Snip from the viral video. Photo: Twitter/ Nature Is Lit

We all know about lions and tiger, but are you aware of a species called liger? Ligers are a crossbreed between a lion and a female tiger. Yes, you read that right.

An old video of a liger has been creating quite the sensation on the internet lately. The clip that we are talking about was shared by the Twitter account Nature Is Lit. They posted the video with the simple caption, A Liger which is a cross between a male lion and a female tiger (sic).

The 30-second video shows Kody Antle walking with a huge liger and caressing its back. If you look carefully, you will be able to see that the animal is actually huge and has tiny legs in comparison. This inturn makes it difficult for the feline to walk.

Ligers generally become very large. They outgrow both their parents and are also believed to be the largest cats in the world. The video became a hit as soon as it was shared and was viewed over 105k times.

However, netizens were not impressed with the video. Most of the comments talked about how it wrong to produce these hybrids. Have a look:

Ligers are not the only hybrid offsprings that we know about, there is also an animal called tigon which is a cross between a male tiger and a lioness.

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Excerpt from:
Ever heard of ligers? The cross between lion and female tiger has the Internet worried - India Today

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

When first described to me, it sounded like a simple task: Figure out how to protect a butterfly that lives only on the Presidential Range.

Simple? Ha!

Nothings simple in wildlife biology, especially when youre dealing with a tiny creature the caterpillars are so small I couldnt find one even when biologists pointed right at it living in a fragile ecosystem that limits research activity, and youre starting from scratch.

And I do mean starting from scratch.

The first year, we didnt know how to tell male from female, said Heidi Holman, a wildlife biologist with New Hampshire Fish and Game who is leading the study of the White Mountain fritillary.

This orange-and-black butterfly, about the size of a half dollar with a wing pattern that Holman said reminders her of 1970s zig-zag pattern, lives only on scattered vegetation patches between Mount Eisenhower and Mount Madison. Microclimates cause snow to linger longer in these spots, supporting a different mix of plants than nearby.

We dont know how many fritillaries there are; we dont know if the population is growing, shrinking or moving; and while we know climate change is altering snow communities we dont know how this will affect the butterflies, or what changes, if any, are happening to its predators or food supply.

We dont know enough to even generate hypotheses. Thats why basic studies like this are crucial, said Steven Fuller, a conservation biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which is supporting N.H. Fish and Games work.

Endangered species listing

The question is whether the White Mountain fritillary, already a state priority species, should be added to the federal list of endangered species. Efforts to make that decision began in 2017, building on research done several years earlier, and are slated to finish by 2027. That may not be enough time.

Case in point: After three years, biologists still havent been able to determine the host plant for the caterpillars, which is needed to raise a colony in labs for study. (The White Mountain fritillarys lifespan is far more caterpillar than butterfly: two years crawling vs. less than two months flying.)

Tests with plants that caterpillars have been seen on in the wild alpine bilberry, dwarf bilberry, mountain cranberry, bearberry willow and dwarf birch have failed to sustain the population, for reasons that are unclear.

One possibility: Some caterpillars avoid plants that are damaged. It might be a sign of predators or competition, said Holman. Perhaps the problem is that Holmans team is raising caterpillars on plant cuttings rather than potted living plants.

Testing that idea will require creating a miniature study greenhouse that will probably have to go in the Fish and Game lab near Concord Municipal Airport, since the projects laboratory on Mount Washington is a single table in a basement storage room of the Sherman Adams Visitor Center.

Remember, all this is an attempt to find a way to keep a colony going so biologists can do things like analyze its genetics and test various strategies. This isnt even really the first step in the scientific process; more like the preparation to begin the first step.

But nobodys panicking. We look 15 to 20 years out. If it takes 3 or 4 years to learn enough information about a species, thats not a big deal, said Fuller.

Back into the wild

Last Friday, Holman and Fuller released four female White Mountain fritillaries back into the wild, accompanied by a couple of huffing-and-puffing journalists.

Starting at the Adams Building at the top of the Mount Washington Auto Road, Holman put the butterflies into carrying cages and we scrambled down the ankle-twisting Tuckerman Ravine Trail to the lip of the ravine, where they released two of the fritillaries. Then we hiked over to Lakes of the Cloud AMC hut to release another, and then went around the back of Mount Monroe to release the final one.

This scattered dispersal was necessary to return each female to the room-sized patch of vegetation where Holman and her team had collected them a few weeks ago, much to the interest of local hikers.

People notice where you go off-trail with a collecting net, Holman commented. She said its not unusual for a full day of collecting to involve conversation with 100 people.

Going off trail is another reason this study isnt moving faster. The alpine zone the portion of the White Mountains that is above treeline and exposed to the winds and cold of the worlds worst weather is incredibly fragile. So researchers cant run around willy-nilly trying to find and catch butterflies, and they cant put out markers or tape or cages and other materials common to wildlife studies.

The female butterflies had been gathered so their eggs could be collected for the latest effort in creating a viable study population. They have about 200 eggs, Holman said. This past winter, 17% of them survived, which is better than the winter before when none did.

Holman was careful to return the females to the same place they were collected because its possible the butterflies will lay more eggs before they die in the next week or two, and she didnt want to mix up the genetics. This puzzled me until she explained:

Even though the total range of the butterfly is tiny, it might be the case that distinct sub-populations have developed on different mountains because theyre far enough apart. Thats one of the things later studies will determine, meaning the populations must be kept separate until then.

Thats surprising but it get more surprising: Its possible there are different subpopulations separated not by geography but by whether the year ends in an even or an odd number.

Holman explained. Because the caterpillars live for two years before turning into butterflies to mate and lay eggs from a functional standpoint, butterflies are nothing but flying sex organs the species could have developed even-year and odd-year populations.

In other words, caterpillars that turn into butterflies in even-numbered years would mate with each other, while caterpillars that turn into butterflies in odd-numbered years would mate with each other. If this happens consistently for long enough, then even though theyre the same species living side by side on the same plants in the same area, they would never mix their genes and could evolve differently.

Left behind

The White Mountain fritillary is an example of a cold-weather species left behind when the glaciers retreated at the end of the Ice Age some 15,000 years ago, leaving only a few places with the right sort of conditions. The aptly named White Mountain Arctic butterfly is another species in the same boat.

Its no stretch to think that as the climate continues to get hotter and more erratic, species like these that depend on small, easily disturbed environments are in trouble. One of the long-range goals of Fish and Games work, in fact, is to see whether a captive population of the White Mountain fritillary could be establish to augment wild populations in the future, if that proves necessary.

For the time being, however, the goals are more modest.

We want to understand them better, said Holman. Thats what we need to help them.

The rest is here:
What's hard about studying a White Mountain butterfly? Pretty much everything. - Concord Monitor

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

MORGANTOWN, W.Va. While men are not more likely to contract COVID-19 than women, once infected, they are more likely to suffer from severe complications or die from it.

This is according to Jennifer Franko, a teaching assistant professor in the West Virginia University School of Medicine, who studies sex differences in immune responses. Franko said there are many factors that contribute to this disparity and one of them is simply that in general, men tend to be more susceptible to infection than women.

While this difference may or may not be specific to coronaviruses, similar trends were seen in previous coronavirus outbreaks, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012, Franko said in a WVU press release. In both of these instances, higher mortality rates were reported in males versus females. Its the same situation that were seeing now with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).

Franko said a less robust immune response in males may result in slower viral clearance and poorer outcomes when dealing with COVID-19. Some of these differences between men and women, she said, could be a result of the hormonal or genetic factor.

As an example, Franko said in the release, in females, estrogen and progesterone are typically thought to stimulate the immune system and may provide a higher level of protection against infection. Whereas, in males, testosterone may suppress such a response.

From a genetics standpoint, many immune-related genes are encoded on the X chromosome. Females have two copies of the X chromosome. Males have only one. In order to balance the dosage of X-linked genes between males and females, one female X chromosome is typically inactivated. Interestingly, we are now beginning to realize that not all of those X-chromosome-linked genes are inactive all the time. In some instances, these genes escape inactivation, resulting in a double dosage effect and higher levels of gene expression in females. If these are immune-related genes, they may correlate with stronger immune responses. This may be an additional reason why females respond to infection with more robust responses.

And Another factor that could account for the disparity, Franko said, is that males may have more underlying conditions that may amplify their risk of severe complications and death. Underlying factors like hypertension or heart disease can lead to worse outcomes when COVID-19 is factored in.

See the original post here:
WVU expert discusses why COVID-19 kills more men than women - WTRF

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

News that Sen. Kamala Harris was Joe Bidens choice for the 2020 Democratic vice presidential nominee drove speculation and argumentation about her identity. The big question appeared to be, Is Kamala Harris truly African American?

There were numerous articles and opinion pieces about whether Harris can legitimately claim to be African American; the authenticity of her Black identity if she has an Indian mother; what it means for her to be biracial; and other articles opining and speculating about her racial, ethnic and even national identity.

Harris, the daughter of immigrant parents from Jamaica and India, identifies as Black/African American while also embracing her Indian heritage. Yet the questions in social media and news outlets swirling around her identities demonstrate a continued misunderstanding of race and mixed-race people.

While the debates about Harris racial identities may seem new given the recent media attention focused on her, they are similar to the commentary other high-profile mixed-race people have received.

When I did research for my chapter on Tiger Woods in my book Racial Ambiguity in Asian American Culture, I found much criticism of Woods calling himself Cablinasian (a word Woods made up as a teen to account for his Caucasian, Black, American Indian and Asian heritages) and for not solely identifying as Black. Several articles expressed confusion about his multiraciality the uncertainty over the most accurate racial category to fit him into.

The discussions of Woods mirror the critiques of Harris.

The competing interpretations of Harris identity, like with Woods, seem to be a function of her multiple, intersecting identities (including race, class and gender) as well as the publics deep discomfort with people who dont fit into fixed boxes.

For example, some people want to disavow Harris Blackness because of her multiple ethnic and racial affiliations. Others claim her as Jamaican or Indian, which serves as evidence of her success as a member of an ethnic group or which celebrates a shared cultural connection with her.

Some see her Jamaican and Indian ethnicities as diminishing her claim to a Black American experience, unlike those who are known as ADOS, or American Descendants of Slavery. Because Harris ancestors do not include those who were enslaved in the U.S., ADOSs concern is that neither she nor her family can know the deep historical pain of U.S. anti-Black racism.

Embedded in this concern are echoes of the questions Black Americans face who have passed, who chose whiteness to escape slavery or the Jim Crow South or those who choose multiraciality to flee the social stigma of Blackness. Questioning Harris bona fides to being a Black American is questioning where her loyalties lie.

There are political reasons why some may want to discredit Harris claims to Blackness, believing that saying shes not truly Black means she shouldnt be relatable to Black voters.

But the desire to see Harris as only Black or worry that she is not truly African American derives from the racist U.S. past of the one-drop rule of racial impurity, which sociologist F. James Wood has described as the idea that a single drop of black blood makes a person a black. That was an ideology from the majority of U.S. history from its founding through to the Jim Crow era when race was firmly believed to be a matter of blood.

Scientists for well over half a century have disproven any link between race and genetics. Scholars have been writing and researching, for decades, about how race is a social construction rather than a biological absolute.

But in public discussion in the U.S., race is treated as an entity that can be measured and labeled. That is why people are questioning the validity of Harris African American identity. They believe that her racial affiliation can somehow be quantified and weighed on a scale of authenticity.

Underlying these questions of authenticity are questions of legitimacy. Multiracial people are constantly confronted by those who question their whole selves and their choice to authentically identify with multiple races. For these critics, to qualify for membership in a race or ethnicity means one must be 100% of that group. Anything less means you cannot be a real member of any given culture, ethnicity or race.

Yet the reality and experiences of multiracial peoples lives, like that of Harris, suggest that basic math cannot capture the realities of what it means to embody multiple races and ethnicities. As one subject of multiracial artist Kip Fulbecks photo installation of mixed-race Asian Americans in The Hapa Project states, I am 100% Black and 100% Japanese.

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Racial identity is not only about external features (eye shape, hair texture, skin color) and ancestral lines. It is about the cultural and social habits and rituals that people participate in as they claim their affiliations with ethnic and racial groups.

The Indian food that Harris consumes speaks volumes about the ethnic influences she embraces, as does the Black sorority she pledged and the historically Black college she attended.

Anyone confused about Kamala Harris multiraciality may recall that the U.S. is a nation that was not built by a single ethnic or racial group.

Indeed, U.S. land was taken from various Indigenous nations and built by the enslaved labor of people from multiple African nations and tribes for the benefit of others who hailed from a variety of European nations. And other immigrants from Latin America and the Pacific Rim settled in North America and made the U.S. their home.

Harris, as the U.S.s first multiracial, multiethnic female vice presidential candidate, reflects the evolution of racial categories, which coincides with an ever-evolving understanding of race and racism in the 21st century.

Continued here:
With Kamala Harris, Americans yet again have trouble understanding what multiracial means - The Conversation US

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Abstract

Pediatric care providers, pediatricians, pediatric subspecialty physicians, and other health care providers should be able to recognize children with abnormal head shapes that occur as a result of both synostotic and deformational processes. The purpose of this clinical report is to review the characteristic head shape changes, as well as secondary craniofacial characteristics, that occur in the setting of the various primary craniosynostoses and deformations. As an introduction, the physiology and genetics of skull growth as well as the pathophysiology underlying craniosynostosis are reviewed. This is followed by a description of each type of primary craniosynostosis (metopic, unicoronal, bicoronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and frontosphenoidal) and their resultant head shape changes, with an emphasis on differentiating conditions that require surgical correction from those (bathrocephaly, deformational plagiocephaly/brachycephaly, and neonatal intensive care unit-associated skill deformation, known as NICUcephaly) that do not. The report ends with a brief discussion of microcephaly as it relates to craniosynostosis as well as fontanelle closure. The intent is to improve pediatric care providers recognition and timely referral for craniosynostosis and their differentiation of synostotic from deformational and other nonoperative head shape changes.

Pediatric health care providers evaluate and care for children with a variety of head shapes, some of which represent craniosynostosis and other craniofacial disorders, some of which are deformational in nature, and some of which are simply normal variants. Identifying the various types of head shape abnormalities is important for aesthetics, to identify candidates for future monitoring, and, at least in some, to prevent increases in intracranial pressure (ICP) and allow proper brain development. This report reviews several of the important head shape abnormalities and normal variants that pediatric health care providers are likely to see, describes their salient clinical and radiologic features, and discusses the optimal timing for referral and surgical correction. The report begins with an overview of the normal development of the skull and sutures and the pathophysiology of craniosynostosis.

The skull is a complex skeletal system that meets the dual needs of protecting the brain and other sensory organs while allowing its ongoing growth during development. The calvarial vault (Fig 1) is composed of paired frontal, parietal, and temporal bones and a single occipital bone. The paired frontal bones are separated from each other by the midline metopic suture, and the paired parietal bones are separated from each other by the midline sagittal suture. The frontal and parietal bones are separated by the paired coronal sutures, the parietal and temporal bones are separated by the paired squamosal sutures, and the parietal and occipital bones are separated by the paired lambdoid sutures. There are also a number of sutures and synchondroses involving the skull base. The anterior fontanelle (bregma) forms at the junction of the paired frontal and parietal bones, whereas the posterior fontanelle () forms at the junction of the paired parietal bones with the midline occipital bone.

Three-dimensional CT scan showing (A) top and (B) side views of the skull bones with metopic (m), sagittal (s), coronal (c), lambdoid (l), and squamosal (sq) sutures, as well as the anterior fontanelle (af). Reproduced with permission from Governale LS. Craniosynostosis. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;53(5):394-401.

