the following ingredients:

Moisturisers- hyaluronic acid, glycerine, carrageenan, chondrus crispus extract, gluconolactone and others.

Fatty acids and lipids- primrose, apricot, olive, macadamia, sweet almond, argan, borago, canola, meadowfoam, sunflowers, and sesame oil, as well as shea butter, squalane, cacao and, in some cases, coconut butter.

Prebiotics and probiotics- alpha-glucan oligosaccharide, inulin, and others, including some bacterial ferments and lysates (alteromonas filtrate, lactobacillus lysate, and saccharomyces).

Antioxidants- resveratrol, green tea, aloe barbadensis, rosemary and wild carrot extracts, vitamin E and C, and beta-carotene.

Remodelers- EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) and others growth factors, plant stem cells, and peptides (Matrixyl-3000, Rigin, Syn-Tack and others).

Anti-inflammatories- centella asiatica, aloe barbadensis, green tea, calendula officinalis and chamomilla recutita extracts, panthenol, peptide skinasensyl, and albatrellus ovinus.

Microcirculation and capillary strengtheners- niacinamide (vitamin B3), caffeine, horse chestnut extract, and escin.

"Some ingredients - such as retinol or hydroxyl acids - can potentially increase the sensitivity of the skin, cause dryness, or increase ultraviolet sensitivity during the perimenopause and menopause," she went on.

"Sadly, many of these ingredients can actually help perimenopausal andmenopausal skin in many ways by improving the renewal process, lightening pigmentation, decreasing the appearance of wrinkles, and helping restore skin elasticity.

"Luckily, there are some great alternatives to these more aggressive ingredients. For example, retinol and retinol derivatives can be replaced with bakuchiol a natural ingredient that acts in a similar way to retinol - promoting the same benefits but with no side effects."

"Studies have found that HRT can provide several benefits to the skin. The reduction of oestrogen levels during the menopause has a detrimental effect on the skin, so it can be corrected, at least in part, through the early use of HRT in perimenopause.

"When HRT is introduced in the perimenopause period, skin dryness and sensitivity have been shown to be prevented. In addition, long-term use of HRT has been shown to restore the skins water-holding capacity and barrier function of the epidermis.

"Some studies have also found that HRT can control, in part, the dermal thickness and laxity, collagen content and density, as well as the skins mechanical properties and stress reaction."

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Doctor explains what happens to your skin during the menopause and the best products to treat it - RSVP Live

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Global Stem Cell Therapy Market: Overview

Also called regenerative medicine, stem cell therapy encourages the reparative response of damaged, diseased, or dysfunctional tissue via the use of stem cells and their derivatives. Replacing the practice of organ transplantations, stem cell therapies have eliminated the dependence on availability of donors. Bone marrow transplant is perhaps the most commonly employed stem cell therapy.

Osteoarthritis, cerebral palsy, heart failure, multiple sclerosis and even hearing loss could be treated using stem cell therapies. Doctors have successfully performed stem cell transplants that significantly aid patients fight cancers such as leukemia and other blood-related diseases.

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Global Stem Cell Therapy Market: Key Trends

The key factors influencing the growth of the global stem cell therapy market are increasing funds in the development of new stem lines, the advent of advanced genomic procedures used in stem cell analysis, and greater emphasis on human embryonic stem cells. As the traditional organ transplantations are associated with limitations such as infection, rejection, and immunosuppression along with high reliance on organ donors, the demand for stem cell therapy is likely to soar. The growing deployment of stem cells in the treatment of wounds and damaged skin, scarring, and grafts is another prominent catalyst of the market.

On the contrary, inadequate infrastructural facilities coupled with ethical issues related to embryonic stem cells might impede the growth of the market. However, the ongoing research for the manipulation of stem cells from cord blood cells, bone marrow, and skin for the treatment of ailments including cardiovascular and diabetes will open up new doors for the advancement of the market.

Global Stem Cell Therapy Market: Market Potential

A number of new studies, research projects, and development of novel therapies have come forth in the global market for stem cell therapy. Several of these treatments are in the pipeline, while many others have received approvals by regulatory bodies.

In March 2017, Belgian biotech company TiGenix announced that its cardiac stem cell therapy, AlloCSC-01 has successfully reached its phase I/II with positive results. Subsequently, it has been approved by the U.S. FDA. If this therapy is well- received by the market, nearly 1.9 million AMI patients could be treated through this stem cell therapy.

Another significant development is the granting of a patent to Israel-based Kadimastem Ltd. for its novel stem-cell based technology to be used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other similar conditions of the nervous system. The companys technology used for producing supporting cells in the central nervous system, taken from human stem cells such as myelin-producing cells is also covered in the patent.

The regional analysis covers:

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Global Stem Cell Therapy Market: Regional Outlook

The global market for stem cell therapy can be segmented into Asia Pacific, North America, Latin America, Europe, and the Middle East and Africa. North America emerged as the leading regional market, triggered by the rising incidence of chronic health conditions and government support. Europe also displays significant growth potential, as the benefits of this therapy are increasingly acknowledged.

Asia Pacific is slated for maximum growth, thanks to the massive patient pool, bulk of investments in stem cell therapy projects, and the increasing recognition of growth opportunities in countries such as China, Japan, and India by the leading market players.

Global Stem Cell Therapy Market: Competitive Analysis

Several firms are adopting strategies such as mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, and partnerships, apart from product development with a view to attain a strong foothold in the global market for stem cell therapy.

Some of the major companies operating in the global market for stem cell therapy are RTI Surgical, Inc., MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., NuVasive, Inc., Pharmicell Co., Ltd., Anterogen Co., Ltd., JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., and Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l.

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Stem Cell Therapy Market Poised to Expand at a Robust Pace Over 2025 - Tech Admirers

NEW YORK / ACCESSWIRE / November 11, 2019 / Kadmon Holdings, Inc. (KDMN) today announced positive topline results from the planned interim analysis of ROCKstar (KD025-213), the fully enrolled pivotal trial evaluating KD025 in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) who have received at least two prior lines of systemic therapy. The trial met the primary endpoint of Overall Response Rate (ORR) at the interim analysis, which was conducted as scheduled two months after completion of enrollment.

KD025 showed statistically significant ORRs of 64% with KD025 200 mg once daily (QD) (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 51%, 75%; p<0.0001) and 67% with KD025 200 mg twice daily (BID) (95% CI: 54%, 78%; p<0.0001). KD025 has been well tolerated and adverse events have been consistent with those expected in the patient population.

"We are extremely pleased with the outcomes of the interim analysis, which showed that KD025 has already greatly exceeded the threshold for success in this pivotal trial," said Harlan W. Waksal, M.D., President and CEO of Kadmon. "We look forward to sharing these results with the FDA at a pre-NDA meeting, where we will also discuss the timing for a regulatory filing for KD025 in cGVHD, which we expect to occur in 2020, subject to FDA input."

"KD025 was shown to be a highly active and well-tolerated therapy across the spectrum of this complex, multi-organ disease," said Corey Cutler, MD, MPH, FRCPC, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Medical Director, Adult Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and a KD025-213 study investigator and Steering Committee member. "The response rates observed are particularly impressive since this study is being conducted in a real-world population with severe disease, supporting the potential role of KD025 in cGVHD patients who are in need of effective and well-tolerated therapies."

"It is highly encouraging to see the positive results from the pivotal trial are in line with those observed in the earlier Phase 2 study of KD025 in this difficult-to-treat disease," said Madan Jagasia, MD, Vanderbilt University, an investigator of the KD025-208 and KD025-213 studies and the KD025-213 Steering Committee chair. "These latest KD025 data continue to underscore the value that KD025 may offer to cGVHD patients."

KD025-213 is an ongoing open-label trial of KD025 in adults and adolescents with cGVHD who have received at least two prior lines of systemic therapy. Patients were randomized to receive KD025 200 mg QD or KD025 200 mg BID, enrolling 66 patients per arm. Statistical significance is achieved if the lower bound of the 95% CI of ORR exceeds 30%, which was achieved in both arms of the trial at the interim analysis.

While the ORR endpoint was met at the interim analysis, the primary analysis of the KD025-213 study will occur in the first quarter of 2020, six months after completion of enrollment. This analysis will include updated safety data and efficacy data, including ORRs and secondary endpoints, such as duration of response, changes in corticosteroid dose and changes in quality of life. Kadmon plans to submit results from the KD025-213 study for presentation at an upcoming scientific meeting.

Conference Call and Webcast

Kadmon will host a conference call and webcast on Monday, November 11, 2019, at 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, to discuss the topline results of the interim analysis of the KD025-213 study.

To participate in the conference call, please dial (866) 762-3021 (domestic) or (703) 925-2661 (international) and reference the conference ID: 6468498. The accompanying slides will be available for download on Kadmon's website beginning at 5:00 p.m. Eastern time.

To listen online via webcast, please visit: https://edge.media-server.com/mmc/p/9b9w8p38. The webcast will be archived and will be available at http://investors.kadmon.com/presentations-and-events.

About KD025

KD025 is a selective oral inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 2 (ROCK2), a signaling pathway that modulates inflammatory response. In addition to cGVHD, KD025 is being studied in an ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial in adults with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (KD025-209). KD025 was granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation and Orphan Drug Designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with cGVHD who have received at least two prior lines of systemic therapy.

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About cGVHD

cGVHD is a common and often fatal complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In cGVHD, transplanted immune cells (graft) attack the patient's cells (host), leading to inflammation and fibrosis in multiple tissues, including skin, mouth, eye, joints, liver, lung, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract. Approximately 14,000 patients in the United States are currently living with cGVHD, and approximately 5,000 new patients are diagnosed with cGVHD per year.

About Kadmon

Kadmon is a biopharmaceutical company developing innovative products for significant unmet medical needs. Our product pipeline is focused on inflammatory and fibrotic diseases as well as immuno-oncology.

Forward Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements. Such statements may be preceded by the words "may," "will," "should," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," "could," "intends," "targets," "projects," "contemplates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential" or "continue" or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We believe that these factors include, but are not limited to, (i) the initiation, timing, progress and results of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, including KD025-213, and our research and development programs; (ii) our ability to advance product candidates into, and successfully complete, clinical trials; (iii) our reliance on the success of our product candidates, including KD025; (iv) the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals, including in connection with KD025-213; (v) our ability to expand our sales and marketing capabilities; (vi) the commercialization of our product candidates, if approved; (vii) the pricing and reimbursement of our product candidates, if approved; (viii) the implementation of our business model, strategic plans for our business, product candidates and technology; (ix) the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our product candidates and technology; (x) our ability to operate our business without infringing the intellectual property rights and proprietary technology of third parties; (xi) costs associated with defending intellectual property infringement, product liability and other claims; (xii) regulatory developments in the United States, Europe and other jurisdictions; (xiii) estimates of our expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and our needs for additional financing; (xiv) the potential benefits of strategic collaboration agreements and our ability to enter into strategic arrangements; (xv) our ability to maintain and establish collaborations or obtain additional grant funding; (xvi) the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates; (xvii) developments relating to our competitors and our industry, including competing therapies; (xviii) our ability to effectively manage our anticipated growth; (xix) our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel; (xx) our ability to achieve cost savings and other benefits from our efforts to streamline our operations and to not harm our business with such efforts; (xxi) the use of proceeds from our recent public offerings; (xxii) the potential benefits of any of our product candidates being granted orphan drug designation; (xxiii) the future trading price of the shares of our common stock and impact of securities analysts' reports on these prices; and/or (xxiv) other risks and uncertainties. More detailed information about Kadmon and the risk factors that may affect the realization of forward-looking statements is set forth in Kadmon's filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), including Kadmon's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Investors and security holders are urged to read these documents free of charge on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. Kadmon assumes no obligation to publicly update or revise its forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Contact Information

Ellen Cavaleri, Investor Relations646.490.2989ellen.cavaleri@kadmon.com

SOURCE: Kadmon Holdings, Inc.

