Acne vulgaris is a common, usually self-limiting, multifactorial disease that involving inflammation of the sebaceous follicles of the skin in the face and upper trunk.

Acne is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that results in spots and pimples, especially on the face, shoulders, back, neck, chest, and upper arms.

The following are the most common types of acne;

During puberty, the sebaceous gland is activated so there are more chances of developing acne in that stage, but it can occur at any age. It is not dangerous, but it can cause;

Acne usually occurs when hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. Bacteria worsen the condition by causing infection and inflammation.

During puberty increased androgen activity triggers the growth of sebaceous glands which results in enhanced sebum production.

The four primary factors involved in the formation of acne are;

The most common Risk factors for acne are as follows;

During puberty, there are more levels of testosterone in the body. Testosterone enhances the production of sebum from a sebaceous gland that results in acne.

Acne in females

Hormonal changes in female occur during;

Diagnosis of Acne

Diagnose of acne can be done by careful examination of the skin. It involves examination of face, chest or back for the different types of spots, such as blackheads or sore, red nodules.

Treatment of acne involves the use of Topical and Oral preparations. The goal of treatment is to prevent the formation of new acne lesions, heal existing lesions, and prevent or minimize scarring.

Topical preparations for acne include;

These preparations are used for Mild to moderate acne, comedones, and inflamed lesions.

Benzoyl peroxide

Benzoyl peroxide (Benzac AC, Acnestar ) is effective against;

Treatment is usually started with low strength; if acne does not respond to the treatment after 2 months then topical antibacterial is recommended.

Azelaic Acid

Azelaic Acid (Aziderm) is effective against;

It has antimicrobial and anticomedonal properties. It causes less local skin irritation as compared to benzoyl peroxide.

Topical Antibacterial

Topical erythromycin and clindamycin are used against;

These are usually recommended to avoid the oral use of antibacterial.

To avoid antibacterial resistance;

Topical Retinoid

Topical retinoid is effective against;

Retinoid (TRETINOIN) and Adapalene (ADACLENE) are used as a topical retinoid.

Treatment with topical retinoid should be continued for several months until no new lesions are formed.

Oral preparations for acne include;

Systemic antibacterial treatment

Systemic antibacterial used for the treatment of acne are as follows;

Oral Hormone Treatment

Co-cyprindiol (an Oral Hormone), is used for the treatment of moderate to severe acne. It has anti-androgen properties. Sebum secretion and hair growth depend on androgen. Co-cyprindiol decreases sebum secretion and it is also used for hirsutism.

Oral hormone treatment is recommended to treat moderate to severe acne in the female.

It is recommended when topical and oral antibacterial therapy does not produce the desired outcome.

Co-cyprindiol also has contraceptive properties.

Oral Retinoid

Oral Retinoid used for the treatment of acne is isotretinoin. It reduces sebum secretion. Isotretinoin is used for the systemic treatment of;

Isotretinoin is useful in women who develop acne in the third or fourth decades of life. Since acne in this age is usually not responsive to antibacterial. Isotretinoin is given for at least 4 months (16 weeks).

Side-effects of isotretinoin include;

Isotretinoin is teratogenic and must not be given to pregnant women. Treatment with Isotretinoin should be stopped if psychiatric changes occur during treatment.

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Home Remedies

Below mentioned are some home remedies for acne;

Tea tree oil Tea tree extract has natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Teat tree oil can be added in creams, gels, or essential oil.

Jojoba oil Waxy substances in jojoba oil helps to repair skin. Jojoba oil can be added in creams, gels, essential oils, and clay face masks. It can also be applied directly to acne sore with the help of a cotton pad.

Aloe Vera Aloe Vera has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Aloe Vera can be added to creams or gels.

Honey Honey has anti-oxidant properties that help to clear clogged pores from debris. Honey can be directly applied to pimples using a cotton pad or a clean finger.

Green Tea Green tea contains antioxidants. Green tea extract can be applied to the skin or it can be used as a drink.

Visit https://www.drugscaps.com/product-category/face-care/ to find products online.

References

Dermatological Disorders In Current Medical and Diagnosis Treatment. Mc Graw-Hill Education, 55th Edition, 2016. (page: 127-129)

Acne Vulgaris In Pharmacotherapy Handbook. The McGraw-Hill companies, 7th edition, 2009. (page: 179-185)

Melnik, B. C. (2015, July 15). Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and cosmogenesis: An update. Clinical, Cosmetic, and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 371388ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4507494/

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