The skull encompasses the skull base, calvarial vault, and pharyngeal skeleton.1,2 The bones of the skull base mineralize through endochondral ossification involving the replacement of a fully formed cartilaginous anlagen with bone matrix. In contrast, the bones of the calvarial vault form by intramembranous ossification involving the mineralization of bone matrix from osteoblasts without a cartilaginous intermediate. Craniosynostosis involves the abnormal mineralization of suture(s) and fusion of one or multiple contiguous bones of the cranial vault and can include additional abnormalities of both the soft and hard tissues of the head.3 The role of cartilage growth disturbance within the cranial base in craniosynostosis is still a matter of debate.47

The bones of the cranial vault ossify directly from undifferentiated mesenchyme.8,9 Differentiating osteoblasts accumulate on the leading edges of cranial vault bones as the brain expands during prenatal and early postnatal growth. Undifferentiated cells between these osteogenic bone fronts form the cranial vault sutures, which function to keep the suture patent while allowing rapid and continual bone formation at the edges of the bone front until brain growth is complete.10 Sutures are fibrous joints that allow temporary deformation of the skull during parturition or trauma, inhibit bone separation for the protection of underlying soft tissues, and, perhaps most importantly, enable growth along the edges of the 2 opposing bones until they ossify and fuse later in life.10,11 Sutures normally remain unossified well into adolescence. When sutures mineralize (close) abnormally, growth is prevented at the fused suture and is instead redirected to other patent sutures, which, in turn, alters the shape of the skull in predictable ways.

Research has revealed multiple genetic factors, involving several major cellular signaling pathways such as wingless and Int-1 (WNT), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGR), and others, that interact to direct the behavior of particular subpopulations of cells within the suture. In craniosynostosis, these cells receive and emit signals that stimulate osteogenic differentiation far earlier than expected,12 resulting in mineralization and progressive ossification that unites the bones on either side of the suture. Pathogenic variants of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are the most common genetic variants associated with craniosynostosis.1315 FGFRs are transcription factors that initiate and regulate the transcription of multiple genes throughout prenatal development.1621 Various mouse models expressing FGFR pathogenic variants have been developed and demonstrate phenotypes analogous to the human craniosynostosis syndromes, including premature coronal suture closure and midface flattening (retrusion).2231 Pathogenic variants in TWIST1 (twist family basic Helix-Loop-Helix transcription factor 1) gene, another transcription factor associated with craniosynostosis,3234 directly affect BMP signaling of skull preosteoblasts, leading to variations in cerebral brain angiogenesis.35 These animal models as well as studies of cellular behavior in human craniosynostosis cell lines provide the means to examine the structural, cellular, and molecular changes that occur during prenatal development.36,37

Aesthetic consequences aside, there are concerns that craniosynostosis, in some cases, affects brain growth and intellectual development. A recent systematic review strongly suggests that craniosynostosis is associated with a higher risk for presurgical neurocognitive deficits compared with the population unaffected by craniosynostosis; these deficits persist postoperatively, suggesting that they may occur independent of surgical correction.38 Generalized IQ is shifted downward with increased learning disabilities, language delays, and behavioral difficulties.39 At least 4 mechanisms have been proposed: (1) globally elevated ICP, (2) global brain hypoperfusion, (3) localized compression and deformity, and (4) genetic predisposition. It has proven difficult to extract the exact contributions of each factor, and studies have provided conflicting data. Moreover, many studies suffer from a variety of methodologic flaws, including the inclusion of several types of craniosynostosis, varying definitions of ICP elevations (and lack of normative data), the use of different neurocognitive testing strategies, lack of randomization, inconsistent operative approaches, variations in operative timing, and small study cohorts, to name a few.

To what extent, if any, treatable causes contribute to neurocognitive deficits in craniosynostosis, and whether prompt surgical treatment can improve neurobehavioral outcomes, is a matter of debate. Elevated ICP is present in 4% to 42% of children with single-suture craniosynostosis and approximately 50% to 68% with multisutural involvement4044; the incidence of intracranial hypertension is higher among older untreated individuals.42,44 Elevated ICP correlates with developmental and cognitive outcomes in some studies40 but not others.39,45,46 Neither has the severity of the deformity correlated with the presence of neurocognitive deficits.39 A few studies have suggested that earlier treatment of craniosynostosis may result in better early and late neurocognitive outcomes,45,47 but the majority have not found such an association.12,4850 Finally, genes involved in craniosynostosis syndromes have recently been found to be involved in brain development,51 and syndromic craniosynostosis syndromes having virtually identical patterns of skull fusion may carry widely different risks for neurodevelopmental deficits (see below).

Single sutural synostosis results in predictable changes in skull shape (Fig 2, Table 1). Persing et al52 proposed 4 rules that govern calvarial growth and predict the head shape in cases of craniosynostosis. These rules are based on the principle that calvarial growth occurs by osseous deposition from calvarial bones lying adjacent to each suture, and this deposition is oriented perpendicular to the intervening suture:

Bones that are fused as a result of craniosynostosis act as a combined growth plate, having reduced growth potential at all of the margins of the plate;

Bone is, therefore, deposited asymmetrically, with greater osseous deposition in the bones opposite the perimeter sutures of the combined growth plate;

Non-perimeter sutures that are in-line with the combined bone plate deposit bone symmetrically at their suture edges; and

Both perimeter and in-line (abutting) sutures nearest the combined bone plate compensate with greater osseous deposition than more distant sutures.

Drawing showing the various head shape changes that occur with single-suture synostosis and deformational posterior plagiocephaly. Reproduced with permission from the cover of the May 2016 issue of the Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. 2016 American Association of Neurologic Surgeons. Artist: Stacey Krumholtz.

Head Shapes Resulting From Craniosynostosis and Positional Deformations

To use sagittal synostosis as an example, the fused parietal bones act as a single, combined growth plate with reduced growth perpendicular to the sagittal suture; accelerated bone deposition occurs within the frontal and occipital bones. The metopic suture, as an abutting in-line suture, deposits bone symmetrically at an accelerated rate. The result is an elongated head (scaphocephaly) with parietal narrowing as well as frontal and occipital bossing. A similar analysis predicts the head shape for the other sutural synostoses (Fig 2). Multisutural synostosis can be appreciated as the combined effect of fusion involving each of the individual component sutures.

Sagittal synostosis is the most common form of craniosynostosis, accounting for approximately 40% to 45% of cases5355 and having a prevalence of 2 to 3.2 per 10000 live births.53,56,57 Sagittal synostosis has a distinct male predominance of 2.5 to 3.8:1.53,55 Sagittal synostosis produces scaphocephaly, characterized by both an elongated head and biparietal narrowing that is evident at birth. The head elongation is best appreciated by looking at the infant from the side (Fig 3). Some patients have an associated saddle deformity at the vertex, giving an overall peanut shape to the head. The second consistent abnormality is the biparietal narrowing when looked at from the front or from above. Normally, the parietal bones project straight up or even bowed outward from the temporal region. Biparietal narrowing in sagittal synostosis produces a cone-head or bullet-shaped head when viewed from the front and a bicycle racing helmet shape when viewed from above (Fig 3). Frontal or occipital bossing is a variable feature and tends to worsen as the infant ages. Physical examination also demonstrates a prominent midline interparietal, or sagittal, ridge that extends between the anterior and posterior fontanelles; the sagittal suture is longer, as measured from the anterior to the posterior fontanelles. Partial synostosis may cause an incomplete ridge involving only a portion of the suture. One may demonstrate the fusion of the 2 parietal bones by placing a thumb on each of them near the midline and alternatingly depressing each of them; there should be no independent movement.

Scaphocephaly attributable to sagittal synostosis. A, Lateral view shows elongated antero-posterior dimension with modest frontal bossing and saddle deformity at vertex. B, Frontal view in same child shows parietal bones that curve inward giving a conical head shape attributable to parietal narrowing.

Sagittal synostosis produces an elongated head on lateral radiographs and a bullet-shaped head on anterior-posterior (AP) radiographs (Fig 4A and B). The normal sagittal suture tapers toward the midline on AP radiographs; in sagittal synostosis, the fused sagittal suture may not be visible, but, more commonly, it appears to have an abrupt, more squared-off appearance (Fig 4B), paradoxically appearing to be open when, in fact, it is not. Computed tomography (CT) scans demonstrate the elongated head with biparietal narrowing (Fig 4C); the fused sagittal suture is best appreciated on coronal reconstructions by using bone algorithms (Fig 4D); three-dimensional reconstructions are particularly well suited to demonstrate the midline sagittal ridge (Fig 4E) but may involve more radiation exposure, particularly with thin slices.

Radiologic features of sagittal synostosis. A, Lateral skull radiograph demonstrates an elongated head (sagittal suture is difficult to see from this perspective). B, Anteroposterior skull radiograph shows conical head shape. Note that part of the sagittal suture appears fused (arrowhead), whereas some appears open with sharp borders and adjacent hyperdensities (arrows). The entire suture was fused at surgery. C, Axial CT scan shows elongated head shape with prominent frontal bossing and fused posterior sagittal suture (arrowhead). D, Coronal CT scan shows conical shape of head with fusion of the sagittal suture (arrowheads). E, Three-dimensional CT scan shows prominent midline ridged sagittal suture (arrowheads); both coronal and lambdoid sutures are patent.

It is important to distinguish scaphocephaly from dolichocephaly. Although these 2 terms have been used interchangeably by many, dolichocephaly refers to an elongated head without associated biparietal narrowing and is caused by positioning. Dolichocephaly most commonly occurs in preterm infants in the NICU: so-called NICUcephaly. Of course, there is no midline sagittal ridge as there is in sagittal synostosis, and, with the thumb maneuver described above, the parietal bones will move independently, often making the infant cry because this appears to be painful.

Infants with frontal bossing from hydrocephalus or chronic subdural hematomas or hygromas may generate confusion. However, these infants have neither an elongated head nor biparietal narrowing, and they have no midline sagittal ridge. Metopic synostosis is readily differentiated from sagittal synostosis by the presence of a prominent midline ridge that extends from the nasion to the anterior fontanelle, anterior to the sagittal suture, and is often associated with a triangular or keel-shaped forehead (trigonocephaly) with recession of the lateral orbits and narrow set eyes. Bathrocephaly is another condition that can produce confusion. Bathrocephaly results in a prominent occiput that angles sharply inward toward the neck but without frontal bossing, biparietal narrowing, or sagittal ridging (Fig 5). Bathrocephaly is associated with a persistent mendosal suture, an embryonic suture that extends transversely between the 2 lambdoid sutures and, normally, is gone by birth Fig 5C.58 Bathrocephaly does not require treatment.

Bathrocephaly attributable to persistent mendosal suture. A, Infant with focal prominent occiput (arrowheads). Note the lack of frontal bossing. B, Lateral skull radiograph shows prominent occiput (black arrowhead) and steep angle of the posterior skull (white arrowhead). C, CT scan shows persistent mendosal suture (arrowheads).

Infants who have sagittal synostosis should be referred to a specialist for repair as early as possible because surgical correction is usually performed much earlier (often at 612 weeks of age) than for other forms of synostosis. Surgical management options include both open and endoscopic repairs; adjunctive postoperative helmet therapy is recommended for up to 1 year postoperatively, after more limited endoscopic repairs.59,60 The importance of early recognition and referral for surgical management cannot be overemphasized because infants treated after 6 to 10 months of age increasingly require more extensive and morbid complete calvarial vault remodeling to achieve adequate correction.

Metopic synostosis is presently the second most common form of craniosynostosis, accounting for 19% to 28% of cases5355 and having a prevalence of 0.9 to 2.3 per 10000 live births.53,57 The prevalence of metopic synostosis may have increased over the past decades (without a corresponding increase in other synostoses) for uncertain reasons.54 Metopic synostosis also has a distinct male preponderance of 1.8 to 2.8:1.53,55 Metopic synostosis produces trigonocephaly with reduced growth potential perpendicular to the metopic suture, a pronounced metopic ridge, and hypotelorism; the forehead forms a keel, similar to the prow of a boat, with bilateral orbital retrusion and bitemporal narrowing (Fig 5). Reduced bifrontal and accelerated biparietal growth along the coronal sutures, with additional symmetrical growth along the in-line sagittal suture, results in a widened, pear-shaped calvarium behind the coronal suture (Fig 6B).

Trigonocephaly attributable to metopic synostosis. A, Frontal view of infant showing pronounced midline metopic ridge and bilateral temporal narrowing. B, Vertex view in the same infant shows triangular-shaped forehead.

Some infants may display only a palpable (and sometimes visible) metopic ridge with little or no trigonocephaly; whether this represents a forme fruste of metopic synostosis or another distinct process is unknown. Infants with an isolated metopic ridge and minimal or no trigonocephaly do not require surgical correction.

Plain radiographs may display prominent bony fusion of the metopic suture; however, care must be taken because the metopic suture may normally begin closing as early as 3 months of age and all are closed by 9 months of age.61 CT scans readily demonstrate the triangular-shaped anterior fossa with midline thickening of the metopic suture and hypotelorism (Fig 7).

Radiologic features of trigonocephaly. A, Axial CT shows triangular-shaped forehead with fused metopic suture (arrowhead) and bitemporal narrowing. B, Three-dimensional CT scan vertex reconstructions show prominent midline metopic ridge with triangular-shaped forehead, bilateral orbital retrusion, and hypotelorism.

Unicoronal synostosis is the third most common form of craniosynostosis, accounting for 12% to 24%53,55 of nonsyndromic cases and with a prevalence of 0.7 per 10000 live births.57 Unlike other forms of synostosis that have a male predominance, unicoronal synostosis has a female preponderance of 1.6 to 3.6:1.53,57 Unicoronal synostosis produces anterior plagiocephaly in which growth along the ipsilateral coronal suture is reduced and results in a flattening of the ipsilateral forehead (Fig 8). Accelerated growth of the contralateral frontal bone along the perimeter (metopic) and in-line (contralateral frontal) sutures results in compensatory bossing of the contralateral forehead. Some parents and providers may focus on the contralateral compensatory bossing rather than the ipsilateral flattening on the involved side. The metopic suture is bowed toward the side of the flattening. Accelerated growth along the squamosal suture (another perimeter suture) also produces a degree of ipsilateral temporal bossing as well as posterior and inferior ear displacement. The net effect of these changes is a trapezoidal head shape with flattening of the ipsilateral calvarium (both frontally and occipitally) compared to the contralateral side (Fig 8A). This presentation stands in distinct contrast to the parallelogram head shape that accompanies most cases of occipital deformational plagiocephaly (DP) (see below).

Anterior plagiocephaly attributable to unilateral coronal synostosis. A, Vertex view in a child with left coronal synostosis shows flattening of the left forehead and compensatory prominence of the right forehead, upward displacement of the left eyebrow, deviation of the nasal root toward the right and nasal tip toward the left, and trapezoidal head shape. B, Frontal view in another infant with right coronal synostosis shows elevation of the right eyebrow and misshapen orbit, deviation of the nasal root toward the right and nasal tip toward the left, and significant facial scoliosis.