View source version on accesswire.com: https://www.accesswire.com/566116/Kadmon-Announces-that-KD025-Met-Primary-Endpoint-at-Interim-Analysis-of-Pivotal-Trial-in-Chronic-Graft-Versus-Host-Disease

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Kadmon Announces that KD025 Met Primary Endpoint at Interim Analysis of Pivotal Trial in Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease - Yahoo Finance

Given the amount of wear and tear its subjected to on a daily basis, the skin has a phenomenal ability to replenish itself. Spread throughout it are small reservoirs of stem cells, nested within supportive microenvironments called niches, which keep a tight rein on this repair process. Too much tissue might cause problems like cancer, while too little might accelerate aging.

Until now, scientists were uncertain whether the stem cells themselves could instruct other stem cells to form new skin by reshaping their niche. But new research in Science, led by Elaine Fuchs, the Rebecca C. Lancefield Professor, indicates that stem cells can indeed influence tissue regeneration. The study identifies a molecular coordination tool used by stem cells to signal across niches.

The researchers also discovered a new component of the niche: a specialized type of vessel called lymphatic capillaries, which transport immune cells and drain excess fluids and toxins from tissues. These capillaries form an intimate network around the stem cell niche within each hair follicle, the study showed, thereby interconnecting all its niches.

By turning the skin completely transparent, says postdoctoral fellow Shiri Gur-Cohen, we were able to reveal the complex architecture of this network of tubes.

Hair-follicle stem cells control the behavior of lymphatic capillaries by secreting molecules that act as an on-off switch for drainage, the scientists found, enabling them to control the composition of fluids and cells in the surrounding locale and ultimately synchronize regeneration across the tissue.

The involvement of the lymphatic system in this process is a new concept, says Fuchs, and might potentially provide new therapeutic targets for lymph-related conditions such as wound-healing defects and hair loss.

Reference

Gur-Cohen et al. (2019) Stem celldriven lymphatic remodeling coordinates tissue regeneration. Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay4509

This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

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Lymphatic System Discovered To Play Key Role in Hair Regeneration - Technology Networks

Scientists have devised a technique to determine which heart cells can replicate and which cannot, a critical step toward treatments that may one day help the heart heal itself after injury.

The method removes a significant roadblock to developing ways to regrow healthy cardiac muscle tissue, a feat not currently possible.

This new technique solves a longstanding problem that for years has stymied our ability to develop regenerative treatments for the heart, said Stefan Jovinge, the studys senior author and director of the DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program at Van Andel Institute and Spectrum Health. Its a major step forward that we aim to translate into improved patient care.

For decades, scientists have searched for ways to harness the hearts regenerative potential to fix damage related to heart attack and heart failure, but their attempts have been largely unsuccessful.

Unlike the skin or bones, which readily heal by stitching together wounds or breaks with new, healthy cells, heart muscle cells largely lose their ability to replicate early in life (instead, they progress through the cell cycle but, in most cases, they do not actually divide). This leaves patients and physicians with only a few surgical options to mitigate further damage and just one option to totally repair the problem should the damage be too severe: a heart transplant.

The new method combines two technologies molecular beacon technology and fluorescence activated cell-sorting to specifically isolate cells that successfully divide. This will allow scientists to determine the mechanisms underlying heart muscle cells regenerative potential, which is critical to the development of regenerative strategies aimed to cure patients with heart injury.

Now that we can accurately identify these cells, we can start to determine the mechanisms that allow them to divide and develop ways to jump-start this process, Jovinge said. This work is an excellent example of how basic research can have a major impact on future clinical care.

The findings build on previous research by Jovinges team that showed, contrary to long-held beliefs, some cells in the heart are indeed capable of replicating.

Reference

Milliron et al. (2019) Isolation of Cardiomyocytes Undergoing Mitosis with Complete Cytokinesis. Circulation Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.314908

This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

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New Technique Lays Foundation for Regenerative Cardiac Therapies - Technology Networks

Human heart cells are changed by spaceflight but return to mostly normal on Earth, according to a study that examined how the human heart functions in spaceflight. The scientists were surprised as to how quickly human heart muscle cells could adapt to the environment in which they are placed.

The research team examined the cell-level cardiac function and gene expression in human heart cells that were cultured aboard the International Space Station (ISS) for 5.5 weeks. They found that heart muscle cells -- derived from stem cells -- adapted well to their environment during and after spaceflight.

The analysis, says the team, shows that exposure to microgravity altered the expression of thousands of genes, but largely normal patterns of gene expression reappeared within 10 days after returning to Earth.

These findings provide insight into how the human heart functions at the cellular level in spaceflight. This study suggests that the human heart muscle cells are very adaptable to the environment in which they are placed, including microgravity. Microgravity is an environment that is not very well understood in terms of its overall effect on the human body, and studies like this will be able to help shed light on how the cells of the body behave in space," Dr. Joseph C. Wu, Director, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, told MEA WorldWide (MEAWW).

The researchers explain that human heart muscle cells, like the whole heart, change their functional properties in spaceflight and compensate for the apparent loss of gravity by changing their gene expression patterns at the cellular level.

"This study does not tell us how the heart as a whole changes in microgravity. There are several other types of cells in the heart that were not included in this study. We also do not know how the cells might react if they were exposed to microgravity for a longer period of time. However, these are both things we can test in the future. The results we observed in this study will allow us to focus those future studies on characteristics of the heart muscle cells we know are strongly affected by microgravity," Dr. Wu told MEAWW.

With extended stays aboard the ISS becoming commonplace, there is a need to better understand the effects of microgravity on cardiac function, say experts. Past studies have shown that spaceflight induces physiological changes in cardiac function. Astronauts on space shuttle missions have experienced reduced heart rate, lowered arterial pressure, and increased cardiac output. But to date, most cardiovascular microgravity physiology studies have been conducted either in non-human models or at tissue, organ, or systemic levels, says the team.

"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA] Twin Study demonstrated that long-term exposure to microgravity reduces mean arterial pressure and increases cardiac output. However, little is known about the role of microgravity in influencing human cardiac function at the cellular level," says the study published in 'Stem Cell Reports'.

Accordingly, the research team used human induced pluripotent stem cells to study the effects of spaceflight on human heart function.

"We studied human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). We generated hiPSC lines from three individuals by reprogramming blood cells and then differentiated them into hiPSC-CMs," says the study.

Dr. Wu explains that human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are stem cells that can be produced from a small sample of blood or skin through a process called "reprogamming".

"These hiPSCs can be then turned into almost any cell type of interest, including beating human heart muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes. Since these hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes mimic the function of true adult human heart cells, we can use them as a model for how the cells of the human heart respond to microgravity," Dr. Wu told MEAWW.

Beating hiPSC-CMs were launched to the International Space Station aboard a SpaceX spacecraft, as part of a commercial resupply service mission. Simultaneously, ground control hiPSC-CMs were cultured on Earth for comparison.

"Upon return to Earth, space-flown hiPSC-CMs showed normal structure and morphology. However, they did adapt by modifying their beating patterns and calcium recycling patterns," the findings state.

The researchers performed RNA sequencing. "These results showed that 2,635 genes were differentially expressed among flight, post-flight, and ground control samples. A comparison of the samples revealed that hiPSC-CMs adopt a unique gene expression pattern during spaceflight, which reverts to one that is similar to groundside controls upon return to normal gravity," says the study.

The findings, according to the researchers, could provide insight into cellular mechanisms that could benefit astronaut health during long-duration spaceflight, or potentially lay the foundation for new insights into improving heart health on Earth.

"We know that humans can spend months and years in space. Through decades of analyses, we know that the human heart as a whole organ changes its shape, size, and function in spaceflight. These changes are one reason why astronauts must exercise in space for hours every day to keep their heart muscles strong. While our cell-based experiments were able to confirm that changes also occur on the cellular level, we cannot directly translate this to the organ-level without further studies. The changes in our hiPSC-cardiomyocytes are not adverse effects, but rather adaptations to microgravity. The changes reflect how the cells of the human body can quickly adapt to a low gravity environment," Dr. Wu told MEAWW.

The research team now plans to test different treatments on the human heart cells to determine if they can prevent some of the changes the heart cells undergo during spaceflight.

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Human heart cells change during spaceflight, say scientists in study that could have far-reaching effects on c - MEAWW

Twenty seconds. Give or take.

Spencer Beach cant say for sure just how long he was on fire.

Long enough to stumble to two exitstwiceand yank on door handles that wouldnt budge.

The flash fire that engulfed him in an Edmonton home was sucking in all the oxygen, creating a vacuum that sealed him inside. A flooring installer by trade, he had been removing linoleum in the laundry rooma rush job since the manufacturer mislabelled the boxes and the contractor didnt want to incur penalties for a delay. Beach and the rest of the crew were often told to use their boss homemade shortcut: douse the flooring in a contact thinner to reactivate the glue. That way, you could just peel it off.

He was on his hands and knees when he first heard a whistle as loud as a thousand kettles, followed by a boom as the furnace set the fumes alight.

Now the skin on his face felt like it was shrinking. His lips, like theyd been swarmed by bees.

The heat was inside of me. It wasnt like any burn youve ever felt, Beach says. It was everywhere.

With no way out, he curled up on the floor, interlocking his fingers behind his head. His mind flashed to his wife, Tina, blonde and four months pregnant with their first child. He had just left her a voice message: the job was nearly done, he was the only one left, hed be home soon. Tonight, hed plan his buddys stag party.

Beach got to his feet and tried the door one more time.

In his right hand, Dr. Sarvesh Logsetty holds a pair of scissors. In his left, a piece of paper grabbed from the many stacks in his office at Winnipegs Health Sciences Centre (HSC), where he is head of the burn unit.

The surgeon is stumped.

Hes trying to remember the strategic cuts to make for a trick he would do as a kid. Its a paper craft that turns a 4-by-5-inch sheet into an open shape large enough to walk through.

What am I doing wrong?

Logsetty wants to use the analogy to explain the skin graft meshing techniques he routinely does for patients whove suffered severe burns to large swaths of their body. The techniques also use strategic cutsto expand pieces of skin up to nine times their original size.

Every centimetre counts in these life-saving reconstructive surgeries where patches of unharmed skin are removed from one site to cover another, explains the University of Manitoba professor of surgery and psychiatry.

Ta da, he says, holding up the large paper circle. Damn, that was driving me insane.

Dr. Sarvesh Logsetty's curiosity about suturing goes back to age four, to Hyderabad, India, where he would hang around the medical clinic run by his great-aunt // PHOTO BY DAVID LIPNOWSKI [BA(HONS)/08]

Finding solutions is what the 51-year-old has spent decades doing, to alleviate pain and hardship for burn patients. Each one of my research projects, he says, reflects a patients journey.

Logsetty knows Beachs well, having operated on him more than a dozen times. He was working the day Beach was rushed to University of Alberta Hospital. The surgeon remembers how this 29-year-oldwith burns to more than 90 per cent of his bodywas more worried about how others would handle the news than he was his own chances for survival (about five per cent).

Even afterwards, hes always thought about how he can help other people and how he can use his experience to help them get through, says Logsetty, who brought his expertise to UM in 2007.

One persons recovery involves a slew of professionals.

Beyond nurses to do dressing changes, there are dietitians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers. On the burn ward at HSC, the team includes UM students across disciplines. The unit admits 100 to 200 patients a year, and treats another 250 to 400 (including cases of frostbite and flesh-eating disease). About 40 per cent of patients are children. Among the adults, the majority are men, who tend to engage in riskier behaviour than women, Logsetty notes.

When compared to other health conditions, theres an added layer. With any burn, theres a sense of guilt. Did I do something that caused this? Especially as a parent. That adds to the burden, says Logsetty. Its different than something spontaneous like cancer, where it isnt that they left the oil on the stove for too long or didnt check the temperature when they put their child in the bathtub.

With any burn, theres a sense of guilt. Did I do something that caused this? Especially as a parent. That adds to the burden. SARVESH LOGSETTY

Among 20- to 60-year-olds, burns are most often flame-related mishaps involving cooking oils catching fire, accelerants flashing back while burning grass, or house fires erupting in the night, Logsetty says. Burns from scalding are most common in kids and the elderly.