Coronal synostosis additionally involves the sphenozygomatic, frontosphenoidal, and sphenoethmoidal sutures along the frontal skull base, which produces additional secondary morphologic changes involving the orbits and face. Elevation of the lateral sphenoid wing with foreshortening of the zygoma and orbit results in a characteristic elevation of the ipsilateral eyebrow, a seemingly larger palpebral fissure, and/or mild proptosis (Fig 8). The contralateral orbit may be comparatively smaller and is displaced inferiorly and laterally, sometimes leading to a vertical orbital malalignment (dystopia). Diminished growth along the ipsilateral anterior skull base deviates the nasal root toward the involved side and the nasal tip toward the contralateral side (Fig 8B), and the ipsilateral tragus is often displaced anteriorly and inferiorly. In some cases, the entire face appears to be curved with its convexity toward the involved side, leading to a facial scoliosis (Fig 8B).

Plain radiographs demonstrate poor visualization of the involved coronal suture. If visible, the ipsilateral suture is deviated anteriorly compared to the contralateral suture; one caveat is that the radiograph must be truly lateral by demonstrating that the ears and/or external ear canals are properly aligned. On the AP view, a characteristic Harlequin (or Mephistophelean) orbit is visible on the involved side and is attributable to elevation of the lesser sphenoid wing (Fig 9A). The nasal bone is also askew, with its upper part deviated toward the involved side.

Radiologic features of unilateral coronal synostosis. A, A-P radiograph shows elevated ipsilateral sphenoid wing giving rise to the Harlequin eye deformity (arrowheads). The nasal bone is deviated superiorly toward the fused suture. B, Axial CT scan shows trapezoidal head shape with retrusion of the right forehead (white arrowhead), prominence of the left forehead (black arrowhead), and elevation of the sphenoid wing (white arrow).

The findings of unicoronal synostosis are also readily apparent on CT scans. The involved coronal suture is not visible over most or all of its length, whereas the contralateral side is readily apparent on axial images. The ipsilateral flattening and contralateral bossing are also readily evident on axial images. Finally, the sphenoid wing elevation produces a distinct asymmetry to the skull base, with the ipsilateral orbital roof being visible on more superior axial images (and elevated on coronal images) compared to the contralateral orbital roof (Fig 9B). Coronal images also demonstrate the Harlequin orbit to good advantage. Three-dimensional CT reconstructions also demonstrate all of the findings.

The differential diagnosis would include occipital DP and frontosphenoidal synostosis, both discussed below. Hemifacial microsomia is another consideration, although the latter is manifest by primary underdevelopment of the midface and mandible, with relative sparing of the forehead and orbits; the ear is also malformed, and there are often preauricular skin tags.

Bicoronal synostosis accounts for about 3% of nonsyndromic and most syndromic synostoses,53 with a prevalence of approximately 0.5 per 10000 live births.57 In bicoronal synostosis, the coronal sutures are palpable on both sides, the entire forehead is flattened, the head is reduced in the anteroposterior dimension (anterior brachycephaly), and the forehead often has a towered appearance (turricephaly). The combination of frontal and maxillary foreshortening results in shallow orbits and produces significant exophthalmos; in addition, the orbits are recessed (retruded) or shallow bilaterally (Fig 10). The nasal bone is short and upturned in many cases.

Brachycephaly attributable to bicoronal synostosis in a child with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. A, Frontal view shows flattened forehead, shallow orbits with bilateral orbital retrusion, a modestly upturned (beaked) nose, bilateral ptosis, and midface hypoplasia. B, Lateral view of the same infant shows flattened and tall (turricephaly) forehead, with shallow orbits and midface hypoplasia.

On radiographs, the anterior fossa and orbits are short and both coronal sutures are radio dense or difficult to see and anteriorly deviated. Bilateral Harlequin orbit deformities are present with elevation of both sphenoid wings. Because both frontal bones are involved, the nasal bone remains midline. CT scans demonstrate brachycephaly, thickening and/or nonvisualization of both coronal sutures, a shallow anterior fossa and orbits, and bilateral sphenoid wing elevation (Fig 11). Coronal images nicely demonstrate bilateral Harlequin orbits as well.

Radiologic features of bilateral coronal synostosis. A, Axial CT scan shows shallow anterior fossa and absence of both coronal sutures (arrowheads). B, Three-dimensional CT scan reconstructed vertex view shows shallow anterior fossa, bilateral superior orbital retrusion, and bilaterally fused coronal sutures (arrowheads).

Lambdoid synostosis is rare; in contemporary series, lambdoid synostosis accounts for only 2% of cases and has a prevalence of 0.1 per 10000 live births.55,57 Older studies likely included children with DP and their prevalence rates are, therefore, higher. In one small series, male and female patients were equally represented.55 True lambdoid synostosis is usually readily differentiated from occipital DP (see below), with which it is most commonly confused. True lambdoid synostosis is most commonly characterized by a flattening of both the ipsilateral occiput and forehead, leading to a trapezoidal or rhomboidal head shape (Fig 12). The contralateral occiput may be prominent by comparison. The lambdoid suture is prominently ridged. The ipsilateral ear is deviated posteriorly (in contrast to DP, in which it is deviated anteriorly), and the mastoid process and associated retromastoid occipital bone are unusually prominent, producing a retroauricular bulge (Fig 12). Bilateral involvement produces a flattened occiput with ridging of both lambdoid sutures and retromastoid bulge on both sides. The posterior sagittal suture may also be involved, producing an element of scaphocephaly as well as ridging of both lambdoid and posterior sagittal sutures (the Mercedes-Benz sign).

Unilateral lambdoid synostosis. A, Anterior view shows asymmetric head with calvarium deviated toward the left. Note the symmetry of orbits. B, Posterior view shows prominent curvature of the occiput toward the left with a retromastoid bulge on the right (arrow) and flattening inferior to the bulge. C, Axial CT scan shows prominent left mastoid bulge and indentation of the occipital skull (arrowhead). D, Three-dimensional CT scan posterior view shows the fused left lambdoid suture, retromastoid bulge (white arrowheads), and indentation of the occipital bone (black arrowhead).

Plain radiographs commonly demonstrate significant prominence and hyperostosis or nonvisualization of the involved lambdoid suture(s). CT scans also demonstrate hyperostosis or nonvisualization of the involved lambdoid suture(s). The retromastoid bulge and posterior displacement of the petrous ridge are prominent; the posterior midline and the foramen magnum at the base of the skull are also drawn toward the ipsilateral side (Fig 12C). Three-dimensional CT scans also demonstrate these findings to good advantage (Fig 12D). Treatment involves open posterior cranial vault reconstruction between 5 and 9 months of age or endoscopic repair as early as 2 to 3 months of age, followed by molding helmet treatment for up to 1 year.

An extremely rare form of synostosis involves the frontosphenoidal suture, located at the anterior skull base and contiguous with the coronal suture and orbital roof.62,63 Synostosis involving the frontosphenoidal suture produces plagiocephaly with ipsilateral forehead flattening that resembles unilateral coronal synostosis but differs from the latter in that the ipsilateral orbit is deviated inferiorly rather than superiorly, and the nasal root is deviated away from rather than toward the side of the synostosis (Fig 13 A and B). The coronal suture is visible on neuroimaging studies, and there is no Harlequin eye orbital deformity (Fig 13 C and D); CT demonstrates the fusion of the frontosphenoidal suture (Fig 13E). Treatment involves a fronto-orbital reconstruction.62,63

Frontosphenoidal synostosis. A, Frontal view of infant with left frontosphenoidal synostosis, with left forehead depression and retrusion and depression of left orbit. B, Vertex view demonstrating left forehead and orbital retrusion. Note in both images the deviation of the nasal root away from, and the nasal tip toward, the involved side, in contrast to coronal synostosis. C, Frontal three-dimensional reconstruction CT scan shows inferiorly displaced ipsilateral eyebrow and orbital roof (arrowheads) and deviation of the nasal root (arrow) toward the contralateral side (in contrast to unicoronal synostosis, see Fig 8). D, Vertex three-dimensional reconstruction CT scan shows left forehead flattening but open coronal suture on that side (arrowheads). E, Three-dimensional reconstruction CT scan with a view of the inside of the skull base with the calvarium digitally subtracted shows flattening of the left orbit. The right frontosphenoidal suture is patent (arrowhead), whereas the left is fused.

A number of craniosynostosis syndromes have been described phenotypically (Table 2). All of these, most commonly, include elements of bicoronal synostosis and midface hypoplasia. Ophthalmologic manifestations are also common and include shallow orbits, some degree of exorbitism, and extraocular muscle dysfunction with strabismus and resultant amblyopia and poor visual acuity.64,65 More recent genetic testing has revealed significant genotypic overlap, with the same genetic mutation capable of producing distinctly different phenotypes, and a single phenotype resulting from different genetic pathogenic variants. It is beyond the scope of this report to describe all of the various syndromes in detail; brief descriptions of the more common syndromes are provided. The interested reader is referred elsewhere for more detailed information.66,67

Genetics of Craniofacial Syndromes

Crouzon syndrome is most frequently characterized by bicoronal synostosis leading to a shallow anterior fossa, a high and flat forehead (turricephaly) with reduced anteroposterior cranial measurement (brachycephaly), shallow orbits and prominent globes (exorbitism), midface hypoplasia leading to an underbite and malocclusion, and upturned (or beaked) nose. Involvement of other sutures may also occur, and progressive sutural fusion has been described during the first 2 years of life.68 Craniosynostosis is a variable feature and, rarely, may be absent. Syndactyly is notably absent. Rarely, vertebral fusion, ankylosis (particularly the elbows), and acanthosis nigricans may be present. Cognitive development is often normal, and neurocognitive deficits are uncommon. Crouzon syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal-dominant condition with varying penetrance; pathogenic variants in the FGFR1 or FGFR2 genes are responsible for all but Crouzon with acanthosis nigricans, which is caused by pathogenic variants in the FGFR3 gene.

The craniosynostosis pattern in Apert syndrome is similar to that in Crouzon syndrome, although progressive fusion of additional sutures during the first 2 years occurs more commonly in Apert syndrome. Like in Crouzon syndrome, turricephaly, brachycephaly, exorbitism, beaked nose, and malocclusion are cardinal clinical manifestations in Apert syndrome. Down-slanting palpebral fissures are typical. Palatal abnormalities may be present and include narrowing, bifid uvula, and cleft palate,69 and vertebral fusion abnormalities (most commonly involving C5-C6) may be present.70 Structural brain abnormalities may be present, including agenesis of the corpus callosum, gyral malformations, absent or defective septum pellucidum, megalencephaly, and static or progressive ventriculomegaly. Unlike Crouzon syndrome, neurocognitive deficits are more common, with more than one-half having subnormal IQ scores. The most striking extracranial abnormality in Apert syndrome is osseous and/or soft tissue syndactyly involving fingers and/or toes, particularly the second, third, and fourth digits (Fig 14). The digits are short, and broad distal phalanges may also be present. Apert syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal-dominant condition; a mutation in the FGFR2 gene is responsible.

Syndactyly involving the toes in an infant with Apert syndrome.

Pfeiffer syndrome is characterized by bicoronal synostosis, and the midface is narrow but not generally retruded; there is, therefore, less significant exorbitism and malocclusion. Like Crouzon and Apert syndromes, cranial sutures in Pfeiffer syndrome may progressively fuse over time. The nose is generally small with a low nasal bridge. Partial syndactyly of the second and third fingers and/or toes are cardinal features of Pfeiffer syndrome, and the distal phalanges of the thumb and great toe are often wide. Pfeiffer syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal-dominant condition with variable penetrance; a mutation in the FGFR2 gene is responsible.

Cohen has described 3 types of Pfeiffer syndrome.71 Type I is characterized by typical coronal synostosis, midface hypoplasia, and digital malformations with normal neurocognitive development. Types II and III are associated with much more severe involvement, usually involving all of the sutures (and, in type II, producing a cloverleaf skull), with shallow orbits and severe exorbitism sufficient to produce corneal exposure, airway obstruction, partial syndactyly and elbow ankylosis, various visceral abnormalities, and moderate to severe neurocognitive impairment.

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is characterized by bicoronal synostosis (with occasional involvement of other sutures) leading to turricephaly and brachycephaly with biparietal foramina but less severe midface hypoplasia and modest exorbitism. Differentiating manifestations include ptosis of the eyelids (Fig 10A), a low anterior hairline, and a prominent nose. Lacrimal duct abnormalities and a characteristic prominent ear crus may be present. Extracranial abnormalities can include partial soft tissue syndactyly, most commonly involving the second and third fingers and third and fourth toes; the digits are often short and the great toes may be broad. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal-dominant condition; a mutation in the TWIST gene is responsible.

Carpenter syndrome is characterized by synostosis most commonly involving both coronal sutures and variably others as well, with shallow supraorbital ridges and flat nasal bridge, midface, and/or mandibular hypoplasia, low-set and malformed ears and a high arched palate. A number of digital malformations may occur including brachydactyly, clinodactyly, and camptodactyly (medial deviation and flexion deformity of the distal phalanges, respectively) and polydactyly involving the toes. Cardiac malformations occur in one-half of affected individuals and include septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, and persistent ductus arteriosus. Carpenter syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal-recessive condition; pathogenic variants in the RAB23 or MEGF8 genes are responsible.

Antley-Bixler syndrome is characterized by bicoronal synostosis (in 70%) with turricephaly but with frontal bossing, midface hypoplasia with exorbitism, and a flat and depressed nasal bridge. Low-set and dysplastic ears are a consistent feature, and choanal atresia or stenosis is present in 80%. Limited limb mobility and a diminished range of motion involving virtually all joints, phalangeal abnormalities (including long fingers with tapering fingernails), radiohumeral synostosis, and femoral bowing are common features as well. Impaired steroidogenesis and genital abnormalities are associated features. Antley-Bixler syndrome is most commonly related to pathogenic variants in the POR gene (with impaired steroidogenesis) and autosomal-recessive transmission and pathogenic variants of the FGFR2 gene (without impaired steroidogenesis), with autosomal-dominant transmission.

Muenke syndrome is characterized by fusion of one or both coronal sutures with a broad and shallow supraorbital ridge and prominent forehead (bossing). Hypertelorism and flattened maxillae are variable features. Hearing loss is present in approximately one-third of patients, and macrocephaly is present in approximately 5%.72 Muenke syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal-dominant condition and is unusual among the syndromic synostoses in that it involves a mutation in the FGFR3 gene.

The evaluation and management of craniosynostosis are beyond the scope of this review, but a few general comments are helpful. Imaging of suspected craniosynostosis most commonly includes either plain skull radiographs or CT scans. In general, plain skull radiographs are of limited value if craniosynostosis is strongly suspected because CT scans will likely be performed by the craniofacial team as part of surgical planning. On the other hand, obtaining a CT scan in children with low suspicion for craniosynostosis is often unnecessary. Cranial ultrasonography is used by some, and studies suggest that it is as effective as plain radiographs or CT scans in identifying a fused suture.73 However, not all radiologists are equally experienced at identifying fused sutures on ultrasonography, so it is recommended that the provider check with the radiologist first before obtaining this study. Many craniofacial teams prefer that providers refer these children early and postpone imaging until after the child is seen by specialists. For children with occipital DP, the diagnosis is usually obvious by clinical inspection, the absence of significant deformity at birth, and the absence of a retroauricular bulge; questionable cases might require neuroimaging, but these are rare.

The timing of surgery (and, by extension, referral) is another important consideration. Traditional repairs of coronal, metopic, and frontosphenoidal synostosis are generally delayed until 6 to 10 months of age. However, the child with symptomatic increased ICP may require earlier repair. Moreover, sagittal synostosis repairs and endoscopic approaches are performed much earlier, some as early as 8 weeks of age. Delays in referral often lead to more extensive surgical repairs; early referral is, therefore, preferable, even in questionable cases of craniosynostosis.

There are many accepted surgical options for craniosynostosis that are influenced by which suture(s) are involved, the clinical indication, the experience and expertise of the craniofacial surgical team, and, most importantly, the timing of the operation. It is not the intent of this review to recommend any particular operative technique because they all have their merits.

Surgical techniques may include endoscopic suturectomy with helmet therapy, spring-assisted cranioplasty, and subtotal and complete calvarial vault remodeling. Advantages of endoscopic suturectomy include smaller incisions and less operative time and blood loss, but correction should be performed early (during the first few months of life) and followed by up to 12 months of postoperative molding helmet therapy (23 hours a day) to achieve correction comparable to open techniques. Spring-assisted cranioplasty is another surgical adjunct that can be used, in which spring-loaded devices are inserted temporarily to help distract the freed bones.

The advantages of open operative correction include more immediate and complete correction, without the need for extended molding helmet therapy. Disadvantages include a larger incision, longer operative times, greater intraoperative blood loss, and, for coronal and metopic synostosis, the need to remodel the superior orbital rim (which generally requires that the surgery be performed after the infant has reached 6 months of age so the orbital rim is thick enough to hold the surgical screws). A variety of open techniques exist, but surgical timing is important. Open sagittal synostosis repairs are performed much earlier (ideally between 2 and 6 months of age) than are metopic or coronal synostosis. Sagittal synostosis repair includes a midline or paramedian (so-called ) craniectomy coupled with a variable degree of posterior (parietal and occipital) vault reconstruction with barrel stave osteotomies. Later surgery (generally beyond 68 months of age) may require a more extensive total calvarial vault remodeling. Lambdoid suture repair is also, generally, performed early. In contrast, for open coronal or metopic synostosis, in which both cranial and orbital reconstruction are performed, later surgical correction, usually between 6 and 10 months, is preferred so that the orbital rim is thick enough to hold the surgical constructs used to advance and remodel the bone. All open surgical approaches involve a full release of the fused suture and immediate surgical remodeling of the skull; postoperative helmeting is not routinely used after open repair.

The surgical management of midface hypoplasia deserves special mention because it is a frequent component of syndromic synostosis. Severe midface hypoplasia can lead to airway obstruction that requires an immediate intervention, such as a tracheostomy to secure the airway. Definitive midface correction is usually performed when the child is older (68 years or more) and is usually accomplished by using distraction osteogenesis, in which the midface is surgically separated from the skull base and distraction plates are applied to the maxillary bones. By using distraction screws that are turned by the patient or family on a daily basis, the midface is slowly advanced forward, and bone grows in the intervening gap, much like an Ilizarov procedure accomplishes for long bones.

The most common head shape abnormality is deformational (also called positional or nonsynostotic) plagiocephaly (DP) or brachycephaly (DB). The incidence of DP/DB has been estimated at 20% to 50% in 6-month-old children.74 It is more common (approximately 60% of cases) in male children.75 DP/DB in 80% of cases presents as an acquired postnatal condition that is most commonly noted during the first 4 to 12 postnatal weeks, although 20% of cases appear to be noted at birth, likely attributable to intrauterine forces (relative fetal restraint, such as primiparity, oligohydramnios, multiple gestation, or bicornuate uterus).75 Eighty percent of cases are right sided, and the flattening corresponds to the side to which the infant naturally turns the head; this correlates well with observations made by Volpe76 that normal supine infants look toward the right 80% of the time, toward the left 20%, and almost never look straight up. In addition, 15% to 20% of infants with DP/DB have some degree of neck muscle imbalance or torticollis.75 It is now apparent that DP/DB is not synostotic but rather is caused by persistent pressure on the skull in the supine infant. The incidence increased significantly after the 1992 Back to Sleep campaign, which recommended supine sleep (although the decreased rate of sudden unexpected death in infancy certainly supports the continued endorsement of this strategy).74

It is important to differentiate DP/DB from true coronal or lambdoid craniosynostosis. The majority of cases can be readily identified by the history (as described above) and clinical examination. The infant is examined from the front, back, and, most importantly, top of the head. DP/DB is characterized by occipital flattening: unilaterally in DP (Fig 15) and bilaterally in DB. The ipsilateral ear is deviated anteriorly with respect to the contralateral side (which can be most readily identified by placing a finger in each ear and looking down from above the infants head); the pinna may be rotated outward as well. Finally, there is often some anterior displacement of the ipsilateral forehead. The resulting deformation results in a parallelogram head shape (Fig 15A) in which the entire ipsilateral head appears to have been displaced anteriorly. In contrast, the child with unilateral coronal or lambdoid synostosis will have a trapezoidal-shaped head with ipsilateral flattening of both frontal and occipital calvarium and posterior and inferior deviation of the ipsilateral ear, as discussed above. Patients with DP may have an element of facial scoliosis (Fig 15B). Although the ipsilateral orbit in DP may be slightly misshapen, the Harlequin orbit deformity observed in unicoronal synostosis is not present. Similarly, the bulging retromastoid area in lambdoid synostosis is absent in DP and DB. In DB, the occiput is flattened bilaterally, and the head is, therefore, brachycephalic and widened in the transverse dimension, leading to a round face. However, the absence of turricephaly, orbital retrusion, Harlequin orbit, and exophthalmos differentiate DB from bicoronal synostosis.

Occipital deformational flattening (plagiocephaly and brachycephaly). A, Vertex view of DP shows parallelogram-shaped head with ipsilateral flattening, anterior deviation of the ipsilateral ear, and mildly prominent ipsilateral frontal bossing. B, Frontal view shows the calvarium deviated toward the right but no elevated eyebrow and/or orbit or deviation of the nasal root or tip. Note the upward slanting cranial vault from patients left to right (Gumby deformity). C, Posterior view of DP shows flattened right occiput with parietal boss.

Other abnormalities observed in some cases with DP include an element of facial scoliosis. Some have elevation and shortening of the mandible with a hollow space in the submandibular region, superficially resembling hemifacial microsomia. This variant seems to be more common among those whose DP is present at birth and/or those with torticollis; it is suggested that perhaps the shoulder may lie within this hollow and restrict neck rotation in utero. Another less common variant of DP is what is referred to as the Gumby head shape in which, when viewed from the front, the ipsilateral calvarium is flattened and the vertex slopes upward toward the opposite side (Fig 15B).

A number of centers quantify the severity of DP and DB, both for the initial assessment and at subsequent follow-up visits, by measuring certain anthropometric indices with cranial calipers. The severity of DP is described by using the cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI), which describes the difference between the longest and shortest head axes along the diagonal when viewed from above (Fig 16). In general, a CVAI of >3.5 is consistent with DP.74 The severity of DB is described by using the cranial index (CI), which measures the ratio of head width to head length when viewed from above. A CI of 85% is consistent with brachycephaly.77

Diagram showing the calculation of the (A) CVAI and (B) CI. See text for definitions.

The differential diagnosis of DP includes unilateral coronal and unilateral lambdoid craniosynostosis, both described above. In most cases, the diagnosis of DP or DB is readily apparent on clinical examination, and adjunctive imaging such as plain radiographis or CT scans is unnecessary and would expose the child to ionizing radiation. The use of imaging should be reserved for equivocal cases. Plain radiographs are usually difficult to interpret, except in cases of DB in which the occipital flattening is evident on lateral films. Partial nonvisualization or focal areas of calcification adjacent to the lambdoid suture may be identified on plain radiographs and CT scans but should not be interpreted as lambdoid synostosis. Axial CT scans readily differentiate DP and DB from coronal synostosis, demonstrating the parallelogram head shape, open coronal sutures, and normally formed anterior skull base with normal sphenoid wing and absent Harlequin orbit.

It is not our intent with this report to discuss treatment options for DP and DB. However, the parents of infants with DP or DB should be reassured that since the infant does not have craniosynostosis, surgery is not indicated; they should be counseled that DP and DB are solely aesthetic conditions, with no credible medical evidence suggesting that DP and DB affect brain development or cause any other medical condition. The head shape often improves as the child gains developmental milestones and lies less frequently on the flattened side.74 Supervised tummy time as well as varying head positions while holding the child can help; alternating head positions for sleep can be attempted, but, to reduce the incidence of sudden unexplained death in infancy, it should be emphasized that the infant should sleep alone, on his or her back, and in a crib (the ABCs of safe sleep). A recent study noted a correlation (not necessarily causal) between DP and poorer cognitive outcomes78; children with DP should, therefore, be monitored for possible developmental delays. The child with muscular neck imbalance or torticollis may be referred to physical therapy to teach the parents stretching and muscle strengthening exercises to reduce the tension of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and improve the strength of contralateral muscles. Use of a molding helmet may be considered for the infant with a moderate or severe deformity but is not required; a detailed evidence-based review of DP and DB treatment options can be found in a recent publication by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons and is endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics.7984

Two other common referrals to craniofacial clinics are concerns about early closure of the anterior fontanelle and microcephaly. Although the anterior fontanelle most commonly closes at approximately 12 months of age, there is a wide variation in the timing of fontanelle closure, with the fontanelle closing between 4 and 26 months.85 Moreover, it is important to note that closure of the fontanelle does not mean that the sutures are closed, nor does it mean that further calvarial growth is not possible. Rather, closure of the fontanelle simply reflects the apposition of the 2 frontal and 2 parietal bones in such a manner that a gap cannot be palpated, although sutures are still present. In fact, even after normal fontanelle closure, significant head growth continues throughout childhood. As long as appropriate head growth is occurring along the normal head growth curve and the head shape is normal, there should not be concern for craniosynostosis. However, other medical conditions can be associated with premature fontanelle closure, including hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hypophosphatasia, and rickets.

Microcephaly is defined as a head circumference below the fifth percentile for age. There are numerous causes for microcephaly, some of which are listed in Table 3. Primary microcephaly may be genetic; multiple pathogenic variants with both autosomal-dominant and recessive inheritance patterns have been described. Other conditions are usually identified by history, physical examination, and/or neuroimaging. Important considerations include a family history of microcephaly, the presence or absence of developmental delays or cognitive impairment, and a past history of pre- or postnatal brain injury. Infants with normal developmental milestones, no past history of brain injury, and a normal head shape most often have constitutional microcephaly. Single-suture craniosynostosis virtually never causes significant microcephaly, although multisutural synostosis can. Craniosynostosis is rarely a cause of microcephaly in infants whose head circumferences, although low, are running parallel to the normal curve and who have both a normal head shape and no family history of craniosynostosis.86

Conditions Causing Microcephaly

Single-suture craniosynostosis produces consistent head shape abnormalities that should be readily identifiable by the pediatric health care provider. Sagittal synostosis produces an elongated head (scaphocephaly), and metopic synostosis produces a triangular-shaped forehead (sometimes with hypotelorism). Unilateral coronal and lambdoid synostosis as well as occipital DP all produce an asymmetric head shape (plagiocephaly) but are readily differentiated by the shape of the head (parallelogram versus trapezoid or rhombus), the position of the ears (anterior or posterior), and secondary features such as nasal deviation, orbital asymmetry, or bulging of the retromastoid region. Bilateral coronal and lambdoid synostosis produce a short head (brachycephaly) and are differentiated by the presence or absence of associated midface hypoplasia or bilateral retromastoid bulging.

DP and DB are the most common head shape abnormalities encountered by primary care physicians; they are readily identified by conducting a history and clinical examination and do not usually require adjunctive imaging. Early detection and positional changes (with physical therapy for those with torticollis) suffice for most infants; referral at 5 to 6 months of age is considered for helmet therapy for those who have moderate or severe deformities that have not responded to treatment.87

Because both single-suture craniosynostosis and DP/DB can usually be diagnosed on clinical examination, routine imaging for the initial evaluation of infant head shape is not recommended to avoid exposing the child to unnecessary radiation. Instead, timely referral of infants with craniosynostosis and those with moderate or severe DP/DB to an experienced craniofacial team (including both a pediatric neurosurgeon and craniofacial surgeon) will allow sufficient time for the team to help the family cope with the diagnosis, obtain any necessary imaging for surgical planning, discuss treatment options, and plan a timely correction.

Anticipatory guidance for parents of children with craniosynostosis should include monitoring for symptoms of elevated ICP or developmental delays, especially for those with multisutural synostosis, and a discussion about the importance of early and timely referral to specialists. Parents of children with DP or DB should be encouraged to initiate positional changes early and, for those with torticollis, should be taught neck stretching exercises and/or referred to a physical therapist. For those with moderate or severe deformities, consider a referral to craniofacial specialists to discuss molding helmets.

Children with craniosynostosis most commonly present with stereotypically shaped heads, each associated with particular sutural fusions:

long (scaphocephaly: sagittal);

short (brachycephaly: bicoronal or bilambdoid);

anteriorly pointed (trigonocephaly: metopic); and

asymmetric (plagiocephaly: unilateral coronal or lambdoid).

DP and DB are the most common head shape abnormalities, recognized by their parallelogram-shaped head, lack of retroauricular bulge, and, in 80%, absence of deformation at birth.

Syndromic craniosynostosis most commonly manifests with bicoronal synostosis, midface hypoplasia, and shallow orbits with exorbitism and strabismus.

Surgery is often performed within the first 8 to 10 weeks for sagittal synostosis repairs, endoscopic procedures, and raised ICP. Orbitofrontal advancements for coronal and metopic synostosis are most often performed between 6 and 10 months.

Early referrals to craniofacial teams are encouraged to allow early identification and repair.

Mark S. Dias, MD, FAAP, FAANS

Thomas Samson, MD, FAAP

Elias B. Rizk, MD, FAAP, FAANS

Lance S. Governale, MD, FAAP, FAANS

Joan T. Richtsmeier, PhD

Philip R. Aldana, MD, FAAP, Chairperson

Douglas L. Brockmeyer, MD, FAAP

Andrew H. Jea, MD, FAAP

John Ragheb, MDGregory W. Albert, MD, MPH, FAAP

Sandi K. Lam, MD, MBA, FAAP, FACS

Ann-Christine Duhaime, MD, FAANS

Jennifer Lynn Rhodes, MD, FAAP, FACS, Chairperson

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Identifying the Misshapen Head: Craniosynostosis and Related Disorders - American Academy of Pediatrics

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The National Science Foundation has awarded Northern Arizona University a four-year, $1.5 million grant to examine survival strategies that natural systems might use to respond to the combined effects of environmental change and invasive species. The research effort is a collaboration among investigators at NAU, the Desert Botanical Garden and Arizona State University.

Owing to record increases in temperature and invasive species disturbance in Arizona and throughout the American Southwest, there is a pressing need to understand whether and how plants will be able to adapt to rapidly changing conditions owing to climate change.

Our overarching goal is to develop solutions to these threats using Fremont cottonwood, a foundation species that is recognized as being critically important for biodiversity conservation, said the projects principal investigator, Gery Allan, a professor of biological science and the Laboratory of Environmental Genetics and Genomics, and a member of the Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes (CAWL).

Our findings could serve as a model for adaptive management of arid regions around the world, including the familiar ribbon of green that accompanies rivers and streams in the western United States, Allan said.

This project will use a combination of experimental gardens composed of thousands of Fremont cottonwood trees and the National Ecological Observatory Networks (NEON) airborne remote sensing technology. The research team will examine the capacity these trees have to tolerate heat stress, drought and habitat disturbance caused by salt cedar, also known as tamarisk. Salt cedar is an invasive species that is a serious threat to riparian ecosystems in the Southwest.

Using NEONs airborne remote-sensing capabilities will allow us to scale measurements taken from greenhouse and common gardens to large parts of the Southwest, said Chris Doughty, one of the projects co-principal investigators and assistant professor of ecological and environmental informatics.