His research probes what social determinants increase your chances. A study released with UM psychiatrist Dr. Jitender Sareen [MD/95, BSc(Med)/95] last year showed people with a low income were as much as five times more likely to suffer burns. And the researchers mapped high-incidence areas in Winnipeg for policymakers to target prevention strategies.

Logsetty offers a window into the daily challenges on the burn unit. Within its dual-chamber isolation rooms, theres an ongoing battle against infection, down to the microscopic fibres of hospital curtains that may harbour antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Burn patients face a far greater risk because their injuries arent straightforward open wounds. Theres dead skin sitting there, providing a perfect food source for bacteria. And because the skin is dead, theres no link to the bodys blood. No trigger to get infection-fighting white blood cells to activate and defend. So the bacteria can happily grow, getting stronger, says Logsetty. The risk of infection is really high.

The seeping wounds are kept covered and clean. Peeling off the dressings can be excruciatingly painful and take hours. No matter what we use, the dressings tend to stick, says Logsetty. This agony is what drives him and UM collaborator Song Liu, a medical microbiology and infectious diseases researcher, also in the Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, in their efforts to reinvent the burn bandage.

Together, theyre developing not only a less sticky coating but a dressing they hope will transform burn care. Theyre designing a fabric to detect infection, alert medical staff by changing colour, and then release antibiotics from withinall without having to remove it, Logsetty says.

Different colours would indicate different bugs. If the spot of colour were to grow bigger, it would tell nurses the infection wasnt getting any better. The bandage will be made of nanofibres, or straw-like chemical structures that break down when they come into contact with bacterial enzymes. The centres will be filled with either a liquid to release dye or a liquid containing the antibiotic. A bandage that both diagnoses and treats infection would be a first in the field. Logsetty says they could have a tangible product in as little as five years.

Liu also holds a patent for an antibiotic-resistant fabric, which could one day mean self-cleaning hospital curtains. He bonded a chlorine-like chemical to the curtain that kills bacteria on contact, one that not only wont wash out in the laundry but is reactivated by water. One of Logsettys recent studies showed that, within two weeks of being washed, five out of eight untreated hospital curtains tested positive for antibiotic-resistant MRSA.

PHOTOS BY AMBER BRACKEN

Leather hiking boots. Leather knee pads. A leather work belt. Beach didnt think twice about the gear he put on the morning of Aug. 24, 2003. (But he did contemplate calling in sickjust a feeling that he should, but one he ignored.)

The leather is what saved the less than 10 per cent of Beachs body surface that wasnt burned. His feet below the ankles. A patch in the middle of each knee. His waistline.

Theres a line around my waist where you could see where my belt was, he says.

Only once the vapours and air pressure subsided in the home was he able to open the door to the garage and escape. A neighbour then came running with a hose.

Since that day, Beach has undergone 38 surgeries.

His burns reveal the most severe form: third- and fourth-degree, which tear through the epidermis and dermis and extend into the muscle, fat and bones. At first, these sites (that appear white or charred-black) are the least painful for patients, since the flames have destroyed the nerve endings.

While lesser burns can heal on their ownas cells lining our sweat ducts and hair follicles automatically spread out to rebuildsevere burns require grafting.

Skin from Beachs feet is now on his face. As is skin from his knees and hip. Pieces of his foreskin form his delicate, upper eyelids while skin from his scrotum shapes his lower.

Logsetty can use meshing instruments that stretch and expand what small percentage of skin survivesthe graphs look like criss-crossed grids, almost translucentbut each time he does, the skin gets thinner, leaving more room for scar tissue to fill in the gaps. Its the scarring that leads to chronic pain.

[With Beach] I had to take three per cent and expand it into more than 90 per cent, somehow or another, says Logsetty. The key to advancing burn care, he says, is to develop ways to grow better skin.

[With Beach] I had to take three per cent and expand it into more than 90 per cent, somehow or another. SARVESH LOGSETTY

Beach received synthetic skin, as well as skin from cadavers, before new skin was cultured from his own cells. With Logsetty at the helm, Beach became the firstand is still the onlyCanadian to receive a unique, double-layer skin thats more resilient than anything thats come before. A sample of his skin, the size of a business card, was cultured in a lab in Cincinnati, OH, and then multiplied time and time again to eventually cover nearly half his body.

Experimental in the early 2000s, the technique is still innovative today, says Logsetty, but not yet widely available because the company has faced hurdles bringing it to market. From an overall standards of burn care, its a gamechanger, he says.

Even though there are still improvements to makethe skin doesnt contain pigment, hair follicles or sweat ducts (so on a hot summer day, Beach has to watch for heat stroke)it means less scarring and greater quality of life, says Logsetty.

Hes also in the process of developing a research project at UM that will explore new ways to use stem cells to create skin, and is collaborating with a Quebec company, Loex, on a similarly robust skin alternative.

Skin-grafting surgeries can be marathons of endurance and difficulty. An intensive operation can take 12 hours, but shorter is best since patients are already so unstable going in. The temperature of the room is kept at 29.9C to prevent patients from becoming hypothermic. Their whole body is exposed on the tablein order to graft different areasand without skin, theyre without a key organ that helps regulate body temperature. When our temperature drops, we bleed more, so theres also a greater risk of bleeding out on the table. Disposable warming blankets, inflated with warm air, help retain heat.

In the stifling environment, Logsetty and the team wear surgical gowns made of Gortex or other waterproof fabrics. (One of his research projects studies the effects on the medical team, including how much weight they lose from sweat during a procedure.)

On this ward, named after Manitoba firefighters, the mortality rate is less than three per cent, on par with the top burn centres across North America, notes Logsetty. Not many of their patients are firefighters nowadays, given how safety training and gear have evolved. But unfortunately, when they do become injured, he says, its usually devastating.

Nine months after the fire, Beach rolled over for the first time. He had lost 63 pounds and at six-foot-two was down to 112. The scar tissue had built up on his ligaments and tendons, and his muscles were wasting away with atrophy. The movement was small but it felt like a big win that came just in time. After the fire, he was angry, depressed, suicidal; now he wanted to see what else he could do for himself.

With progress comes greater survival rates, which mean more people living with the long-term consequences of burn injuries like disability, financial problems and chronic pain. Trauma survivors are at least four times more likely to take their own life, Logsetty and Sareen revealed in a 2014 study. Theyve since discovered theyre also twice as likely to have depression, anxiety or substance-abuse issues.

The standard of care I try to hold myself toand teach my studentsis What would you expect for you or your loved one? SARVESH LOGSETTY

Logsetty says patients often tell him they dont want to go on. He helps them reintegrate with the life they once had, as much as possible. Its not, I fixed your hernia, your sutures are out, you can call me if you have a problem. There is a continuity of care we dont see in most other surgery.

Thats why hes made this his lifes work. One patient describes Logsetty as the most caring and considerate doctor I have ever met; another says he created a place of love in the burn unit.

The only burn expert between Edmonton and Toronto, he makes himself available 24-7 to residents and nurses, even when not officially on call. The standard of care I try to hold myself toand teach my studentsis What would you expect for you or your loved one? says the father of two kids (under age seven), and husband to epidemiologist Rae Spiwak [BA(Adv)/00, MSc/04, PhD/17], who also studies mental-health issues in trauma patients. The biggest thing Ive learned is that life can change in an instant.

This summer, Logsetty spoke at Winnipegs inaugural Face Equality Awareness event for people living with facial differences. Its important, he adds, to help people understand that, although the outside of somebody might have changed, the inside is still the samepart of what our team does really well is help burn survivors come to that understanding themselves.

It was Beachs wife who held up the mirror for him the first time, only once hed consulted with a psychologist. He couldnt bring himself to look beyond his nose, with its missing lobes and exposed bridge. Gone was the dimpled grin of a guy who was always the life of the party.

Now, if kids stare at the grocery store, hell engage with a smile and a wave. Often, they think hes just really olda grandpa, not a father, to his kids, he says. When adults approach, which hes totally fine with, its always the same question: Can I ask what happened?

Beach doesnt have photos of what he used to look like up in his house, only because theyre not picture people. And no longer does he appear as his former self in his dreams.

Im extremely proud of who I am, Beach says.

Hes a motivational speaker who finds fulfillment in trying to create positive change in the workplacewhos spoken to Winnipeg workers about putting safety before money and supervisors demands. But his life isnt without ongoing challenges.

He has nerve damage and reduced mobility in his joints.

(He says he has the equivalent of seven-and-a-half fingers, since doctors had to amputate portions, up until they found blood flow.) And with some stubborn wounds that wont heal, he regularly gets blood infections20 in the last 10 years. Nonetheless, he renovated his basement and next, hell build a fence.

Im extremely proud of who I am. SPENCER BEACH

With burn survivors like Beach, Logsetty notes, The scar doesnt define them. They define themselves.

In a recent Facebook post, he signed off one tough son-of-a Beach.

You want to be the person you used to be, Beach says, but now you have a different body to do it with.

He returnedjust onceto the site where it happened. Where a new house now stands.

I had to see it.

Early in his career Dr. Sarvesh Logsetty saw how each burn unit across the country was labouring in its own bubble. We have some very good burn centres across Canadapeople are doing great work and researchbut we didnt really work together as a burn program in Canada as a community.

When he joined UM in 2007 he established the Advancement of Burn Care Network and made Winnipeg its base. And last year he launched the Canadian Burn Association and annual symposium further connecting the multidisciplinary players in burn care including firefighters and survivors to learn whats working whats not and what to try next.

He says research in burn treatments is grossly underfunded since there are fewer champions for the cause. Were still at the infancy of really understanding wound healing says Logsetty how to improve it how to avoid scars where we can and how we can make them better.

While the frequency of burns has dropped dramatically since the 1960swith greater safety awareness smoke detectors and legislation to safeguard water heaterstrauma as a whole is still the leading cause of death in Canadians 40 and under. It costs the system more money than just about any other health-care problem thats out there, yet we barely hear about traumatic injury says Logsetty who as a general surgeon is also tasked with removing knives from abdomens after weekend violence, or bowels burst in car collisions. In the last week alone hes removed two spleens ruptured in crashes.

What frustrates me from an academic perspective is that trauma doesnt have a home. There is no institute for traumait gets lumped in under muscoskeletal health and arthritis. That means, in terms of resources, were struggling with identification of the importance of trauma and struggling with helping people understand why we do the research we do and how it affects the people that it affects.

Original post:
UM Today the Magazine | Fall 2019 | After the Fire - UM Today

Beauty/6 November 2019, 2:00pm/LIZ HOGGARD

London - On the run up to her 50th birthday, Charlotte Vhtz noticed her skin was changing.

"When youre a child, skin renewal takes place every three to five days," she says. "But when you get into your 50s, it takes two to three months. Even if you apply the most amazing expensive cream, its going on top of dead skin cells. It cant penetrate, so it wont work."

An organic beauty pioneer, Charlotte didnt want to use chemical "tweakments", so she started researching cutting-edge, scientifically proven botanicals that could delay ageing.

"I knew I needed to find a way to exfoliate the skin without being too harsh. I love wrinkles, but I dont like dry, sagging skin."

A former nurse, Charlotte has a background in pharmaceuticals and is fascinated by science. But she also believes passionately in the power of nature.

After six years of research, Charlotte, now 60, has just launched her signature range, Age Defy+ by Cha Vhtz, a natural skincare regime that uses a blend of innovative plant-based alternatives aimed at skin aged 30, 40, 50 and beyond.

Here, she explains how anti-ageing plant extracts, among them pomegranate, hibiscus, neroli and sea holly, can be just as effective.

Skin-plumper

SWAP: Botox for hibiscus. With its magical reputation for increasing skin elasticity, its no wonder hibiscus is called the Botox plant.

It has an incredible ability to inhibit the activity of the enzyme elastase, which is responsible for breaking down our skins precious elastin.

Hibiscus actively combats the ageing process by firming and lifting your skin, allowing it to snap back.

Because of the slightly exfoliating effect of the organic acids found in the plant, hibiscus also helps speed up cell turnover, resulting in a more even-looking skin tone.

It can even help to control acne breakouts, bringing your skin back in balance for a gorgeous, glowing complexion.