The team will build on techniques developed by project co-PI Greg Asner at Arizona State Universitys Asner Lab to critically evaluate the genetic responses of cottonwoods to environmental changes that occur across the species distribution.

Specifically, this study will determine if genetic differences among cottonwoods from warm to cool regions result in differing adaptive responses to a changing environment. For example, the research team will examine differing strategies cottonwoods use for regulating leaf temperature and carbon balance as an adaptive response to heat stress.

The research team also will investigate the ability of cottonwoods to produce naturally occurring hybrids that are better adapted to emerging conditions and the use of beneficial soil fungi to promote cottonwood survival in tamarisk-altered soils. The Desert Botanic Garden will develop the projects public outreach program, led by Kevin Hultine, one of the projects co-principal investigators.

This research is an outgrowth of three decades of work by NAU researchers in the field of community and ecosystem genetics using Fremont cottonwood trees. Cottonwoods support thousands of insects, birds and mammals, making their survival essential across the West, said Thomas Whitham, Regents professor of biological science, a co-principal investigator for this project and a CAWL member. I am very proud to be part of a research effort that offers potential solutions to climate change in Arizona and beyond for this critical species. I am equally proud that our research group is inclusive, creating opportunities for young female scientists like postdoctoral scholar Hillary Cooper and doctoral student Jaclyn Motyka Corbin, both part of the research team who contributed to the grants development.

CAWL was established as NAUs newest research center on May 5. CAWL seeks to promote robust scientific research to enhance sustainable management of ecological populations, communities and landscapes and to develop solutions to ecological problems across the American Southwest and Colorado Plateau.

Catherine Gehring, professor of biological science and co-director of CAWL, is also a co-PI on the project.

Lara M. SchmitCenter for Adaptable Western Landscapes

Continued here:
NAU awarded $1.5 million grant to examine how natural systems might adapt to increasing temperatures and invasive species - NAU News

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Aaron Guzikowski: Ive been into science fiction for all my life, basically. My father got me into it, so its always been an obsession of mineand often just the way in terms of how I think about the world and try to think through these science fiction scenarios and try to understand the present day a little bit better. But I also have three young sons and, you know, just thinking about them and the encroachment of technology and what the future might bring: if should they ever be given the opportunity to start a new civilization, start from scratch, but they know what happened on Earth, you have all of that informationmaking that decision [of] what are you gonna take with you and what are you gonna try and leave behind? Is that even something were able to do, or are we so genetically programmed as human beings to keep falling back into these cycles? Is there some rut that we cant get out of, or is this something that we can free ourselves from and find some renewed sense of purpose?

I think a lot of sci-fi is asking exactly that right now. Ridley, how did you get involved?

Sir Ridley Scott: The script was fantastic. I was going to come in as a producer with my company [Scott Free Productions], but I was blown away by honestly the first three episodes, and I felt I didnt want to let this get away. I wanted to be involved in the casting of the characters, how it looksvery importantbecause with such a great script, you dont want it to go off the rails and become a bit more normal or the usual suspects. Really, the inspiration was the material.

Aarons spec script inspired some visual interpretations from you, which led to further shaping the series. Can you describe your collaboration?

Sir Ridley Scott: I read visuallythats the way my mind worksso when Im reading Im getting You know, the most visual medium in the world is radio, because your brain is gonna be better than any screen. And on a screen you are already focused on that and your brain is processing that, but its not thinking. I come from the generation just out of the war, [and] my mothers favorite thing to do was to sit on a Thursday night and listen to a radio show called Inner Sanctum. But she was so afraid to listen to the radio [alone], shed make my brother and I sit with her to accompany her. It would begin with a creaking door and footsteps, and a deep voice would say, Good evening friends, this is [your host Raymond Edward Johnson], the story for this evening is and hed go into a new story, and wed all be scared to death after the next hour.

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Raised by Wolves: Ridley Scott and Aaron Guzikowski Talk Parenting on a New Planet - Den of Geek

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Best listening experience is on Chrome, Firefox or Safari. Subscribe to Federal Drives daily audio interviews onApple PodcastsorPodcastOne.

Some old pieces of the nations critical infrastructure are too difficult or expensive to replace, but they can be preserved and improved. Thats the tact the Energy Department is taking in a program called Rapid Encapsulation of Pipelines Avoiding Intensive Replacement, or REPAIR program. Its out of the Energy Departments Advanced Research Projects Agency. ARPA-Es REPAIR Program Director Jack Lewnard joined Federal Drive with Tom Teminfor the details.

Tom Temin: Dr. Lewnard, good to have you on.

Jack Lewnard:Thanks, Tom. Glad to be here.

Tom Temin:Well, tell us about first of all, what the process that youre looking to establish here, rapid encapsulation of pipelines. What is that?

Jack Lewnard:Yeah, its a good question. The nations natural gas distribution infrastructure is about 2 million miles of pipes. And some of these pipes are quite old, some of them over 100 years old. Replacing those pipes is a challenge. The main cost is actually the cost of disruption and excavation. So our goal is to offer an alternative. Instead of excavating the old pipes, we want to go in and essentially rehabilitate those pipes in place using robotic tools. And that way we can avoid the entire cost of excavation. And the disruptions associated with that.

Tom Temin:And when you mentioned 2 million miles of pipe then, that sounds like its not just the transport interstate of natural gas, but also each line to every dwelling and every down city streets also?

Jack Lewnard:Thats correct. And repair is really directed at those ladder lines, the so-called distribution system. This is the low pressure system that connects to 75 million meters, residential customers, commercial accounts. And thats where we find these legacy pipes. Were particularly concerned with the older cast iron pipes. Those were installed between about 1850 and about 1930. And then after that, when they started putting in, what at that time were modern steel pipes, those steel pipes at that time were not cathodically protected. In other words, they werent protected against corrosion. And those pipes were installed between about 1930 and maybe about 1970. So I want to emphasize this is a small fraction of the nations total distribution system, maybe only about 3% of the pipes. But they account for a majority of the leaks and PHMSA, and the state regulators have long sought to replace those pipes. And the utilities are actively working to do it but we need a lower cost method, because a $1 million to $10 million a mile its really just too expensive to replace them all at once.

Tom Temin:Sure. And when something does go wrong, thats the occasional house blowing right off the foundation, right?

Jack Lewnard:Well, thats the most dramatic situation. But generally, what you have are a lot of chronic leaks and those chronic leaks, in aggregate have a negative impact on both the environment and theres a certain cost associated with that. And so what you really have is a kind of a low-level ongoing maintenance problem. And it would be a lot better if there were a cheaper, more cost-effective and faster way to repair those pipes than to excavate. Thats so disruptive, its so expensive it ultimately becomes quite a burden for the utility customers to bear those costs.

Tom Temin:And give us a little detail on how you envision this working because the pipes are in dirt. And so somehow the robots have to get the dirt away and put something around the pipe like fiberglass or what, epoxy or something?

Jack Lewnard:Yeah, so the trick here is to avoid doing as much excavation as possible. So its very well known in the gas utility industry to do a minor excavation to access a pipe, and then you can do whats called hot tapping or cut a hole into the pipe. And from there, you can insert a robotic tool and this is commonly done with inspection tools, and they will literally crawl around inside the pipe with cameras and other instruments and gather information from inside the network. What wed like to do is extend that and now put in robotic tools that can essentially put a coating on the inside of the pipe. And that coating is intended to be a structural coating, and provide sufficient mechanical support that the pipe can now be rehabilitated with a life extension of up to 50 years.

Tom Temin:Got it. Were speaking with Dr. Jack Lewnard. Hes program director of the repair program at the Advanced Research Projects Agency at the Energy Department (ARPA-E). And the $33 million, its coming through ARPA-E and not through some regular Energy Department-type of program. So it sounds experimental. And so are you trying this with certain locations to see if it can be proven out? And how will the locations be decided?

Jack Lewnard:Oh, so we are actually starting a little bit more basic level. Were going to start essentially in the lab. Weve awarded 10 teams and they have a diverse set of approaches. We have two teams that are looking at straight up polymer coatings. We have two teams that are looking at polymer fiber composite coating, similar to what you see in a Boeing 777 jet very strong because of the added fibers in there. And then we have two teams that are looking at cold spray metal. This is metal that would be essentially fine powders that are impacted onto the surface and adhered. And one team thats actually looking at sintered metal for the inside of the pipes. And so what theyre going to do is spend the first roughly year or so demonstrating proof of concept that they can actually make their techniques work in this highly constrained geometry inside of a pipe. Theyve got to get in there, theyve got to show that they can, you know, create this deposition on the inside walls, and then cure or otherwise perfect that, that coding, and then in the second and third year, therell be further developed that with the idea that well then finally have a demonstration in a test piece of pipe. I have to emphasize this is a very novel approach. The coatings that were looking at dont exist, the robotic tools dont exist. So theres a lot of new stuff here. But thats classic ARPA-E, you know: High impact but high risk.

Tom Temin:And these teams are academic or are they industrial? Or who are some of the recipients?

Jack Lewnard:Yeah, we actually got a very broad response. We have national labs participating. We have five universities who are primes but even those universities are generally working with private companies and national labs. And then we we have three small companies who have also, are getting awards.

Tom Temin:And just a detail question: These pipes are what a couple of inches across in diameter?

Jack Lewnard:Well, the distribution system ranges in size from some of the older pipes that were put in back in the 1800s. Some of those pipes can be 48 inches, basically four feet in diameter, some even a few larger than that. The majority of the pipes are in the 12-inch to 2-inch diameter. And for repair for this early stage were targeting pipes that are 10 inches and above, just to allow some flexibility for the technology developers to have some space. I would be ideal to ultimately have robotic tools that could go down into 4-inch-and-below-size pipes. But just to keep the problem tractable at this point, were targeting 10-inch and above pipes.

Tom Temin:Right so this wont be able to transfer to, say, heart surgery anytime soon. But my other question was not the you mentioned the pipes are often corroded or, you know, in some ways deteriorated. Will the grantees be using pieces of deteriorated pipe? Because you have to know that itll transfer from say brand new steel to steel thats been in there for 40, 50 years.

Jack Lewnard:You and theres actually two types of pipes I want to emphasize. The first type is cast iron. So, you know, cast iron pots, I think people have a vision of kind of a very rough surface. These were the pipes, state of the art of the 1860s to about 1930. And cast iron is still used in water pipes, but not in gas pipes anymore. So thats one type of pipe that we have to be concerned with. The cast iron pipes generally are fairly thick, but they do have a very rough surface. And then the other is the so-called bare steel pipes, which are older steel pipes, you know, produced by techniques that arent used today. Those will generally be fairly clean and smooth on the inside. The corrosion is really on the outside of those pipes. But in both cases, were looking for techniques that can work with with each one of these materials. And they do have different surface properties.

Tom Temin:Got it. I guess corrosion on the outside, you can pretty much bet will eventually make its way inside.

Jack Lewnard:Thats correct. And that is one of the challenges. And then of course, that leads to leaks. So one of the things we want to do is make sure that the coatings that we impart on the inside of the pipe are fully mechanically able to carry the loads of that pipe. Because we assume that over the next 50 years, that outer pipe skin, if you will, will continue to deteriorate. So one of the goals of repair is that the pipe coating that we put in, be able to act as essentially a brand new pipe inside of the old pipe. And we assume that that old pipe just deteriorates away and is no longer providing any kind of mechanical integrity to the pipe system.

Tom Temin:Almost like a snake shedding its skin?

Jack Lewnard:Thats exactly right.

Tom Temin:Dr. Jack Lewnard is program director of the Repair Program at the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy, ARPA-E. Thanks so much for joining me.

Jack Lewnard:I very much appreciate your interest in the program.

Tom Temin:Well post this interview at http://www.FederalNewsNetwork.com/FederalDrive. Hear the Federal Drive on demand. Subscribe at Apple Podcasts or Podcastone.

See the rest here:
Energy Dept. looks to save what critical infrastructure parts that it can - Federal News Network

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Everything weve ever created has been accomplished on the shoulders of others. Its how people achieve progress. Our platform turns this into the simplest idea iteration process.

MARIBOR, Slovenia (PRWEB) September 01, 2020

Brainstorming.com has launched a new collaborative ideation platform intended to help people share and upgrade each others ideas. The company believes that each of us has strengths and weaknesses. combined however, there is synergy and there is great intellectual power. The platforms goal is to bring together communities of creative individuals and help focus their collective intelligence on specific problems.

The launch of the platform is a natural evolution as the company aims to advance the frontiers of science and make our technologies catch up with our ambitions.

Companys founder, Darko Savic, explained that the platform matches people by field of interest rather than expertise, helps them bridge the different paradigms, and keeps the destructive human behaviors like trolling, bullying, posting nonsense, at bay. Different minds look at problems from different perspectives. What may be obvious to one person, can spark a revelation in another brain that is wired just a little differently. The focus is on having the thought process move from mini-breakthrough to breakthrough. This should result in productive collaboration between people who tolerate each others shortcomings and build upon each others ideas.

He further elaborates that everything humanity has ever created has been accomplished on the shoulders of others. Its how people achieve progress. The brainstorming platform turns this into a focused idea iteration process.

Just as YouTube is a general-purpose video sharing platform, Brainstorming.com hopes to be a general-purpose brainstorming platform where people share and upgrade each others ideas. Within the sea of random videos, there are some concerted efforts to do good for the world. A YouTube example of such an effort is the Team Trees campaign where people came together to combat climate change. Analogous to this, is how Brainstormings Longevity team intends to use the Brainstorming platform to advance ideas in the field of human life extension.

Initially, they are starting with a narrow focus audience interested in the science of biological longevity. They expect that with time, as the user base grows, the topics would organically diversify and encompass whatever people want to brainstorm about. They plan on establishing dedicated focus teams for each of the humanity impacting fields like artificial intelligence, climate preservation, bio-engineering, space travel, entrepreneurship and others.

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Brainstorming.com Launches a New Collaborative Idea Building Platform - PR Web

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The global Melatonin market focuses on encompassing major statistical evidence for the Melatonin industry as it offers our readers a value addition on guiding them in encountering the obstacles surrounding the market. A comprehensive addition of several factors such as global distribution, manufacturers, market size, and market factors that affect the global contributions are reported in the study. In addition the Melatonin study also shifts its attention with an in-depth competitive landscape, defined growth opportunities, market share coupled with product type and applications, key companies responsible for the production, and utilized strategies are also marked.

This intelligence and 2026 forecasts Melatonin industry report further exhibits a pattern of analyzing previous data sources gathered from reliable sources and sets a precedented growth trajectory for the Melatonin market. The report also focuses on a comprehensive market revenue streams along with growth patterns, analytics focused on market trends, and the overall volume of the market.

Moreover, the Melatonin report describes the market division based on various parameters and attributes that are based on geographical distribution, product types, applications, etc. The market segmentation clarifies further regional distribution for the Melatonin market, business trends, potential revenue sources, and upcoming market opportunities.

Download PDF Sample of Melatonin Market report @ https://hongchunresearch.com/request-a-sample/72400

Key players in the global Melatonin market covered in Chapter 4:, Optimum Nutrition, Carlson Labs, 21st Century HealthCare, Inc., Pfizer, Natrol, BioTech Pharmacal, Life Extension, Natures Bounty, Douglas Labs, GNC, Jarrow Formulas, Bluebonnet Nutrition Corporation, Natures Bounty, KAL

In Chapter 11 and 13.3, on the basis of types, the Melatonin market from 2015 to 2026 is primarily split into:, Pharmaceutical Grade, Food Grade

In Chapter 12 and 13.4, on the basis of applications, the Melatonin market from 2015 to 2026 covers:, Dietary Supplements, Medical, Others

Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, historic and forecast (2015-2026) of the following regions are covered in Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13:, North America (Covered in Chapter 6 and 13), United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe (Covered in Chapter 7 and 13), Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Others, Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 8 and 13), China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, India, Southeast Asia, Others, Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 9 and 13), Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Others, South America (Covered in Chapter 10 and 13), Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Others

The Melatonin market study further highlights the segmentation of the Melatonin industry on a global distribution. The report focuses on regions of North America, Europe, Asia, and the Rest of the World in terms of developing business trends, preferred market channels, investment feasibility, long term investments, and environmental analysis. The Melatonin report also calls attention to investigate product capacity, product price, profit streams, supply to demand ratio, production and market growth rate, and a projected growth forecast.

In addition, the Melatonin market study also covers several factors such as market status, key market trends, growth forecast, and growth opportunities. Furthermore, we analyze the challenges faced by the Melatonin market in terms of global and regional basis. The study also encompasses a number of opportunities and emerging trends which are considered by considering their impact on the global scale in acquiring a majority of the market share.

The study encompasses a variety of analytical resources such as SWOT analysis and Porters Five Forces analysis coupled with primary and secondary research methodologies. It covers all the bases surrounding the Melatonin industry as it explores the competitive nature of the market complete with a regional analysis.

Brief about Melatonin Market Report with [emailprotected] https://hongchunresearch.com/report/melatonin-market-2020-72400

Some Point of Table of Content:

Chapter One: Report Overview

Chapter Two: Global Market Growth Trends

Chapter Three: Value Chain of Melatonin Market

Chapter Four: Players Profiles

Chapter Five: Global Melatonin Market Analysis by Regions

Chapter Six: North America Melatonin Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter Seven: Europe Melatonin Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter Eight: Asia-Pacific Melatonin Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter Nine: Middle East and Africa Melatonin Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter Ten: South America Melatonin Market Analysis by Countries

Chapter Eleven: Global Melatonin Market Segment by Types

Chapter Twelve: Global Melatonin Market Segment by Applications12.1 Global Melatonin Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)12.1.1 Global Melatonin Sales and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)12.1.2 Global Melatonin Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)12.2 Dietary Supplements Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)12.3 Medical Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)12.4 Others Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Chapter Thirteen: Melatonin Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2026) continued

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List of tablesList of Tables and FiguresTable Global Melatonin Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2020-2026)Figure Global Melatonin Market Share by Type in 2019 & 2026Figure Pharmaceutical Grade FeaturesFigure Food Grade FeaturesTable Global Melatonin Market Size Growth by Application (2020-2026)Figure Global Melatonin Market Share by Application in 2019 & 2026Figure Dietary Supplements DescriptionFigure Medical DescriptionFigure Others DescriptionFigure Global COVID-19 Status OverviewTable Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Melatonin Industry DevelopmentTable SWOT AnalysisFigure Porters Five Forces AnalysisFigure Global Melatonin Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2026Table Industry NewsTable Industry PoliciesFigure Value Chain Status of MelatoninFigure Production Process of MelatoninFigure Manufacturing Cost Structure of MelatoninFigure Major Company Analysis (by Business Distribution Base, by Product Type)Table Downstream Major Customer Analysis (by Region)Table Optimum Nutrition ProfileTable Optimum Nutrition Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table Carlson Labs ProfileTable Carlson Labs Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table 21st Century HealthCare, Inc. ProfileTable 21st Century HealthCare, Inc. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table Pfizer ProfileTable Pfizer Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table Natrol ProfileTable Natrol Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table BioTech Pharmacal ProfileTable BioTech Pharmacal Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table Life Extension ProfileTable Life Extension Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table Natures Bounty ProfileTable Natures Bounty Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table Douglas Labs ProfileTable Douglas Labs Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table GNC ProfileTable GNC Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table Jarrow Formulas ProfileTable Jarrow Formulas Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table Bluebonnet Nutrition Corporation ProfileTable Bluebonnet Nutrition Corporation Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table Natures Bounty ProfileTable Natures Bounty Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Table KAL ProfileTable KAL Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020Figure Global Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Global Melatonin Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020)Table Global Melatonin Sales by Regions (2015-2020)Table Global Melatonin Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)Table Global Melatonin Revenue ($) by Regions (2015-2020)Table Global Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)Table Global Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2015Table Global Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019Figure North America Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Europe Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Asia-Pacific Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Middle East and Africa Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure South America Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure North America Melatonin Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020)Table North America Melatonin Sales by Countries (2015-2020)Table North America Melatonin Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)Figure North America Melatonin Sales Market Share by Countries in 2015Figure North America Melatonin Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019Table North America Melatonin Revenue ($) by Countries (2015-2020)Table North America Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)Figure North America Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2015Figure North America Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019Figure United States Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Canada Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Mexico Melatonin Sales and Growth (2015-2020)Figure Europe Melatonin Revenue ($) Growth (2015-2020)Table Europe Melatonin Sales by Countries (2015-2020)Table Europe Melatonin Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)Figure Europe Melatonin Sales Market Share by Countries in 2015Figure Europe Melatonin Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019Table Europe Melatonin Revenue ($) by Countries (2015-2020)Table Europe Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)Figure Europe Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2015Figure Europe Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019Figure Germany Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure UK Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure France Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Italy Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Spain Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Russia Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Asia-Pacific Melatonin Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020)Table Asia-Pacific Melatonin Sales by Countries (2015-2020)Table Asia-Pacific Melatonin Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)Figure Asia-Pacific Melatonin Sales Market Share by Countries in 2015Figure Asia-Pacific Melatonin Sales Market Share by Countries in 2019Table Asia-Pacific Melatonin Revenue ($) by Countries (2015-2020)Table Asia-Pacific Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)Figure Asia-Pacific Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2015Figure Asia-Pacific Melatonin Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2019Figure China Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Japan Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure South Korea Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Australia Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure India Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Southeast Asia Melatonin Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)Figure Middle East and Africa Melatonin Revenue ($) and Growth (2015-2020) continued

About HongChun Research:HongChun Research main aim is to assist our clients in order to give a detailed perspective on the current market trends and build long-lasting connections with our clientele. Our studies are designed to provide solid quantitative facts combined with strategic industrial insights that are acquired from proprietary sources and an in-house model.

Contact Details:Jennifer GrayManager Global Sales+ 852 8170 0792[emailprotected]

NOTE: Our report does take into account the impact of coronavirus pandemic and dedicates qualitative as well as quantitative sections of information within the report that emphasizes the impact of COVID-19.

As this pandemic is ongoing and leading to dynamic shifts in stocks and businesses worldwide, we take into account the current condition and forecast the market data taking into consideration the micro and macroeconomic factors that will be affected by the pandemic.

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Analyzing Impacts Of COVID-19 On Melatonin Market Effects, Aftermath And Forecast To 2026 - Scientect

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Transparency Market Research (TMR) has published a new report titled, Genetic Testing Services Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 20192027.According to the report, the global Genetic Testing Services market was valued at US$ 41.2 Bn in 2018 and is projected to expand at a CAGR of 7.3% from 2019 to 2027.

Overview

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New Born Screening Segment to Dominate Global Genetic Testing Services Market

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Oncology Segment Hold a Major Share of Global Genetic Testing Services Market

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Hospitals based laboratories Segment to Dominate Global Genetic Testing Services Market

North America to Dominate Global Genetic Testing Services Market

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Competitive Landscape

The global genetic testing services market is consolidated in terms of number of players. Key players in the global Genetic Testing Services market include Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, Genomic Health, Inc., NeoGenomics Laboratories, Inc, Eurofins Scientific, Ambry Genetics, Illumina, Inc, 23andMe, Inc., Exact Sciences, Natera, Invitae, Veracyte, and other prominent players.

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Genetic Testing Services Market: Surge in Adoption of Genetic Testing Services to Boost the Market - BioSpace

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

This article is the secondof a three-part conversation onBRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations. Read the first onehere.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are linked to the development of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and other types of cancer.

Genetic testing and counseling services can determine whether a person carries these mutations and, if they do, how the information could help inform cancer prevention or treatment decisions.

In the second of a three-part conversation, Kara Milliron, a genetic counselor at the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center's Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk Evaluation Clinic, discusses different ways genetic testing can be useful.

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Milliron notes that genetic testing can provide useful information to people who have already been diagnosed with cancer as well as to those who are currently healthy.

Genetic testing can be useful not only to inform the family about potential cancer risks, but it also can drive treatment decisions, she says. And I think that this is a really important point because so many times when individuals are diagnosed with cancer, the first thing that they say to me is, Well, it's a moot point. I already have cancer, why would I undergo genetic testing? The guidelines for offering BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing are for any individual who has a metastatic cancer that falls on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 spectrum.

That would include women and men diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer; women with pelvic cancers including cancer of the ovaries, fallopian tubes or peritoneum; and men and women with metastatic prostate or pancreatic cancer.

And the reason behind that, is that BRCA1- and BRCA2-related cancers tend to respond to medications called PARP inhibitors, Milliron says. So, the information we learn from genetic testing can potentially help identify drugs that their cancer is more likely to respond to.

Additionally, she says, if a patients cancer hasnt spread and become metastatic, testing may still help doctors tailor a cancer screening plan for the patient.

Also, if we test someone who has a cancer diagnosis and we find a mutation in a gene, we can then test other family members specifically for that gene mutation and we can say very conclusively yes or no, who is at risk, Milliron adds. So, that's another reason to start with someone who has a cancer diagnosis because if we find something, we can then do what we call cascade testing, which is test to see if other family members carry that specific gene mutation.

Identifying family members who dont carry a mutation is as important and finding those who do, she says.

We can identify the people who are not at increased risk and we can save them from all of that additional screening, and so that is also a big public health win and helps reduce health care spending, Milliron says.

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BRCA1 and BRCA2 Gene Mutations: I Know I Have Cancer, What Good is Testing? - University of Michigan Health System News

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

DETROIT, Sept. 1, 2020 /PRNewswire-PRWeb/ --Breast and ovarian cancers are common diseases that affect many women. According to the Centers of Disease Control (CDC), About 3% of breast cancers (about 7,500 women per year) and 10% of ovarian cancers (about 2,000 women per year) result from inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Both genes are detectable in the Women's Excellence Genetic Testing Program.

Dr. Jonathan Zaidan, MD, FACOG, President of Women's Excellence recommends genetic testing for all women, especially women with family members who have been diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer. "Knowing your family cancer history and genetic make-up may help prevent cancer or detect it at an earlier stage," says Zaidan. "If your family has a strong history of ovarian or breast cancer, it is likely that you could carry the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation."

To be eligible for genetic testing, patients need to identify their hereditary cancer risk. Women's Excellence offers a quick risk assessment survey at https://www.womensexcellence.com/risk-assessment/. Once the assessment has been completed, Women's Excellence will contact you within 72 hours to schedule your genetic test or an overall cancer prevention visit within.

To schedule an in-office appointment or a telemedicine consultation, visit http://www.WomensExcellence.com. Online Patient Support Specialists are available Monday through Friday from 8am-5pm to assist new, current, and prospective patients. The chat is located at the bottom right corner of your computer or mobile device screen at http://www.WomensExcellence.com. During offline hours, all chats sent will be messaged directly to a Women's Excellence team member. Offline messages will receive a response within 24 hours. Messages received during the weekend will be answered the next business week. Appointments can also be made at (248) 693-0543.

About Women's Excellence Women's Excellence is the most comprehensive obstetric and gynecologic office in Michigan. Additionally, they specialize in menopause, weight control, bladder control, endometriosis, robotic surgery, oncology, and midwifery services. Women's Excellence is committed to staying at the forefront of innovation with cutting edge technologies utilizing robotic surgery and minimally invasive surgical options when possible. The knowledgeable, compassionate physicians and healthcare providers of Women's Excellence focus on patient-centered processes to deliver the highest quality of care. They are affiliated with most insurances. They offer seamless medical record access via a state-of-the-art patient portal and use the latest technology for record keeping and sharing, making the patient experience easier and more efficient. Women's Excellence is taking new patients and is conveniently located throughout southeastern Michigan in Clarkston, Lake Orion, Lapeer, Rochester, Royal Oak, and West Bloomfield. Women's Excellence is also a proud partner of Detroit's longstanding radio network, WJR 760AM, providing expert women's health news and information. For more information, visit http://www.WomensExcellence.com.

SOURCE Women's Excellence in Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Women's Excellence Offers In-Office Genetic Testing and Evaluation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes for Breast and Ovarian Cancers - Benzinga

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The Genetic Testing Market report 2020 provides comprehensive analysis of Genetic Testing industry by types, applications, regions. It shows Genetic Testing market 2020-2024 by production, consumption, supply, gross margin, revenue of key players in the industry. Additionally, Genetic Testing market report covers market size, share, and growth rate of industry with respect to regions.

Genetic Testing market includes following leading manufacturers on the basis of sales, revenue, price, and gross margin.

Genetic Testing market report presents in-depth analysis regarding the development, current trends, industry policies, and regulations implemented in each of the geographical regions. It includes analysis of upstream raw materials, downstream demand, and current market dynamics. Furthermore, the Genetic Testing market report provides an in-depth insight into Genetic Testing industry during 2020-2024.

Scope of the Report:

This report includes an in-depth study of the genetic testing market. A genetic test is a test performed to identify the presence of a particular gene/s with a particular sequence of the genome. The gene/s can be identified either directly through sequencing or indirectly through various methods. Genetic testing practices are rapidly increasing in rare disease diagnostics and for personalized medicines, which in turn, is fueling the growth of this market.<

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Key Market Trends:

Molecular Testing Segment is Expected to Exhibit Fastest Growth Rate over the Forecast Period

Molecular genetic testing is the study of single genes or short lengths of DNA, to identify the mutations that lead to a genetic disorder. Molecular genetic testing can be used to diagnose many of the genetic disorders, but this type of technology may not be appropriate for diagnosis of all the genetic conditions. For example, molecular genetic testing is available for diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease. The initial diagnosis of these disorders usually is established by other methods. Therefore, molecular genetic testing is subject to limitations that must be recognized when ordering such testing.

The molecular testing market is growing at a good pace. Currently, most of the molecular tests involve either PCR or FISH. In addition, the microarray technology has made it possible to evaluate thousands of loci, which is extensively used for expression analysis, targeted to specific cell signaling pathways, and for metabolic pathways for pathological characterization of tumors as well. The advent of next-generation sequencing has also expanded the market studied in various fields, as it has brought a major increase in throughput capacity through automation, which ultimately leads to faster turnaround time and reduction in costs.

North America Captured the Largest Market Share and is Expected to Retain its Dominance

North America currently dominates the market for genetic testing, owing to factors, such as increasing demand for personalized genetic testing services in the region and rise in the prevalence of chronic disorders and genetic disorders. In the United States, two federal agencies have the primary authority to regulate genetic tests: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). In the past, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has also played a role in regulating genetic testing companies who advertised false and misleading claims about their products, but this agency currently plays a more minor role in this space.