Hibiscus also enhances the skins ability to retain moisture, a key factor in keeping a youthful complexion.

Wrinkler-buster

SWAP: Hyaluronic acid (a much-used additive in anti-ageing creams) for beech bud extract.

Beech bud extract is an exceptional ingredient, rich in a range of substances that boost the metabolism, smooth the skins surface and restore hydration.

Perhaps its no surprise that the beech is known as the Everlasting Youth Tree.

Exfoliator

SWAP: Alpha Hydroxy Acids, or AHA (chemical compounds used in abrasive cosmetic exfoliators) for pineapple extract.

Exfoliate dead skin cells by rubbing a thin slice of pineapple or papaya over your face. Leave for five minutes, then rinse off with tepid water.

Pineapple extract is rich in skin-boosting vitamins C and E and bromelain, a protein-digesting enzyme.

Rejuvenator

SWAP: Butylene Glycol (a type of alcohol used as a solvent in anti-ageing serums) for sea holly.

A beautiful, purple, thistle-like plant, sea holly is amazing because it has evolved to survive in the harshest conditions.

An extract is obtained from cultured plant stem cells, which contain all the attributes of the whole plant and, as a result, have powerful regenerative and rejuvenating properties.

Sea holly stimulates and protects the skins natural elastin and collagen, both of which decrease as you age, resulting in greater skin radiance and luminosity.

Anti-ager

SWAP: Dermal fillers for extract of the herb baikal skullcap.

Much-used in Chinese medicine, the extract baicalin comes from the roots of baikal skullcap, a herb in the mint and sage family native to East Asia.

Its an ingredient with remarkable anti-ageing properties in adults aged 30 or over.

Hydrator

SWAP: Retinol (a popular chemical skincare ingredient) for squalane.

Squalane is the saturated, or stable, form of the compound squalene, originally obtained for commercial purposes from shark liver oil, but today extracted from olive oil.

Adult skin is lubricated and protected against external aggressors by the sebum our skin produces. In healthy skin, sebum contains 10 percent to 13 percent squalene. This level drops as we get older.

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Natural anti-ageing alternatives that actually work - IOL

PRP, or platelet-rich plasma, is part of a revolution in medicine. PRP contains an abundance of growth factors that play a valuable role in healing many ailments. The PRP technology has been developing for the benefit of patients, resulting in improved outcome and great results.

Platelet-rich plasma has evolved over the past 15 years from an experimental treatment and an idea that concentrated platelets can heal injuries to an everyday treatment that benefits so many. Platelets are concentrated by taking your blood in a tube or syringe and spinning the blood in a high-speed centrifuge that causes the components of blood to separate, including the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The first generation of platelets involved one or two spins to separate the platelets, often including an anticoagulant to prevent clotting and solidifying of the platelets so it can be spread as a liquid around the target. This PRP has been effective for a range of musculoskeletal conditions. The second generation of PRP involves formation of a platelet-rich fibrin matrix (PRFM) that is valuable as a gel that can be applied to wounds, surgical sites and for dental conditions.

The third generation of PRP, also called CGF or concentrated growth factors,

was first developed and described in 2006 by an Italian physician (Dr. Sacco) and has recently become widely available in the United States with the Medifuge centrifuge. With a single spin, the blood is spun at multiple speeds, which concentrates the platelets while also isolating cells that express CD34+. This is a type of stem cell that greatly enhances the effectiveness of the platelets. The other advantage of this third-generation PRP is that without anticoagulants the platelets can be applied quickly as a liquid to apply to injured tendons and ligaments or for cosmetic benefit. By waiting a few minutes the platelets solidify, which is great for applying to wounds. Even when applied as a liquid, the third generation platelets solidify soon after injected, which helps attach the platelets to the area injected. This allows the platelets to provide growth factors for a longer duration to increase effectiveness.

There are many applications for this advanced PRP. Ligament and tendon injuries respond very well to PRP. These injuries often do not heal spontaneously because the ligaments and tendons do not get good blood flow. With PRP and its accompanying growth factors, the tendon and ligament is able to finally heal, providing long-term relief. In contrast to a steroid injection, which provides short-term relief and may contribute to tissue degeneration, PRP helps build and strengthen tissue and provides long-term relief.

To clarify, tennis elbow, golfers elbow, rotator cuff tendonitis, wrist tendonitis, iliotibial band syndrome, Osgood-Schlatters and Achilles tendonitis are all examples of tendon injuries characterized by weakening of the tendon fibers or even partial tears. PRP strengthen the tendon and heals all of these conditions.

Ligament injuries include all joint sprains and strains such as ankle sprains, shoulder strains, etc. The hallmark of joint arthritis is weakening of the ligaments that leads to wear and tear of the joint, with a cascade of cartilage erosion that leads to bone spurs, then joint space narrowing and eventually bone on bone. Any time you see a bone spur, chances are that there is a loose ligament that created the conditions that led to that spur. Platelets heal the ligaments so that the joint is more stable and the arthritic pain is relieved and recurrent ankle sprains stop recurring.

Thus, PRP is very effective for arthritic joints, including knee arthritis, hip arthritis and shoulder arthritis among others. The PRP is effective at strengthening the joint capsule that is comprised of ligaments and can provide support for the joint cartilage. Even with severe bone-on-bone arthritis, PRP can help strengthen the ligaments around the joint, which helps reduce pain.

PRP can also help you improve your appearance. With the vampire facial you get the benefit of the healing growth factors, which lead to increased collagen and blood flow for skin rejuvenation. The great aspect of this treatment is that this is a very natural way to naturally enhance your skin. Without undergoing surgery you can achieve a youthful appearance. So while stars such as Bar Rafaeli and Kim Kardashian have used platelets to enhance their appearance, the vampire facial is accessible to you and will give your skin a healthy, revitalized feeling. Everyone has an inner beauty. PRP helps your outer beauty so it is in sync with your inner beauty.

There are other cosmetic benefits to platelets. The growth factors that the platelets release can heal scars. This includes unsightly scars after a surgery or a laceration. Growing collagen within the scar will usually improve its appearance. Acne scars, which are tiny holes along the skin surface, are filled in with platelets. Burn scars may not be totally eliminated with PRP, but the growth factors can have dramatic effects on the appearance of these scars.

Another cosmetic benefit of PRP is hair growth. PRP leads to increased hair follicle formation increasing the hair density. While not practical for total hair loss, PRP is excellent for treating thinning hair in men and women. The best part is that you are stimulating the follicle growth with your own platelets without the use of medications or other invasive procedures. So if you run your hand through your hair and you feel it is thinner than you would like, PRP may be for you.

PRP is abundant, safe and the worlds most sophisticated repair system. Nothing else comes close to its amazing properties. PRP is a powerful source of growth factors. Whats best is that it comes from your own body so you are healing your own body with your own platelets. Whether you have an injury that needs the healing benefit of platelets, or if you want to enhance your appearance, promote hair growth or improve a scar, or for other challenges that can be enhanced with platelets, you should consider PRP to improve your quality of life. The success of PRP has been enhanced with the new technology of third-generation PRP. The concentrated growth factors (CGF) optimize platelets that are enhanced by stem cells for maximal benefit.

Dr. Slaten is a pain wellness physician in Ridgewood. For more than 20 years he has been practicing regenerative techniques with great skill and an open mind. Check out his website at http://www.njprp.com for more information.

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The Third Generation of PRP Is Here - Jewish Link of New Jersey

TWIN CITIES, Minn. (PRWEB) November 07, 2019

In response to the growing threat of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), and a report this year that outlined steps to address this potential health crisis, an organization promoting non-animal research has sent a detailed letter to stakeholders calling for an end to the funding and perpetuation of animal research to study the illness.

Citizens for Alternatives to Animal Research & Experimentation (CAARE) sent the letter (see here: https://tinyurl.com/yy2hvwt5 ) to a team of experts investigating CWD, including the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) at the University of Minnesota, the Minnesota Department of Health and to several divisions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which largely funds the research.

The five-page letter discusses how lengthy, expensive taxpayer funded animal experiments investigating this deadly chronic wasting disease have yielded nothing but unproductive results that put human lives at risk, while subjecting animals to prolonged and unjustifiable suffering.

CWD is a prion-related, global epidemic affecting wild deer, elk, and other cervids. It is related to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, or mad cow disease) and detected in 26 US states, three Canadian provinces, Norway, Finland, Sweden and South Korea.

CAAREs letter is a strong appeal for an end to animal experiments of CWD and to instead focus future resources toward research methods that show genuine promise in generating human-relevant data.

Such experiments are already being carried out. Earlier this year, NIH developed cerebral organoids engineered from human skin cells as a promising method to study prion disease, while in 2017 research at the University of Edinburgh successfully generated human stem cell-derived astrocytes capable of replicating human prions.

CWD experiments entail significant suffering for animals, detailed in CAAREs letter. Various publications have described in detail how monkeys have had holes drilled in their skulls and infected tissue injected directly into their brains.

Other monkeys had infected steel wires implanted in their brains for years, other were exposed via blood transfusion and still others were inflicted with cuts to the skins that were wrapped in infected deer brains. Not one of these studies yielded conclusive information on the threat of transmission of CWD.

CAAREs letter emphasizes that NIHs own systematic review could only report a high level of uncertainty regarding possible transmission of CWD to humans, and urges that all scientists and public health experts effectively address the threat of CWD and its unknown transmissibility to humans by ending inconclusive animal studies and replacing them with human-centered methodologies.

All animal experiments currently conducted at the Rocky Mountain Laboratories, the Alberta Institute for Prion Research, the University of Calgary and elsewhere should be immediately terminated. In the interest of mercy and in recognition for their sacrifice to humans, we believe that all current animal survivors of CWD experiments should be sent to sanctuaries, said CAARE.

Citizens for Alternatives to Animal Research & Experimentation is a national 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, established to highlight and promote research without animals. CAAREs mission is to reduce animal suffering by disseminating information about the power and progress of research without animals.

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National Group Calls for End to Cruel and Ineffective Animal Experiments of 'Chronic Wasting Disease,' Urges Shift to Modern, Superior Methods - PR...

For pear butter, you'll want a variety that breaks down in cooking. Bartlett pears will do well.(Photo: Abel Uribe, TNS)

Apples may get all of autumns accolades, but its time for pears to muscle in on the action.

Understanding which pear varieties are best for which uses will help you choose wisely from the fruit youll see at farmers markets, farm stands and grocery stores.

You can eat any pear raw, from juicy Bartletts to crisp Asian pears. But in cooking, you may want the pear to retain its shape, or you may want it to melt into a concentrated sauce. I remember pear varieties that hold their shape for poached pears, and for the pear tart we offer here with a simple mnemonic of ABC: Anjou, Bosc and Comice.

Some varieties are more grainy or gritty than others but peeling any pear will help reduce that graininess. As pears ripen on the tree, they develop stone cells, and most of these lie just under the skin. Most pears are harvested before theyre fully ripe for this reason. While the skin is full of nutrients, sometimes you just want that grittiness to go away.

Like apples, cut pears will brown when exposed to air. For salads and other raw uses where appearance is important, place the pears in water acidulated with lemon juice for a quick bath to prevent browning.

These are the varieties youre likely to see this season, with a bit of information about them and their best uses.

A ripe Bartlett, the juiciest of all the pears, will leave your chin dripping when you eat it out of hand. (Terrence Antonio James/Chicago Tribune/TNS)(Photo: Terrence Antonio James, TNS)

Anjou: Firm and mild flavored, Anjous are good for cooking where you want the pear to pick up the flavors of its cooking companions. Red and green Anjous have the same flavor.

Asian: As crisp as a ripe apple, Asian pears are very mild in flavor. Theyre the outlier in the pear family, more apple than pear.

Bartlett: The juiciest of all the pears, a ripe Bartlett will leave your chin dripping when you eat it out of hand. Choose red or green Bartletts when you want the fruit to cook into a sauce, as we do in the vanilla-cardamom pear butter recipe here.

Bosc: Crisp and mildly sweet, Boscs are the classic choice for poached pears. Theyre easy to recognize because of their cinnamon-colored russeted skin. They tend to be a nice size as well.

Comice: Brightly flavored with the quintessential pear taste, Comice pears are less grainy than many other varieties.

Concorde: A favorite in Europe, the Concorde has a long neck that makes it immediately identifiable. Its distinctively vanilla flavor makes it a favorite for roasting and grilling, but its also great out of hand.

Forelle: A pretty speckled pear thats popular in Europe, this small pear is best for snacking. Its name comes from the German word for trout, because its colors echo the flashing brilliance of the fish. Grown in small quantities in the Pacific Northwest, Forelle tells you its ripe when the skin under its red speckles turns from green to yellow.

French butter: Small with concentrated flavors, make sure French butter pears are fully ripe before use. Underripe fruit has a sharp, tannic flavor. Good for snacking, or in salads.

Seckel: Just as with French butter pears, make sure the little Seckel pears are fully ripe before eating to avoid a tannic hit. Best out of hand, or in salads.

Robin Mather is a longtime food journalist and the author of The Feast Nearby, a collection of essays and recipes from a year of eating locally on a budget. Follow her as she writes her third book at thefeastofthedove.com.

A pastry shell of ground almond meal, butter and sugar holds a pastry cream and poached pears. Sliced almonds finish off the dessert. (Terrence Antonio James/Chicago Tribune/TNS)(Photo: Terrence Antonio James, TNS)

PEAR-ALMOND TART

This simple tart will look and taste more impressive than its simple ingredients might suggest. Remember that you want pears that will hold their shape for this tart. If you cant find creme fraiche, substitute lightly sweetened sour cream as a garnish at serving time.

Prep: 30 minutes

Cook: 40 minutes

Makes: about 12 servings

Crust:

2 1/4 cups ground almond meal

4 1/2 tablespoons sugar

8 tablespoons melted salted butter

Filling:

2 cups sugar, divided use (plus more for browning)

3 Anjou, Bosc or Comice pears, peeled, sliced in half

1 1/2 cups milk

2 teaspoons vanilla

3 eggs, lightly beaten

1/4 cup flour

1/4 cup sliced toasted almonds

Creme fraiche, sweetened sour cream or whipped cream

1. For the crust: Heat the oven to 350 degrees. Combine almond meal, sugar and melted butter in a medium bowl. Stir to combine. Pat the crust mixture into the bottom and up the sides of a 12-inch tart pan and press into place with the bottom of a drinking glass. Bake the crust until just colored, 10 to 15 minutes. Remove and allow to cool completely before filling.

2. For the filling: Heat 4 cups water and 1 1/2 cups sugar to a boil in a large saucepan over medium-high heat. Reduce heat to low. Add the pears; poach until tender, 20-25 minutes. Remove pears from the syrup. Allow to cool, then cut out cores. Cut the pears into fans by slicing into 1/4-inch slices that remain attached by about 1/2 inch at the stem end. Set aside.

3. Combine milk and vanilla in a small saucepan and bring it to just a simmer over medium heat. (Dont let it boil over.) Combine eggs, remaining 1/2 cup sugar and the flour in a large saucepan. Temper the mixture by slowly whisking in a little of the hot milk. Then gradually whisk in the rest. Cook, whisking continuously, over medium heat. At the first sign of a boil, 3 to 6 minutes, remove pan from the heat while continuing to whisk until mixture begins to thicken. Allow the custard to cool.

4. Spoon cooled custard into the tart shell. Lay the fanned-out pears, stem end inward, in the custard. Scatter the sliced almonds over top. Sprinkle with 1 to 2 tablespoons sugar. Heat the broiler in the oven. Place the tart on the middle rack, 4 to 5 inches from the broil. Allow to broil until pears and custard are golden, about 5 minutes, watching carefully.

5. Serve warm with creme fraiche, sweetened sour cream or whipped cream.

Nutrition information per serving: 428 calories, 22 g fat, 7 g saturated fat, 69 mg cholesterol, 54 g carbohydrates, 45 g sugar, 8 g protein, 101 mg sodium, 4 g fiber

VANILLA-CARDAMOM PEAR BUTTER

Prep: 35 minutes

Cook: 8-10 hours

Makes: about 7 half-pints

Youll definitely want to use ripe Bartlett pears for this fruit butter because they cook into a silky puree. Making this pear butter in the slow cooker means you dont have to stand over it while it cooks. Weve given directions to both can and freeze this sumptuous delight.

6 1/2 pounds Bartlett pears, peeled, cored and cut into 1/2-inch cubes

Juice of 1 large lemon

1/2 cup sugar

1/4 teaspoon coarse salt

2 teaspoons vanilla

1 teaspoon ground cardamom

4 tablespoons unsalted butter

1. Tumble all ingredients except butter into a slow cooker. Stir to blend, then cover and cook on low until the pear butter is very thick and mounds on a spoon, 8 to 10 hours. Test its readiness by placing a spoonful on a plate; if no liquid escapes around the edges, the pear butter is ready. If it weeps, continue to cook with the lid crosswise to allow excess liquid to evaporate.

2. Stir in the butter until it is fully melted. Ladle the hot pear butter into sterile half-pint jars, leaving 1/4-inch headspace. To can, apply lids and rings just until finger tight; process in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes. To freeze, allow the pear butter to cool to room temperature, then freeze without lids. Once pear butter is frozen, add lids and freeze for up to six months.

Nutrition information per tablespoon: 21 calories, 0 g fat, 0 g saturated fat, 0 mg cholesterol, 5 g carbohydrates, 3 g sugar, 0 g protein, 5 mg sodium, 1 g fiber

Read or Share this story: https://www.detroitnews.com/story/life/food/2019/11/07/what-pears-pick-your-fall-recipes/4156370002/

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What pears to pick for your fall recipes starting with a pear tart and pear butter - The Detroit News

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the constant replenishment of all blood cells throughout life. One of the major challenges in regenerative medicine is to produce tailor-made HSCs to replace the defective ones in patients suffering from blood related diseases. This would circumvent the shortage of donor HSCs available for the clinic. To achieve the controlled production of bona fide HSCs in vitro, in a dish, a better understanding is required of where, when and how HSCs are physiologically produced in vivo, in the living body. Researchers from the groups of Catherine Robin (Hubrecht Institute) and Thierry Jaffredo (UPMC, LBD IBPS, Paris) have found a previously unappreciated hematopoietic wave taking place in the bone marrow of late fetuses and young adults and producing HSCs from resident hemogenic endothelial cells of somite origin. This transient hematopoietic wave fills the gap between the completion of embryonic blood production and the beginning of adult bone marrow hematopoietic production in both chicken and mice. The results of this research are published on the fourth of November in Nature Cell Biology.

Endothelial origin of hematopoietic stem cells

The constant production of short-lived blood cells, needed for proper oxygenation of tissues and protection against pathogens throughout life, relies on a small cohort of HSCs. The first HSCs derive from specialized endothelial cells, named hemogenic endothelial (HE) cells, via an endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT). EHT transiently occurs in the main arteries, such as the aorta, during the embryonic development of vertebrates. The pool of HSCs is then amplified before migrating to the bone marrow where HSCs will reside during adult life. Whether EHT occurs past the embryonic stage and in other organs, such as the bone marrow, was unknown until now.

Hemogenic endothelial cells in the bone marrow

To find out whether EHT occurs past the embryonic stage and in the bone marrow, the researchers used a combination of experimental embryology, genetic, transcriptomic and functional approaches on chicken and mouse models. By tracing bone marrow-forming endothelial cells through fluorescent genetic labelling and live imaging analyses, they found that the entire vascular network of the bone marrow derives from the somites. The somites are segments of the body that will progressively form important tissues of the organism as the embryo develops, including bones, muscles and skin. Unexpectedly, the researchers found that some somite-derived endothelial cells produce HSCs and multipotent progenitors in the late fetus and young adult bone marrow, through the same EHT process that was thus far only seen in the embryo. These cells are molecularly very similar to the cells undergoing EHT or recently emerged HSCs in the embryonic aorta, with a prominent Notch pathway, endothelial-specific genes and transcription factors involved in EHT. The results therefore demonstrate that HSCs are newly generated past embryonic stages, from hemogenic endothelial cells from somitic origin and via EHT, the same mechanism that occurs in the embryo.

A new wave of blood cell production

The yolk sac of the embryo produces two partially overlapping waves of hematopoiesis. The first (primitive) wave gives rise to hematopoietic cells that last only during embryonic development. The second (definitive) wave produces various progenitors that migrate to the fetal liver to produce the immediate needed blood cells. These progenitors are sufficient for the embryo to survive until birth, when the aorta-derived HSC-dependent wave will take over. The transient hematopoietic production discovered in the present study fills the gap between the end of the yolk sac hematopoiesis and the bone marrow HSC-dependent production of blood cells. Indeed, the pool of HSCs that expanded in the fetal liver starts to colonize the bone marrow only just before birth. HSCs are present in very low numbers and time is most likely required before they find their final adult-type niches and start to differentiate/proliferate into more committed progenitors and mature blood cells. The transient hematopoietic wave that the researchers describe in late fetal and young adult stages might also prepare the bone marrow niches for the HSCs coming from the fetal liver.

Stem cell therapies

Defects in HSCs lead to various blood-related disorders and cancers that are partly treated by HSC transplantations. The controlled production of bona fide HSCs from pluripotent precursors remains very difficult to achieve in vitro, in a petri dish, and therefore requires a better understanding of the HSC production as it occurs physiologically in vivo, in the living body. Identifying all steps of hematopoietic production and the molecular events controlling this process is of fundamental interest and should help to devise innovative stem cell therapies for hematopoietic disorders in the future.

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Transient wave of hematopoietic stem cell production in late fetuses and young adults - Science Codex

Biohackers believe that we should be using all the technology available to make our bodies and minds work the best they can in everyday life. And they held a summit about it in Helsinki over the weekend

Most people who've heard of Biohacking think of electronic chips inserted under the skin - Cyborg stuff. But here they're promoting a wearable ring to measure the body.

People like Ramsey who's testing out a machine which steadily takes the body to air conditions you'd expect at high altitude...believe in using all the information and modern technology available to optimse human performance.

"I feel amazing - mentally and cognitively - like a stoic. I wake up every morning feeling like the Hulk," says Ramsey Morgan - Biohacker from Seattle, USA.

The movement is trying to make itself more mainstream and accessible.

"That can be like nutrition and diet, that can be taking a sauna, that can be just meditating, that can be injecting yourself with stem cells or something like that. All of these things are exapmles of Biohacking. You're changing your physiological state in order to achieve a certain goal," explains Siim Land - Estonian Biohacker.

And while most of us probably don't get enough sleep, the Biohackers say there's vibration technology to help.

"It affects to the nervous system by calming down the sypathetic side, the fight and fleet [flight] side. So basically, when you calm that down, the sleep comes naturally. You don't have to take any pills or anything," says Katja Nyman - Neurosonic.

One of the products here at the Biohackers summit is the Vielight Neuron, and our reporter, Jack Parrock tested it out.

"This a photobiomodulation device , so this applicator goes inside your nostril like that. And then the headpiece goes on top of your head," Gennady Lemud, VieLight Communications and Marketing Director tells our reporter.

The light rays being pumped onto my head and up my nose are intended to increase oxygenation in the blood and boost performance and happiness. But at well over 15 hundred euros, these devices aren't cheap.

Some Biohackers use blood tests to regularly check their liver function. One of the most controversial aspects of Biohacking is DNA testing. The medical community is still cautious and there are concerns about the data that's harvested by companies. They say there's nothing to worry about.

"We're looking at a few snips, a few genes...100...nothing. So we can't use that information for anything more than delivering information back to you as the consumer or the customer," says Chris Moore - Nordic Laboratories

It's not all so technical - getting in a sauna and a 4 degree celsius bath is enough for some Biohackers. But with the ever evolving technological world we live in - these guys think they're the future.

See the rest here:
Meet the biohackers seeking to turbocharge their bodies and minds - Euronews

Is there anything worse than dark circles under your eyes? No matter your age, skin type or skin tone, dark circles will always make your face look ten years older than you actually are. We all know the struggle of trying to get rid of dark circles, too. Its almost always an uphill battle, not just to remove the circles, but also to keep them gone.