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Genetic Testing Market Report Covers the Following Questions:

Detailed TOC of Genetic Testing Market 2020-2024:

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Study Deliverables1.2 Study Assumptions1.3 Scope of the Study

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 MARKET DYNAMICS4.1 Market Overview4.2 Market Drivers4.2.1 Increasing Emphasis on Early Disease Detection and Prevention4.2.2 Growing Demand for Personalized Medicine4.2.3 Increasing Application of Genetic Testing in Oncology4.3 Market Restraints4.3.1 High Costs of Genetic Testing4.3.2 Social and Ethical Implications of Genetic Testing4.4 Industry Attractiveness Porters Five Forces Analysis4.4.1 Threat of New Entrants4.4.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers/Consumers4.4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers4.4.4 Threat of Substitute Products4.4.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry

5 MARKET SEGMENTATION5.1 By Type5.1.1 Carrier Testing5.1.2 Diagnostic Testing5.1.3 Newborn Screening5.1.4 Predictive and Presymptomatic Testing5.1.5 Prenatal Testing5.1.6 Other Types5.2 By Disease5.2.1 Alzheimers Disease5.2.2 Cancer5.2.3 Cystic Fibrosis5.2.4 Sickle Cell Anemia5.2.5 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy5.2.6 Thalassemia5.2.7 Huntingtons Disease5.2.8 Rare Diseases5.2.9 Other Diseases5.3 By Technology5.3.1 Cytogenetic Testing5.3.2 Biochemical Testing5.3.3 Molecular Testing5.4 Geography5.4.1 North America5.4.1.1 US5.4.1.2 Canada5.4.1.3 Mexico5.4.2 Europe5.4.2.1 Germany5.4.2.2 UK5.4.2.3 France5.4.2.4 Italy5.4.2.5 Spain5.4.2.6 Rest of Europe5.4.3 Asia-Pacific5.4.3.1 China5.4.3.2 Japan5.4.3.3 India5.4.3.4 Australia5.4.3.5 South Korea5.4.3.6 Rest of Asia-Pacific5.4.4 Middle East & Africa5.4.4.1 GCC5.4.4.2 South Africa5.4.4.3 Rest of Middle East & Africa5.4.5 South America5.4.5.1 Brazil5.4.5.2 Argentina5.4.5.3 Rest of South America

6 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE6.1 Company Profiles6.1.1 Abbott Laboratories Inc.6.1.2 Bio-Rad Laboratories6.1.3 Danaher Corporation (Cepheid)6.1.4 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd6.1.5 Illumina Inc.6.1.6 23andMe6.1.7 Eurofins Scientific SE (Eurofins)6.1.8 Genesis Healthcare6.1.9 Luminex Corporation6.1.10 Myriad Genetics Inc.6.1.11 Precipio (Transgenomics Inc.)6.1.12 Qiagen6.1.13 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.

7 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND FUTURE TRENDS

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Genetic Testing Market: 2020 Global Challenges and Opportunities, Industry Size, Growth Rate, and Supply-Demand Analysis Forecast to 2024 Industry...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

A recently published insights research report by Fact.MR on the Preimplantation Genetic Testing Insights depicts a crystal clear view of the insights over the considered period of assessment (2017 2022). The global preimplantation genetic testing insights study comes with an all in all compilation of the future, existing, and historical outlook of the insights as well as the factors bringing in such growth for the insights. With SWOT analysis, the business study highlights the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of each preimplantation genetic testing insights player in a comprehensive way. Further, the preimplantation genetic testing insights report emphasizes the adoption pattern of the preimplantation genetic testing across various industries.

The existing trends, restraints, opportunities, and insights drivers are studied thoroughly to offer a clear, 360-degree understanding of the existing landscape prevailing in the preimplantation genetic testing insights. The research paints a detailed picture of how the insights is likely to take shape in the coming years given the influence of current drivers, opportunities, and restraints. In this latest insights research study published by Fact.MR, the analysts have taken into account the preimplantation genetic testing insights from a local as well as global viewpoint.

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The outbreak of novel coronavirus across the globe has changed the way about how we do business, it has resulted in both disadvantages and advantages for players operating in the preimplantation genetic testing insights. A health crisis of enormous proportion, COVID-19 has emerged as a pandemic that would cause a restructuring of the world economy as well as social order. This outbreak is clearly going to characterize the coming era with fundamental schism. Many companies have shifted from their traditional methods of advertising during the lockdown period.

Taking help of this latest offering on the preimplantation genetic testing insights by Fact.MR, the insights players, suppliers, distributors, and other stakeholders can formulate innovative strategies based on their understanding of the pandemic and our report to expand their business and widen their base of customers. This research study by Fact.MR is likely to detail the factors that could impact the sales of products/ services in the global insights landscape. The report is also likely to suggest avenues of growth that could boost sales in the post-pandemic era.

According to the insights research report, the preimplantation genetic testing insights is estimated to register a CAGR growth of 8.4% over the assessment period due to several key factors that is likely to influence the insights, such as favorable regulatory policies, augmented spending on research and development. The analysts at Fact.MR makes use of the latest research methodologies while gathering data from credible and reliable sources, both primary and secondary, to prepare and present the insights study.

In this preimplantation genetic testing insights study, the following years are considered to project the insights footprint:

The preimplantation genetic testing insights report has answers to important questions, which include the following:

The preimplantation genetic testing insights report covers the following regions:

On the basis of product type, the preimplantation genetic testing insights report considers the following segments:

On the basis of end-use, the preimplantation genetic testing insights report includes:

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Prominent preimplantation genetic testing insights players covered in the report contain:

The behavioral pattern of each of the insights player, such as acquisitions, new product launches, partnerships, and mergers have been thoroughly studied to offer a detailed view of the competitive landscape of the preimplantation genetic testing insights.

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Preimplantation Genetic Testing Insights Size to Expand Lucratively during the Forecast Period 2017-2022 - The Cloud Tribune

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Global Europe Genetic Testing Market report is an overview of the global market is provided with prime focus on factors boosting and hampering market. This will help investors get a clear understanding on which aspects to focus on and how to economically support the market globally. The impact of prevailing regulatory scenario on both regional and worldwide Europe Genetic Testing market is provided detail in this report.

Market Dynamics:

The report provides key statistics on the market status of the Europe Genetic Testing Market manufacturers and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the Europe Genetic Testing.

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Key questions answered in the report include:

Key Market Trends:

Diagnostic testing is the segment under type of testing that is expected to grow fastest during the forecast period

Predictive and presymptomatic testing dominated the European genetic testing market system, as it is utilized for the detection of gene mutations related to disorders that appear after birth, frequently in later stages of life. Such tests can be of assistance to individuals having a family member with a genetic disorder, though they are free of any features of the disorder while testing.

Diagnostics testing is expected to register a CAGR of 14.29%, as it is used to diagnose or rule out a specific genetic condition. In most cases, genetic testing is used to confirm a diagnosis when a particular condition is suspected based on physical mutations and symptoms. Furthermore, companies, such as Centogene and NIMGenetics, offer a wide range of genetic diagnostic services in Europe, which is further accelerating the growth of the market.

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Study objectives of Europe Genetic Testing Market Report:

Detailed TOC of Europe Genetic Testing Market Report 2019-2024:

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Study Deliverables1.2 Study Assumptions1.3 Scope of the Study

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 MARKET DYNAMICS4.1 Market Overview4.2 Market Drivers4.2.1 Increasing Emphasis on Early Disease Detection and Prevention4.2.2 Increasing Demand for Personalized Medicine4.2.3 Increasing Application of Genetic Testing in Oncology4.3 Market Restraints4.3.1 High Costs of Genetic Testing4.3.2 Social and Ethical Implications of Genetic Testing4.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis4.4.1 Threat of New Entrants4.4.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers/Consumers4.4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers4.4.4 Threat of Substitute Products4.4.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry

5 MARKET SEGMENTATION5.1 Type5.1.1 Carrier Testing5.1.2 Diagnostic Testing5.1.3 Newborn Screening5.1.4 Predictive and Presymptomatic Testing5.1.5 Prenatal Testing5.1.6 Nutrigenomic Testing5.2 Disease5.2.1 Alzheimers Disease5.2.2 Cancer5.2.3 Cystic Fibrosis5.2.4 Sickle Cell Anemia5.2.5 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy5.2.6 Thalassemia5.2.7 Huntingtons Disease5.2.8 Special Disease5.2.9 Other Diseases5.3 Technology5.3.1 Cytogenetic Testing5.3.2 Biochemical Testing5.3.3 Molecular Testing5.4 Geography5.4.1 Europe5.4.1.1 Germany5.4.1.2 United Kingdom5.4.1.3 France5.4.1.4 Italy5.4.1.5 Spain5.4.1.6 Rest of Europe

6 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE6.1 Company Profiles6.1.1 Illumina Inc.6.1.2 Abbott Laboratories6.1.3 23andMe Inc.6.1.4 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd6.1.5 Qiagen6.1.6 Blueprint Genetics Oy6.1.7 Eurofins Scientific6.1.8 Centogene AG6.1.9 Thermo Fisher Scientific6.1.10 Elitech Group

7 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND FUTURE TRENDS

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Global Europe Genetic Testing Market 2020 Research Study including Growth Factors, Types and Application to 2024 - Scientect

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Global Genetic Testing Market Anticipates Growing With a Rapid Growth Rate during the Forecast Period: Market Research Store

Market Research Storehas published a new report on the globalGenetic Testing marketwhich deals with the market scenario amid COVID-19 situation.According to the research conducted by our research analysts the global Genetic Testing market demand was USD XX Million in 2019 and it is anticipated that by the end of 2026 the market will gain USD XX Million. The anticipated growth rate for the market is XX% during the forecast period 2020 to 2026. The basic data that are included in the report are the market share and size, growth drivers, limitations, trends and challenges, and the industry players that are involved in the business.

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The global Genetic Testing market has been segmented into{Newborn screening, Diagnostic testing, Carrier testing, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis, Prenatal diagnosis, Predictive and presymptomatic testing, Pharmacogenomics}; {Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer disease, Thalassemia, Huntington disease, Others}. Deep analysis of the segment and its type is conducted by our research analysts and has passed the information in the report in the form of tables and figures for better and easy understanding of the clients. Our research team has not limited their data with the current market scenario but has studied the market conditions from the past and has forecasted the future market conditions. Regional analysis of each segments of the market has also been included in the report. Even though the primary focus of the market was in five major regions North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East and Africa country-wise data is also available within the report.

The global Genetic Testing market report covers the following areas:

Genetic Testing market sizing Genetic Testing market forecast Genetic Testing market industry analysis

Focus has been given on robust vendor analysis so that the clients can improvise their decision-making skills in order to gain a noteworthy market position on the global platform. The major industry players that are mentioned in the report includeUnited Gene, Berry Genomics, SinoGenoMax, 360Jiyin, Novogene, Gene Kang, GenePlanet, BGI, Aijiyin, Geeppine, Asper Biotech, 23andMe, Inc, Courtagen Life Sciences, CapitalBio, Pathway Genomics, Agen, Gene by Gene, Repconex, Find Bio-Tech, Annoroad, Biomarker, GeneTests, Aiyin Gene, HI Gene, Counsyl, Inc., GeneDx, Natera, Inc, Biomedlab, Regulatory. Along with this all the manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors that are operating in the global Genetic Testing market have been profiled in the report.

Read Detailed Index of full Research Study at@www.marketresearchstore.com/report/global-genetic-testing-industry-market-report-2019-industry-697208

The major points that are covered:

Overview: In this section, definition of the global Genetic Testing Market is given along with the overview of the report in order to give a board outlook about the nature and contents of the research study.

Industry Players Strategies Analysis: The market players will be benefitted from this analysis as it will help to gain competitive advantage over their competitors.

Key Market Trends: In this section, in-depth analysis of the markets latest and future trends is discussed.

Market Forecasts: The research analysts have provided accurate and validated values of the total market size in terms of value and volume. Other offerings in the report include consumption, production, sales, and other forecasts for the global Genetic Testing Market.

Regional Analysis: Major five regions and its countries have been covered in the global Genetic Testing market report. With the help of this analysis, market players will have estimates about the untapped regional markets and other benefits.

Segment Analysis: Accurate and reliable forecasts about the market share of the important segments of the Genetic Testing market is provided.

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Key Questions Answered in the Report Include:

What will the market size and the growth rate be in 2026? What are the key factors driving the global Genetic Testing Market? What are the key market trends impacting the growth of the global Genetic Testing Market? What are the challenges to market growth? Who are the key vendors in the global Genetic Testing Market? What are the market opportunities and challenges faced by the vendors in the global Genetic Testing Market? What are the key outcomes of the five forces analysis of the global Genetic Testing Market?

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What Will Be The Value Of The Global Genetic Testing Market 2020 During The Coronavirus (COVID 19) Period? - Northwest Trail

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Mutations in the myosin 5, syntaxin-binding protein 2, and syntaxin 3 genes lead to microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), an autosomal recessive congenital enteropathy. This rare disease is characterized by lack of microvilli on the surface of enterocytes in the small intestine, the presence of pathognomonic intracellular microvillus inclusions, and vesicular bodies within these enterocytes. This pathology leads to the characteristic intractable, life-threatening, watery diarrhea. In the more common early-onset form, affected patients present in the first few days after birth, whereas in the late-onset form, clinical manifestations appear at approximately 2 to 3 months of age. Genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis, but the infants medical history, clinical presentation, and small intestinal biopsy results are strongly suggestive of the diagnosis. The prevalence of MVID is thought to be higher in countries with a high degree of consanguinity. Patients with MVID cannot tolerate feedings and require continuous total parenteral nutrition. Mortality is extremely high in the early-onset type with reports of survival in patients treated with small intestinal transplantation. Medical counseling for parents of infants with MVID needs to reflect our current understanding of the various genetic forms of this disease, the feasible management, and anticipated outcomes.

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Challenges of Microvillus Inclusion Disease in the NICU - AAP News

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

SAN CARLOS, Calif., Sept. 1, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Natera, Inc.(NASDAQ: NTRA), a pioneer and global leader in cell-free DNA testing, today announced the publication of a prospective, randomized controlled trial showing clinical utility of the Prospera test. The study concluded that practicing nephrologists who used the Prospera test detected more cases of rejection and made better clinical decisions than physicians in the control group. The study evaluated kidney transplant patients in typical scenarios seen by nephrologists in routine practice. The study was published in International Urology and Nephrology,1and is available to read here.

"The Prospera test can be a vital tool in early detection and the treatment decision-making process of our patients," saidJessica Coleman, MD, Nephrologist at Beaufort Memorial Hospital. "When we evaluate patient scenarios with the Prospera test, we gain insights to help increase the chances of a successful transplant and improved outcomes."

The Prospera test's previously published clinical validation showed excellent performance in the detection of active kidney transplant rejection.2 This latest study measured the clinical practice of 154 nephrologists with and without dd-cfDNA testing. To determine whether the use of the Prospera test demonstrated overall clinical utility, 924 simulations were completed. The study, conducted by QURE Healthcare and researchers from a top academic institution, showed that those using the Prospera test to evaluate post-transplant patients were more likely to reach an early, accurate diagnosis and appropriately change their treatment compared to those using creatinine and other routine biomarkers alone.

Highlights of the study concluded:

"The results of this study provide valuable insights into the Prospera test's capabilities and utility in the nephrology practice," said Paul Billings, MD, PhD, Natera's Chief Medical Officer and a co-author on the study."Results clearly show that the use of the Prospera test demonstrated clinical utility and improved care of the emulated patients through changes in diagnosis, workup, and management after kidney transplant."

About the Prospera dd-cfDNA Organ Transplant Test

The Prosperatest leverages Natera's core single-nucleotide (SNP)-based massively multiplexed PCR (mmPCR) technology to identify allograft rejection non-invasively and with high precision and accuracy, without the need for prior donor or recipient genotyping. The test works by measuring the fraction of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) in the recipient's blood. It may be used by physicians considering the diagnosis of active rejection, helping to rule in or out this condition when evaluating the need for diagnostic testing or the results of an invasive biopsy. The Prospera test has been clinically and analytically validated for performance regardless of donor relatedness, rejection type, and clinical presentation. The Prospera test has been developed and its performance characteristics determined by Natera, the CLIA-certified laboratory performing the test. The Prospera test has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). CAP accredited, ISO 13485 certified, and CLIA certified.