There are many causes for dark circles under eyes. While the most common factor is a lack of sleep, they can also be caused by allergies, smoking, a poor diet, aging or even just genetics.

For some people, lifestyle changes like getting more sleep or eating healthier foods might improve dark circles. But the rest of us are going to need a little more help.

If you find the right one for your skins specific needs, an eye cream can work wonders in smoothing out your face even better than botox. The important thing to remember with any eye cream is to use it consistently without over-using it so that you are sure to prevent dark circles from forming without irritating the sensitive skin around your eye.

What It Does

- Uses clinically-proven ingredients like plant stem cells and squalane to nourish and revitalize skin

- Gives a more youthful, radiant and energized appearance to the eyes and face

- Wakes up the eyes with caffeine

Key Benefits

- Targets puffiness, dark circles and crows feet under the eyes

- Rejuvenates and hydrates skin for a more youthful appearance

- Supports hydration and skin elasticity

Promising Review

The most promising review for the Monat Eye Smooth is that the eye cream sold out within a month of launching and currently has a 13,000-person waiting list. While you can shop another eye cream in the meantime, we suggest you get on this wait list before it gets any bigger. Plus, if youre on the waiting list, Monat will throw in a free facial massager with your Eye Smooth.

What It Does

- Increases the skins natural collagen production to improve the appearance of under-eye skin

- High-performance formula that promotes healthy skin for bright eyes

- Restores the skins protective barrier to repair environmental damage

Key Benefits

- Deeply moisturizes skin and improves elasticity

- Reduces hyperpigmentation and dark circles

- Protects and revitalizes stem cells

Promising Review

New Staple - The perfect harmony of Revive & Recover Me - targeted for your eyes. Well done - I love it! - Marlena

Fre Brighten Me Anti-Dark Circles Eye Cream ($45)

What It Does

- Targets signs of aging with a brightening formula rich in Vitamin C

- Reduces the appearance of dark circles with banana power

- Improves concealer application and wear

Key Benefits

- Combats dark circles and bags under eyes

- Hydrates skin and locks in moisture

- Smooths out fine lines and wrinkles

Promising Review

I was never a big OH fan bc I tried a few products from this brand and they had my skin looking crazy on these streets and I dont play that. Bought this based on all the great reviews Ive seen, didnt expect anything really. Im 41, have a lot of fine lines under my eyes and under eye bags. Fast forward my fine lines have minimized (Im shocked) and my under eye area looks renewed. Idk if that makes sense but I look refreshed when I use this. The formula is creamy and melts into your skin. I look forward to using this product and Im looking at OH like yall did that. If you are on the fence about purchasing, Id say try it. For me it has exceeded my expectations. - barefootcontessa

OLEHENRIKSEN Banana Bright Eye Crme ($38)

What It Does

- Visibly reduces puffiness and dark circles under eyes in just one month of use

- Smooths out fine lines, wrinkles and crows feet within 12 weeks

- Uses retinol and a mineral complex for powerful results

Key Benefits

- Provides dramatic results while remaining gentle enough for daily use around the eyes

- Clinically proven to rejuvenate delicate, sensitive under-eye skin

- Improves the look of skin for an overall younger-seeming appearance

Promising Review

I've been using this product consistently for 20 yrs. For the past 5 yrs I've started using the rest of the roc line. I simply put it on before I put my makeup on and at night before going to bed. I'm now 44 and people think I'm in my late 20's...hey I'll take it! I've let everyone know what I use faithfully and they've tried it as well and love it! Never had an issue with skin irritations either. I highly recommend the whole line, but this product is off the chain. Thank you roc for a product that is as close to the fountain of youth as you can get! - Anonymous Target shopper

RoC Retinol Correxion Eye Cream ($15.99)

What It Does

- Uses an unprecedented and concentrated formula of clinical actives to get results

- Treats dark circles, puffiness and fine lines around eyes and eyelids

- Moisturizes the skin for a smoother appearance

Key Benefits

- Uses saccharomyces complex to reduce the appearance of dark circles

- Diminishes under-eye puffiness with alfalfa seed complex

- Creates a smooth look to the skin by pulling moisture in

Promising Review

Absolutely AMAZING! I inherited the puffy bags under my eyes from my dad and I didn't think any eye cream could beat genetics. I'm so glad I was wrong. I've been using for only two days (morning and night) and the bags under my eyes are half the size they were before. I will definitely purchase again! - Pallotta

Skinfix Barrier+ Lipid-Boost 360 Eye ($40)

What It Does

- Clinically proven to hydrate the delicate eye area without causing redness or irritation

- Softens the keep and helps it to retain moisture using a formula of 98.9% natural ingredients

- Perks up the appearance of the eyes

Key Benefits

- Provides a luminous, youthful-seeming complexion

-Combats under-eye puffiness

- Smooths sensitive skin gently

Promising Review

Absolutely love this cream. My face was so dry this winter, no amount of my regular moisturizer was working. I was miserable. With the Night Cream and the Cleanser for Sensitive Skin I'm so very happy. I use the Night Cream morning and night. The extra on my fingers gets rubbed into my hands and has made a them feel better too. And I have to say I'm not using very much. - psyche 1954

Burt's Bees Eye Cream for Sensitive Skin ($9.97)

What It Does

- Wakes your eyes for a rejuvenated, energized and brightened look

- Reduces puffiness and dark circles under the eyes

- Smooths out fine lines and wrinkles with peptides

Key Benefits

- Supports collagen production for a smooth texture and youthful appearance

- Removes dark circles and puffiness in the sensitive under-eye area

- Lightweight cream that also works as a makeup primer

Promising Review

Ive been on the hunt for the perfect eye cream and have tried many in different price ranges and this ended up being one of my favorites. Its not a miracle worker but It keeps my skin hydrated and I do notice my circles look a little lighter and less puffy. Its a great buy and certainly worth the money. Most of all I did not have any allergic reactions which is why I gave it 5 stars. Sadly I dont think any cream will make me look like I sleep 8 hours a night. - AnitaMarlene

The INKEY List Caffeine Eye Cream ($9.99)

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7 Dermatologist-Approved Eye Creams That Work Better Than Botox - SheFinds

Diabetes is one of the leading health problems in our modern world and requires the careful management of a patients insulin levels. New research from Tufts University may make that process a little easier. In mouse tests, the team implanted beta cells that produce more insulin on demand, when theyre activated by blue light.

At the heart of both types of diabetes is insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, allowing cells in the body to properly use it as energy. In type I diabetes, beta cells in the pancreas dont produce enough insulin, sometimes because the immune system destroys those vital beta cells. In type II diabetes, a patients cells stop responding to insulin, or the pancreas cant keep up with demand, meaning blood glucose levels spike to dangerous highs.

Managing the condition requires constant monitoring of blood sugar levels and boosting insulin levels as needed, either by directly injecting the hormone or through drugs that amplify the beta cells production of it.

For the new study, the Tufts researchers engineered pancreatic beta cells that can produce insulin on demand in this case, that demand is pulses of blue light. The beta cells were engineered with a gene that creates an enzyme called photoactivatable adenylate cyclase (PAC) essentially, when these enzymes are activated by blue light, they produce a molecule called cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).

In turn, this molecule instructs the beta cell to produce more insulin, but interestingly, it will only do so when theres already a high level of glucose. That helps to prevent a common complication of diabetes treatments, where producing too much insulin can cause the body to consume the available glucose too quickly, resulting in low blood sugar.

To test the new technique, the Tufts team implanted their engineered pancreatic beta cells under the skin of diabetic mice. The researchers found that the cells produced between two and three times more insulin when triggered by blue light and high glucose levels. Importantly, when they fired up the blue light while glucose was low, there was no bump in insulin, indicating that the failsafe worked.

In this way, we can help in a diabetic context to better control and maintain appropriate levels of glucose without pharmacological intervention, says Emmanuel Tzanakakis, corresponding author of the study. The cells do the work of insulin production naturally and the regulatory circuits within them work the same; we just boost the amount of cAMP transiently in beta cells to get them to make more insulin only when its needed.

Similar studies have shown promise in managing diabetes with implanted beta cells either synthetic versions or natural ones produced from a patients own stem cells. Theres still plenty of work to do before this type of treatment makes it to human trials, but the researchers say that using light is a step in the right direction.

There are several advantages to using light to control treatment, says Fan Zhang, first author of the study. Obviously, the response is immediate; and despite the increased secretion of insulin, the amount of oxygen consumed by the cells does not change significantly as our study shows. Oxygen starvation is a common problem in studies involving transplanted pancreatic cells.

Ultimately, tiny sources of light could be embedded alongside the cells, allowing doctors to trigger them remotely when needed. Or they could be automatically activated by a glucose sensor, to fully close the loop.

The research was published in the journal ACS Synthetic Biology.

Source: Tufts University

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Light-activated pancreatic cells produce insulin on demand - New Atlas

Transparency Market Research, in its latest market intelligence study, finds that the global Stem Cell Umbilical Cord Blood market registered a value of ~US$ xx Mn/Bn in 2018 and is spectated to grow at CAGR of xx% during the foreseeable period 2019-2029. In terms of product type, segment holds the largest share, while segment 1 and segment 2 hold significant share in terms of end use.

The Stem Cell Umbilical Cord Blood market study outlines the key regions Region 1 (Country 1, Country 2), region 2 (Country 1, Country 2), region 3 (Country 1, Country 2) and region 4 (Country 1, Country 2). All the consumption trends and adoption patterns of the Stem Cell Umbilical Cord Blood are covered in the report. Prominent players, including player 1, player 2, player 3 and player 4, among others, account for substantial shares in the global Stem Cell Umbilical Cord Blood market.

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Global Cryopreservation Equipments in Stem Cells Market to Witness Significant Revenue Growth During the Forecast Period, 20192023 - Health News...

28 October 2019, 12:40 | Updated: 28 October 2019, 16:46

The Emmerdale actress welcomed baby Ace into the world in July of this year

Charley Webb has revealed that she's storing her baby son Ace's stem cells in an emotional Instagram post.

Read more: Strictly judge Craig Revel-Horwood blames viewers for shock Catherine exit after fierce backlash

Sharing an adorable photo of the tot, who she shares with her husband Matthew Wolfenden, she wrote: "We decided to store Aces stem cells. As parents every single one of us wants to do whats best for our children. When I was pregnant, I heard about the possibility of collecting and storing my baby's umbilical cord stem cells, which could then be used in the future should they be needed for treatment (I hope with every part of me we never need it).

"After researching, we learned that the baby's umbilical cord is a valuable source of stem cells, and these cells can be collected at birth and stored.

Read more: Coronation Streets Sally Dynevor couldn't watch Sinead's devastating death after her own cancer battle

"These could then be used as a crucial part of treating or curing an illness. Currently, there are over 80 diseases cord blood stem cells can treat. I decided to use Smart Cells to store the stem cells: the process was easy (genuinely) and they organised everything.

"Like I said, we hope we never need to use them, but it's comforting to know that we have them stored if we ever do. This is a once in a lifetime opportunity, and Im so grateful we were able to do this. Xx".

Many parents rushed to voice their approval, with one commenting: "Amazing! Such an important thing and I think every parent should consider doing this as it may save a life so respect for you. And Ace is so cute."

NOW READ:

Primary school bans all drinks except water from pupils' packed lunches

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Charley Webb reveals she's storing her baby son Ace's stem cells in emotional post - Heart

Philip BallUniversity of Chicago Press2019384 pp.Purchase this item now

A small bundle of human nerve cells are being cultured in a petri dish. The cells divide. They differentiate into cell types found in the brain. The cell network grows dense and develops brain-like structureslayers and folds. The cells begin to signal. The brain cell cluster has been derived from skin cells harvested from science writer Philip Balls shoulder.

The scientists who created Balls skin-turned-brain organoid study brain development and want to understand the basis of neurodegeneration. But what exactly goes on inside these cell aggregates, and could we reach a point at which they are more brain than brain-like?

Biologists can also build embryo-like structures (embryoids) from human stem cells, which can be used to study early prenatal development. However, synthetic embryos can develop certain featuressuch as the primitive streak, a structure that establishes bilateral symmetry in an organismthat mark, for some, the transition from embryo to individual human being.

Balls experience grappling with how to think about these living structures, as documented in his new book, How to Grow a Human, is part of a larger question with which humanity has wrestled for centuries: What is life, and how might our understanding of it change with our ever-increasing capability to manipulate it?

The book offers a provocative, meandering take on the progression of groundbreaking biotechnological capabilities. For example, in chapter 3, Ball explores the dawn of tissue culture at the turn of the 20th century and the motivations of the scientists who conducted the research. Ross Harrison sought to settle a debate between Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramny Cajal over the makeup of nervous systems; the former argued that nervous systems were one uninterrupted structure, whereas the latter believed there to be distinct nerve cells. Along the way to showing that nerve fibers lengthen through nerve cell proliferation, confirming Ramny Cajals hypothesis, Harrison was the first to develop a technique to keep tissues alive with active cell growth in vitro, sustaining amphibian embryonic tissue in jars.

Alexis Carrel, on the other hand, was a white supremacist striving to preserve a superior stock of humankind. Carrel and his team iterated on and applied Harrisons method to many different tissues, including those of birds, embryonic chickens, and, of course, humans. Here, Ball also works in how science fiction writing was influenced by early advances in cell biology, describing Julian Huxleys The Tissue-Culture King, which centers on a biologist who redesigns members of a remote tribe and builds living objects of worship from the flesh of the tribes king. Although interesting, asides such as this disrupt the narratives continuity.

Balls writing is most absorbing when he reflects on boundary-pushing research, such as advances toward converting human skin cells to eggs or sperm or the promise of approaches for fabricating human organs to help people who need transplants. In chapter 5, for example, he describes experiments in which rat cells formed pancreases in mice, and others in which human cells survived in pig and cattle embryos, and then considers how governments and the public might approach the prospect of harvesting human organs grown in other animals.

Discussing how and where we have drawn ethical and legal lines for procedures such as in vitro fertilization and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of embryos, Ball contemplates what historical precedent may mean for the governance of emerging biotechnological capabilities. Unlike in the United Kingdom, where PGD is permitted only to avoid implanting an embryo with a serious heritable disease, the United States does not regulate PGD-enabled embryo selection at the federal level, meaning PGD can be used to select for offspring of a particular gender or to rule out embryos that have an elevated risk of intellectual disability. (As Ball points out, it may be possible to adapt this testing to screen for embryos that are predicted to have exceptional cognitive ability.)

At the center of an adjacent debate are germline genome-editing technologies. As exemplified by the so-called CRISPR-baby controversy and expounded upon by Ball, access to, and affordability of, new biotechnologies may serve some segments of society while underserving others. Ball appeals to the democratic process to determine the balance between personal liberty and state-dictated equity, acknowledging that everyone has a stake in and therefore the right to be heard on this important issue.

Because of the immense power of emerging biotechnologies, those of us who are intimately involved with these advances must make a concerted effort to equip both policy-makers and the public with the knowledge and tools needed to navigate this evolving landscape. Ambitious and expansive, How to Grow a Human could be one piece of this effortBalls look at the state of human-facing cutting-edge bioscience is a thought-provoking read

The reviewer co-leads the Congressional Science Policy Initiative at the Federation of American Scientists, Washington, DC 20036, USA

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A winding romp through advances in cell biology pushes readers to ponder the boundaries of life - Science Magazine

NEW YORK, Oct. 22, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Bloomberg Philanthropies, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHUSOM), and The New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF) Research Institute today announced an initiative to fundamentally advance and expand the science of precision medicine, in which diagnostic disease markers are defined with pinpoint accuracy to help researchers understand disease pathways and customize therapeutic approaches. The collaboration will combine the renowned clinical and medical expertise of Johns Hopkins with the unique stem cell technologies and research capabilities of the NYSCF Research Institute to accelerate Hopkins' pioneering Precision Medicine Initiatives.

"Johns Hopkins is working intensively to realize the great promise of precision medicine for all those in our care, locally and globally," said Johns Hopkins President Ronald J. Daniels. "This significant new collaboration with Bloomberg Philanthropies and NYSCF moves us ever closer to that aim as we join together our far-reaching research capacities to advance knowledge and deliver better health outcomes for populations and people around the world."

This collaboration will also establish an unprecedented cache of human disease models available to researchers worldwide thus promoting the real world application of precision medicine and driving a new paradigm for understanding and improving the approach to human disease.

"Bloomberg Philanthropies' mission is to ensure better, longer lives for the greatest number of people," said Michael R. Bloomberg, founder of Bloomberg LP and Bloomberg Philanthropies. "For years, Johns Hopkins University and the New York Stem Cell Foundation have shared that mission and we're honored to deepen our partnerships with them as they explore new, innovative ways to save lives through the application of precision medicine."

Diseases manifest themselves differently in different patients. To understand the basis of these differences and to tailor treatments for specific patients, researchers need more accurate biological tools. Stem cell models provide a "biological avatar" of the patient from which they were created, allowing scientists and clinicians to better understand, define, and account for differences in individual patients and groups of patients.

The new initiative will use induced pluripotent stem cells to study disease characteristics in subgroups of patients, identifying markers that lead to varying disease manifestations. For example, by examining stem cells from seemingly similar patients with different forms of multiple sclerosis, we may be able to better understand the full range of disease mechanisms and pathways.

The Johns Hopkins Precision Medicine Initiative already includes 16 Precision Medicine Centers of Excellence (PMCOE), each focusing on a specific disease, and is now working to develop 50 Precision Medicine Centers in the next five years. Johns Hopkins believes that this advancement in the study and application of precision medicine has the potential to transform the diagnosis and management of many diseases.Often, what is now categorized as a single disease is actually made up ofmultiple diseases that display similar symptoms, but require quite different therapies. Using a wide range of data sources, precision medicine seeks to better elucidate these differences, so that doctors can treat patients with precisely targeted therapies. At Johns Hopkins, dozens of researchers are bringing this idea to reality across a spectrum of debilitating and life-altering diseases.

In this collaboration, the process will begin with the full consent of patients in JHUSOM PMCOEs who wish to participate. Biological samples from the JHUSOM PMCOEs will be collected by the NYSCF Research Institute where scientists will create stem cell models of disease using the NYSCF Global Stem Cell Array, the world's first end-to-end automated system for generating human stem cells in a parallel, highly controlled process.Integrating robotics and machine learning, NYSCF's technology reprograms skin or blood cells into stem cells, differentiates them into disease-relevant cell types, and performs genome editing to unravel the genetic basis of disease.

"The NYSCF Research Institute has invented and scaled the most advanced methods of human cell manipulation, which is critical for studying disease at the level of the individual patient," explained NYSCF CEO Susan L. Solomon. "By combining our capabilities with Johns Hopkins' extensive clinical data and expertise, we will be able to develop effective, personalized therapies for patients suffering from diseases with a high unmet need."

The stem cells generated by NYSCF will be used to research and drive effective therapeutic and diagnostic development in a wide range of diseases that include, but are not limited to, Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's, chronic renal failure, and cancers of the lung, breast, prostate, pancreas, and bladder. These stem cell lines will reside in the NYSCF Repository and serve as an extraordinary resource in perpetuity for the disease research community. This vast collection will allow scientists unprecedented insights into the biochemical and genetic mechanisms underlying different diseases and subtypes thereof, thereby illuminating avenues for effective, tailored interventions.

"Stem cell science holds enormous potential for the treatment of a wide range of diseases," said Paul B. Rothman, dean of the School of Medicine and CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. "By combining this approach with Johns Hopkins' groundbreaking work on precision medicine, we are creating a scientific powerhouse that will help us advance medicine and science at an even faster pace. I am excited to see the discoveries and innovations that will be produced by this collaboration."

About Bloomberg PhilanthropiesBloomberg Philanthropies invests in 510 cities and 129 countries around the world to ensure better, longer lives for the greatest number of people. The organization focuses on five key areas for creating lasting change: Arts, Education, Environment, Government Innovation, and Public Health. Bloomberg Philanthropies encompasses all of Michael R. Bloomberg's giving, including his foundation and personal philanthropy as well as Bloomberg Associates, a pro bono consultancy that works in cities around the world. In 2018, Bloomberg Philanthropies distributed $767 million. For more information, please visitbloomberg.orgor follow us on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter.

About The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute The New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF) Research Institute is an independent non-profit organization accelerating cures and better treatments for patients through stem cell research. The NYSCF global community includes over 180 researchers at leading institutions worldwide, including the NYSCF Druckenmiller Fellows, the NYSCF Robertson Investigators, the NYSCF Robertson Stem Cell Prize Recipients, and NYSCF Research Institute scientists and engineers. The NYSCF Research Institute is an acknowledged world leader in stem cell research and in developing pioneering stem cell technologies, including the NYSCF Global Stem Cell Array and in manufacturing stem cells for scientists around the globe. NYSCF focuses on translational research in an accelerator model designed to overcome barriers that slow discovery and replace silos with collaboration. For more information, visit http://www.nyscf.org or follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.

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The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute David McKeon dmckeon@nyscf.org 212-365-7440

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Vanessa Wasta wasta@jhmi.edu

SOURCE The New York Stem Cell Foundation

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The worlds first cell atlas of the human developmental liver has been created, giving fresh insight into how the blood and immune systems develop in the foetus.

A high-resolution resource, it will aid our understanding of normal development and efforts to tackle diseases that can form during development, such as leukaemia and immune disorders.

The cell atlas maps how the cellular landscape within the developing liver changes between the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, including how stem cell from the liver seed other tissues, supporting the high demand for oxygen required for growth.

Researchers from the Wellcome Sanger Institute in Hinxton, the Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Newcastle University and their collaborators created the atlas by using single cell technology to analyse 140,000 liver cells and 74,000 skin, kidney and yolk sac cells.

In adults, it is bone marrow that is primarily responsible for the creation of blood and immune cells in a process called haematopoiesis.

In early embryonic life, the yolk sac and liver play a key role in creating these cells, which then seed peripheral tissues such as skin, kidney and ultimately bone marrow.

But until now, the precise process of how blood and immune systems develop in humans has been unknown.

Isolating cells from the developing liver, the researchers were able to identify them by what genes they were expressing and discover what the cells looked like.

They tagged haematopoietic cells in sections of developmental liver using heavy metal markers in order to map them to their location.

Prof Muzlifah Haniffa, a senior author of the study from Newcastle University and senior clinical fellow at the Wellcome Sanger Institute, said: Until now research in this area has been a little bit like blindfolded people studying an elephant, with each describing just a small part of it.

This is the first time that anyone has described the whole picture, how the blood and immune systems develop in such detail. Its been an extraordinary, multidisciplinary effort that is now available as a tool for the whole scientific community.

The scientists learned that during foetal development, mother haematopoietic stem cells stay in the liver. But the liver alone cannot supply enough red blood cells, so the next generation daughter cells called progenitor cells travel to other tissues, maturing in places such as the skin. Thee, they develop into red blood cells to help meet the high demand for oxygen in the developing foetus.

Dr Elisa Laurenti, a senior author from the Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and the Department of Haematology at the University of Cambridge, said: We knew that as adults age our immune system changes. This study shows how the livers ability to make blood and immune cells changes in a very short space of time, even between seven and 17 weeks post-conception.

If we can understand what makes the stem cells in the liver so good at making red blood cells, it will have important implications for regenerative medicine.

The study, published in Nature, also involved the mapping of genes involved in immune deficiencies to reveal which cells were expressing them.

It is known that gene mutations can lead to immune disorders such as leukaemia.

A better understanding of the development of healthy liver functions could aid our understanding of how to treat such conditions.

The work is part of the ambitious effort to create the first complete Human Cell Atlas.

Dr Katrina Gold, genetics and molecular sciences portfolio manager at Wellcome, said: Our immune system is vital in helping to protect us from disease, yet we know very little about how immune cells develop and behave in the early embryo. This study is hugely important, laying a critical foundation for future research that could help improve our understanding of disorders linked to the early immune system, such as childhood leukaemias.

The Human Cell Atlas has the potential to transform our understanding of health and disease and were excited to see these first discoveries from our Wellcome-funded multidisciplinary team of scientists.

Dr Sarah Teichmann, a senior author from the Wellcome Sanger Institute, University of Cambridge and co-chair of the Human Cell Atlas organising committee, said: The first comprehensive cellular map of the developmental liver is another milestone for the Human

Cell Atlas initiative.

The data is now freely available for anyone to use and will be a great resource to better understand healthy cellular development and disease-causing genetic mutations.

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Worlds first cell atlas of developing liver created by Cambridge scientists - Cambridge Independent

Non-surgical regenerative cell-based treatment uses the bodys natural healing ability to repair damaged bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.Knee injuries are painful and often patients are unable to walk. Our treatment protocol always uses products following FDA guidelines.Injections done with ultrasound guided needle recognition capability to ensure safety as well target the area needing treatment. Plasma; Alpha-2-Macroglobulim (A2M) is the new biologic treatment for your arthritic knee (osteoarthritis)When your hips hurt, or your knee is stiff, or your back is throbbing, that means your joint is bone on bone and there is no lubrication to ease movement.Regenerative medicine giving new hope to patients suffering from painful joint injuries such as knee, shoulder and hip with a chance to live a pain free life.Regenerative cell-based ultrasound guided injection now available to treat pain associated with joint injury. There are indications that it reduces the pain and swelling of the joints and helps lubricating and improve movements.Commonly Treated Conditions: Osteoarthritis of the Hips, Knee, and Shoulders Rotator Cuff tears of the Shoulder Meniscus, ACL and PCL tears of the kneeOur stem cell treatment using your own stem cells and with using imaging guidance ensures precise injection of stem cell, it is a highly-specialized practice.Besides treating above injuries we have advance stem cell micro-needling treatment for the following: Cell-based PRP Hair Restoration combining micro-needling with growth factors and hair follicles voluma vitamins plus BLotinyl T1, Biotin, Anti-aging and Kopexil. Non-toxin facial renewal Anti-Aging APGF Advanced Peptide Micro-needling PRP, Dual Anti-Aging Ampoules for deep hydration, more collagen to reduce wrinkles and firm skin.Dr. Ibrahim is the staff physician at Valencia Medical Center specializing in regenerative medicine, pain management, and rejuvenation. Call for a consultation at 661-222-9117.

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Hormones Control your Health, Mood and Behavior A balanced hormone means happier, healthier life and success in career and relationship. - Magazine of...

New report on Regenerative Medicine Market 2019 focuses on the growth opportunities, which will help the Regenerative Medicine market to expand operations in the existing markets. Regenerative Medicine market research study is significant for manufacturers in the Regenerative Medicine market, including industry stakeholders, distributors, suppliers, and investors, and it can also help them understand applicable strategies to grow in the Regenerative Medicine market.

In Regenerative Medicine Market Report, Following Companies Are Covered:

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Market Overview:

Scope of the Report:

Regenerative Medicine Market Report Provides Comprehensive Analysis of:

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Key Market Trends:

Dermatology is the Segment by Application that is Expected to be the Largest During the Forecast Period

Dermatology is estimated to have the largest share in revenue generation, and this high contribution is attributive to the presence of easy grafting techniques for dermatological wounds and diseases. Skin, being an organ with great cell replication characteristics, provides various types of stem cells from its different layers. Therefore, there are a broad range of products present, from patches to cure small injuries to matrix and grafts for chronic wounds and burns. Thus, the segment is expected to continue to dominate the market through to the forecast period.

The increasing number of accidents and bone defects is also expected to drive the regenerative medicine market. There are also several research studies that are being conducted on tissue engineering for the development of bone graft substitutes, with the help of regenerative medicine. So, with the new advances in bone graft, the market is expected to grow over the forecast period.

North America Holds the Largest Share and is Expected to Follow the Same Trend Over the Forecast Period

North America is estimated to have the largest share, in terms of revenue, owing to the presence of major players and rapid advances in technology, along with high investments in stem cell and oncology research. There is also an increasing prevalence of diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, which can now be cured by various stem cell therapies. Additionally, the awareness regarding the available stem cell procedures and therapies among people is rising, which in turn, is increasing the demand for the overall market.

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Detailed TOC of Regenerative Medicine Market Report 2019-2024:

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Study Deliverables1.2 Study Assumptions1.3 Scope of the Study

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 MARKET DYNAMICS4.1 Market Overview4.2 Market Drivers4.2.1 Increasing Adoption of Stem Cell Technology4.2.2 Technological Advancements in Regenerative Medicine4.3 Market Restraints4.3.1 Regulatory and Ethical Issues4.3.2 High Cost of Treatments4.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis4.4.1 Threat of New Entrants4.4.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers/Consumers4.4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers4.4.4 Threat of Substitute Products4.4.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry

5 MARKET SEGMENTATION5.1 By Type of Technology5.1.1 Stem Cell Therapy5.1.2 Biomaterial5.1.3 Tissue Engineering5.1.4 Other Types of Technologies5.2 By Application5.2.1 Bone Graft Substitutes5.2.2 Osteoarticular Diseases5.2.3 Dermatology5.2.4 Cardiovascular5.2.5 Central Nervous System5.2.6 Other Applications5.3 Geography5.3.1 North America5.3.1.1 United States5.3.1.2 Canada5.3.1.3 Mexico5.3.2 Europe5.3.2.1 Germany5.3.2.2 United Kingdom5.3.2.3 France5.3.2.4 Italy5.3.2.5 Spain5.3.2.6 Rest of Europe5.3.3 Asia-Pacific5.3.3.1 China5.3.3.2 Japan5.3.3.3 India5.3.3.4 Australia5.3.3.5 South Korea5.3.3.6 Rest of Asia-Pacific5.3.4 Middle East & Africa5.3.4.1 GCC5.3.4.2 South Africa5.3.4.3 Rest of Middle East & Africa5.3.5 South America5.3.5.1 Brazil5.3.5.2 Argentina5.3.5.3 Rest of South America

6 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE6.1 Company Profiles6.1.1 Allergan6.1.2 Osiris Therapeutics6.1.3 Integra Lifesciences6.1.4 Cook Biotech Incorporated6.1.5 Organogenesis Inc.6.1.6 Baxter6.1.7 Medtronic6.1.8 Thermo Fisher Scientific6.1.9 Sigma-Aldrich Co.6.1.10 Becton Dickinson and Company

7 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND FUTURE TRENDS

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Would you live in a city without streets? Or in a flat with no walls? Probably not and the cells in our bodies expect the same level of comfort. Today, were taking a look at the tissues that create and maintain an ideal working environment for our tissues: the extracellular matrix.

Weve had a look at the differences between animal and plant cells before (heres a refresher). One of the key differences between them is that plants reinforce their cells with thick, sturdy walls. These walls are why plant tissues such as wood can get so resilient. However, the reverse of the coin is that it also limits plant cells somewhat: a muscle made out of wood wouldnt be very effective.

Animals need cells that can perform a wide variety of activities, but these cells also need biological and mechanical support to perform their tasks. Thats where the extracellular matrix, or ECM, comes in.

The ECM is a complex mix of proteins and carbohydrates that fills the spaces between cells; it is comprised of the basement membrane and interstitial matrix. Going forward, Ill use the term ECM quite loosely to mean both the extracellular matrix and the interstitial matrix. If I dont mention the basement membrane specifically, Im probably talking about the interstitial matrix (as its the more dynamic and frankly more interesting half of the topic).

Think of the basement membrane as a sheet of plastic wrap the body stretches over every individual tissue or organ to keep everything tidy and in place. This membrane is made up of two layers of cells and its quite fibrous and hard to rip.

The interstitial matrix is, for lack of a better term, the goo that our cells live in. Most of the time, it looks and feels a bit like a clear gel. Its produced by the cells themselves, which secrete and release certain compounds around them.

The simplest definition of the extracellular matrix is that it represents the sum of non-cellular components present within all tissues and organs. As we go forward, keep in mind that the ECM isnt the same everywhere.

Although, fundamentally, the ECM is composed of water, proteins, and polysaccharides, each tissue has an ECM with a unique composition and topology that is generated during tissue development, Christian Frantz, Kathleen M. Stewart, Valerie M. Weaver, 2010.

Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is the main component of the ECM. Outside the cell, collagen binds with carbohydrate molecules and assembles into long molecules called collagen fibrils. These fibrils extend through the ECM and lend flexibility and strength to the material, acting similarly to the role of rebar in reinforcing concrete (which is tough but inflexible). Collagen fibrils are flexible and tough to break, so theyre used to bind together the rest of the ECM. In humans, genetic disorders that affect collagen (such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) cause tissues to become fragile and tear easily.

While the ECM contains a wide range of proteins and carbohydrates, another important set of compounds alongside collagen are proteoglycans (groups of proteins tied to simple sugars). Proteoglycans come with many shapes and functions, depending on which proteins and sugars theyre made of, and perform a wide range of tasks in the ECM. They can also bind to each other, to collagen (forming cartilage), or to hyaluronic acid, making them even more versatile. As a rule of thumb, proteoglycans act as fillers and regulate the movement of molecules through the ECM among other functions.

Their overall structure looks like a tree: the sugar part of the polyglycans are twigs set on a branch (the protein), which ties to a trunk made out of polysaccharide (many-sugar) molecules. A class of proteins in the membranes of cells, called integrins, serve as connection ports between the membrane and material in the ECM (such as collagen fibers and proteoglycan-polysaccharide bundles). Beneath the membrane, integrins tie into the cells support girders (the cytoskeleton).

The type of ECM Ive described so far is your run of the mill variety that youll find in skin, around muscle fibers, in adipose tissue (fat), and so on. But each tissue has an ECM that fully supports its function blood plasma is the interstitial matrix of blood. Unlike the ECM of muscles, for example, which is meant to reduce friction and wear in the tissue, blood plasma primarily works as a medium to carry blood cells around. Blood vessels are coated with a basement membrane, and together, they form the ECM of blood. Each type of animal connective tissue has its own type of ECM, even bone.

Seeing as there are many types of ECM out there, it stands to reason that there are many functions they perform. However, by and large, there are a few functions that all ECMs fulfill.

The first and perhaps most important function is that they provide support to tissues, segregate (separate) them, and that they mediate intercellular communication. The ECM is also what regulates a cells dynamic behavior i.e. whether a cell moves around, and how. The ECM keeps cells in place so we dont simply unravel. The connections formed between the ECM and integrins on a cells membrane also function as signaling pathways.

It is also essential for the good functioning of tissues at large. The ECM creates and maintains the proper environmental conditions for cells to develop, multiply, and form functioning tissues. While the exact details are still unknown, the ECM has been found to cause tissue regrowth and healing after injury. In human fetuses, for example, the extracellular matrix works with stem cells to grow and regrow all parts of the human body. Fetuses can regrow anything that gets damaged in the womb, but since babies cant, we suspect that the matrix loses this function after full development. Researchers are looking into applying it for tissue regeneration in adults.

The ECM can also act as a storage space for various compounds. In joints, it contains more hyaluronic acid which in turn absorbs water and acts as a mechanical cushion. ECMs can also store a wide range of cellular growth factors and release them as needed. This allows our bodies to activate cell growth on a dime when needed without having to produce and ship these factors to a certain area.

It also seems to impact cell differentiation and gene expression. Cells can switch genes on or off depending on the elasticity of the ECM around them. Cells also seem to want to migrate towards stiffer areas of the ECM generally (durotaxis) from less-firm ones.

The ECM isnt very well known today, and it definitely goes unsung. But no matter how you cut it, it is a key part of biology as we know it today. Without it, both animals and plants would be formless, messy blobs quite literally. And I dont know about you but I love it when my tissues stay where theyre supposed to, the way theyre supposed to.

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The extracellular matrix, and how it keeps you in tip top shape - ZME Science