About Natera

Naterais a global leader in cell-free DNA testing. The mission of the company is to change the management of disease worldwide with a focus on reproductive health, oncology, and organ transplantation. Natera operates an ISO 13485-certified and CAP-accredited laboratory certified under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) in San Carlos, Calif. It offers proprietary genetic testing services to inform obstetricians, transplant physicians, oncologists, and cancer researchers, including biopharmaceutical companies, and genetic laboratories through its cloud-based software platform. For more information, visit natera.com. Follow Natera on LinkedIn.

Forward-Looking Statements

All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this press release are forward-looking statements and are not a representation that Natera's plans, estimates, or expectations will be achieved. These forward-looking statements represent Natera's expectations as of the date of this press release, and Natera disclaims any obligation to update the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially, including with respect to our efforts to develop and commercialize new product offerings, our ability to successfully increase demand for and grow revenues for our product offerings, whether the results of clinical studies will support the use of our product offerings, our expectations of the reliability, accuracy and performance of our screening tests, or of the benefits of our screening tests and product offerings to patients, providers and payers. Additional risks and uncertainties are discussed in greater detail in "Risk Factors" in Natera's recent filings on Forms 10-K and 10-Q and in other filings Natera makes with the SEC from time to time. These documents are available at http://www.natera.com/investorsand http://www.sec.gov.

ContactsInvestor Relations: Mike Brophy, CFO, Natera, Inc., 650-249-9090Media: Paul Greenland, VP of Corporate Marketing, Natera, Inc., [emailprotected]

References

SOURCE Natera, Inc.

http://www.natera.com

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Study Shows Clinical Utility of the Prospera Test in Nephrology Practice - PRNewswire

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

A scientific search for its ancestral tree has led directly back to Vancouvers Old Apple Tree. In recent years, genetic testing has become a popular tool because people seek scientific clues about their ancestors. Vancouver Urban Forestry and the National Park Service were looking for much of the same type of information when they and a volunteer teamed up with Washington State University to answer the question: exactly what type of apple tree is the Old Apple Tree?

As it turns out, the tree is a genetically unique one-of-a-kind.

Since the Old Apple Tree was planted in 1826, the type of apple it produces has been unknown. Most often it has been referred to as an English Greening Apple which is a generic term used for a European old-world apple.

In later 2019, Paul Stasz, a volunteer with Vancouver Urban Forestry and the National Parks Service, contacted researchers at WSU-Pullman to see if the Old Apple Tree could be a part of the universitys Apple Genome Project. DNA tissue samples were carefully collected and sent to WSUs Cameron Peace, a principal investigator sequencing the worldwide family tree of apple trees. With its large database, the project can identify ancestors of specific apples.

The results from the project are now in and the genetic testing confirmed that the Old Apple Tree is not identical to any other known apple tree and has no known parent-child relationships in the extensive database. The closest relationship appears to be a distant one to the 500-year-old variety, French Reinette. French Reinette is a close direct ancestor of most modern varieties and also a parent or grandparent to many heirloom varieties.

Planted from a seed at the historical Fort Vancouver, the Old Apple Tree is considered the start of the apple industry in Washington State. Its death earlier this summer at the age of 194, was precipitated by a spiral crack in its trunk.

However, thanks to its unique genetics, the Old Apple Tree lives on. Vancouver Urban Forestry and the National Parks Service have been planning for the inevitable by nurturing several root suckers, which are now small saplings growing around the Old Apple Tree. One sapling near the center of the original tree will be cultivated and will inherit the title of Old Apple Tree, given its genetic makeup. Its the same root system, but with a new stem. The remaining saplings will be transplanted to the National Park Service's historic orchard at the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site.

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In search for ancestry, science finds old apple tree is one-of-a-kind - The Reflector

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

SIOUX CITY (KTIV) -- September is Ovarian Cancer Awareness month. According to the American Cancer Society, nearly 22,000 women in the United States will be diagnosed with it this year.

Ovarian cancer often goes undetected until it has spread to the abdomen or pelvis, with 75-80% being stage three or four.

About 1 in 78 women will develop ovarian cancer in their lifetime and while it's most common in women 60 and above, younger women can also develop it.

Dr. Donald Wender said there are several types of ovarian cancer.

"But by far the vast majority are either adeno or serous cancer that starts in the ovaries, commonly spreads to the uterus and within the abdomen," said Donald Wender, June E Nylen Cancer Center Head of Medical Oncology.

So what you should be looking for? Unfortunately, Dr. Wender said the symptoms are like a lot of things.

"Bloating, abdominal distension, maybe frequent urination which by far more likely is a UTI than this," said Dr. Wender. "Sometimes shortness of breath, weight loss, or weight gain. They're very vague symptoms and the problem is these symptoms are usually there when you already have a fairly advanced ovarian cancer."

Since the symptoms are often hard to recognize, Dr. Wender said early detection is key. That can include routine pelvic exams and looking at family history. How often you get that, depends on your risk factor.

"Women who have a history, family history of ovarian cancer, women who have a family history of breast cancer, may have a higher risk," said Dr. Wender. "Then there can be some genetic testing that can be done."

Dr. Wender said some women at high risk choose to take out their ovaries, but even if you do that, he said you can still develop cancer similar to ovarian. He said the process to surgically remove cancer, is extensive.

"Taking out the ovaries, the uterus, sampling lymph nodes, looking at the diaphragm," said Dr. Wender. "Sometimes they sample a diaphragm. They'd sample little spots because ovarian cancer tends to form little implants within the abdomen. They'll take those out."

So how does he prepare those patients?

"Get to the surgery, get the chemotherapy done," said Wender. "Then I do tell them there is a high rate of it coming back, but not everyone's comes back and there are things to do."

Dr. Wender said if you are experiencing symptoms, you should contact your primary care physician or gynecologist.

Dr. Wender said the survival rate for stage one, is very high. Stage two moves to around 80%. But oftentimes that survival rate drops to 5 years in the later stages.

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HEALTHBEAT 4: Treating and preventing Ovarian Cancer - KTIV

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The study on the Genealogy Products and Services Market Research offers a profound comprehension of the market dynamics like opportunities, drivers, trends, and the challenges. The analysis further elaborates on the micro and macro-economic aspects which can be predicted to shape the rise of the Genealogy Products and Services Market throughout the forecast period (2019-2029).

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Genealogy Products and Services Market Segmentation Assessment

The development prospects of this Genealogy Products and Services Marketplace in various Regions are analyzed in the report together with information such as political, the regulatory frame, and economic outlook of each region.

competitive landscape, get in touch with our experts

Demand for Genetic Testing to Surge as Preventive Healthcare and Pharmacogenomics Gain Traction

Preventive healthcare is gradually gaining center stage with consumers becoming increasingly aware of the benefits of the practice. Genetic testing plays a vital role in preventive healthcare as it provides a potential technique for diagnosis of rare diseases. It is showing promising prospects for precisely predicting the risk of developing a particular disease by studying the complex genetic markup of the population.

Numerous researchers claiming the efficacy of genetic testing are promoting its adoption. The procedure can potentially enable doctors to suggest measures to prevent the development of a certain health condition. Investments by governments are further fueling the growth of the genealogy products & services market. For instance, the National Health Service in England recently announced its plan to expand genetic testing capabilities to improve the quality of health services in the country.

Development of pharmacogenomics is another factor imperative to genealogy products & services market growth. Pharmacogenomics is the study of genetics to predict the impact of medication on the human body. Genetic testing is already being leveraged for prescribing personalized medications in the treatment of panic disorder, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic disorder.

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Genealogy Service Providers Widening the Scope of Application

Genealogy products & services providers are foraying into an assortment of different verticals to extend their consumer base. Use of genealogy and genetic testing for offering personalized services in a multitude of markets is gradually gaining traction. Companies such as EpigenCare and SkinGenie are leveraging genetic testing to provide skin care products that particularly complement the genetic makeup of a persons skin. On the other hand, Pheramor, a company based in Houston, is using genetic testing for finding people their compatible partners. Another example of the widening scope of genealogy products & services is Vinome, a company which provides a thorough report of the different wines a person may have an affinity for after studying their genetic makeup.

Aggressive marketing techniques, coupled with growing consumer inquisitiveness about such implications of genealogy, is aiding these applications in gaining popularity which, in turn, is expected to bolster genealogy products & services market growth.

Technological Innovations Complementing Market Growth

Genealogy products & services market is estimated to benefit from headways in technology. Genealogy products & services companies are harnessing data analytics, machine learning, big data, and artificial intelligence for effectively storing and analyzing a large amount of data. Genealogy products and services companies are increasingly using online platforms for marketing their services and increaing penetration into the market.

Enhanced DNA sequencing technology is further helping companies in analyzing genetic sequences at a faster rate and affordable costs while providing them accurate results. For instance, scientists in Estonia were successfully able to develop a genetic testing technology which analyzes genes at single-molecule level, paving way for enhancing the efficacy of precision medicines at lower costs. Other factors such as the development of sophisticated infrastructure for efficient sharing of huge DNA datasets is estimated to bolster genealogy products & services market growth.

Data Confidentiality Continues to Pose Challenges

The current status-quo in the genealogy products andservices market involves digital storage of data exposing it to the dangers of cybercrime and hacking. Additionally, genetic testing also influences life insurance premiums with companies considering results from the process to determine premiums. Insurance companies in Australia include genetic tests results in the risk classification for underwriting and are allowed to deny insurances in case the results predict the development of life-threatening diseases in the future. Further, the procedure can potentially cause discrimination during employment with the employers denying applications on the possibility of an applicant developing a disability in the future. Although the law prohibits companies from doing so, illegal leaking of information can influence the process.

While registering for genealogy processes, consumers compulsorily need to provide valuable information such as credit card numbers, name, and email addresses. This makes the companies a favorite target of cybercriminals. In addition to this, the increasing instances of data breaches are estimated to discourage consumers from using the services. Presence of lax or no regulations for classifying genetic testing as effective is adding to consumers confusion and poses a vital challenge to the genealogy products & services market growth.

Definition

Genealogy is the study of heritages and lineages, and comprises lineage tracing, DNA testing, cemetery records, family tree creation, and other related services.

About the Report

The report on genealogy products and services market provides an all-inclusive assessment of all the factors influencing the genealogy products & services market. Additionally, the report on genealogy products & services market provides a qualitative and quantitative assessment of each of the factors identified. The report also includes an opportunity assessment of the genealogy products & services market. An assessment of the competitive landscape prevalent in the genealogy products & services market has also been included in the report.

Market Structure

The report on genealogy products andservices market segments the genealogy products & services market on the basis of category and region. Based on the category, the genealogy products & services market can be segmented into family records, family tree, forum, cemetery, newspapers, blogs, links, and DNA testing.

Additional Questions Answered

In addition to the aforementioned insights about the genealogy products & services market, the report answers the following vital questions about the genealogy products andservices market:

Research Methodology

The report on genealogy products & services market is a consequence of robust and exhaustive research methodology. A two-step research process was employed to obtain insights into the genealogy products andservices market. Interviewing experts from the genealogy products & services market formed the basis of primary research while secondary research was conducted by thoroughly studying genealogy products & services trade journals, paid sources, and other industry-related publications. Results from both the steps were triangulated to produce an accurate forecast of the genealogy products andservices market.

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Genealogy Products and Services Market: Recent Industry Trends and Projected Industry Growth, 2018 to 2024 - The News Brok

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The research study presented in this report offers complete and intelligent analysis of the competition, segmentation, dynamics, and geographical advancement of the Global Direct-Access Genetic Testing Market. The research study has been prepared with the use of in-depth qualitative and quantitative analyses of the global Direct-Access Genetic Testing market. We have also provided absolute dollar opportunity and other types of market analysis on the global Direct-Access Genetic Testing market.

It takes into account the CAGR, value, volume, revenue, production, consumption, sales, manufacturing cost, prices, and other key factors related to the global Direct-Access Genetic Testing market. All findings and data on the global Direct-Access Genetic Testing market provided in the report are calculated, gathered, and verified using advanced and reliable primary and secondary research sources. The regional analysis offered in the report will help you to identify key opportunities of the global Direct-Access Genetic Testing market available in different regions and countries.

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The authors of the report have segmented the global Direct-Access Genetic Testing market as per product, application, and region. Segments of the global Direct-Access Genetic Testing market are analyzed on the basis of market share, production, consumption, revenue, CAGR, market size, and more factors. The analysts have profiled leading players of the global Direct-Access Genetic Testing market, keeping in view their recent developments, market share, sales, revenue, areas covered, product portfolios, and other aspects.

The key players covered in this study23andMeMyHeritageLabCorpMyriad GeneticsAncestry.comQuest DiagnosticsGene By GeneDNA Diagnostics CenterInvitaeIntelliGeneticsAmbry GeneticsLiving DNAEasyDNAPathway GenomicsCentrillion TechnologyXcodeColor GenomicsAnglia DNA ServicesAfrican AncestryCanadian DNA ServicesDNA Family CheckAlpha BiolaboratoriesTest Me DNA23 MofangGenetic HealthDNA Services of AmericaShuwen Health SciencesMapmygenomeFull Genomes

Market segment by Type, the product can be split intoDiagnostic ScreeningPGDRelationship testingMarket segment by Application, split intoOnlineOffline

Market segment by Regions/Countries, this report coversNorth AmericaEuropeChinaJapanSoutheast AsiaIndiaCentral & South America

The study objectives of this report are:To analyze global Direct-Access Genetic Testing status, future forecast, growth opportunity, key market and key players.To present the Direct-Access Genetic Testing development in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India and Central & South America.To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their development plan and strategies.To define, describe and forecast the market by type, market and key regions.

In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of Direct-Access Genetic Testing are as follows:History Year: 2015-2019Base Year: 2019Estimated Year: 2020Forecast Year 2020 to 2026For the data information by region, company, type and application, 2019 is considered as the base year. Whenever data information was unavailable for the base year, the prior year has been considered.

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Direct-Access Genetic Testing Market Size and Forecast

In terms of region, this research report covers almost all the major regions across the globe such as North America, Europe, South America, the Middle East, and Africa and the Asia Pacific. Europe and North America regions are anticipated to show an upward growth in the years to come. While Direct-Access Genetic Testing Market in Asia Pacific regions is likely to show remarkable growth during the forecasted period. Cutting edge technology and innovations are the most important traits of the North America region and thats the reason most of the time the US dominates the global markets. Direct-Access Genetic Testing Market in South, America region is also expected to grow in near future.

The Direct-Access Genetic Testing Market report highlights is as follows:

This Direct-Access Genetic Testing market report provides complete market overview which offers the competitive market scenario among major players of the industry, proper understanding of the growth opportunities, and advanced business strategies used by the market in the current and forecast period.

This Direct-Access Genetic Testing Market report will help a business or an individual to take appropriate business decision and sound actions to be taken after understanding the growth restraining factors, market risks, market situation, market estimation of the competitors.

The expected Direct-Access Genetic Testing Market growth and development status can be understood in a better way through this five-year forecast information presented in this report

This Direct-Access Genetic Testing Market research report aids as a broad guideline which provides in-depth insights and detailed analysis of several trade verticals.

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Direct-Access Genetic Testing Market Extensive Growth Opportunities to Be Witnessed by 2019-2026 - The Scarlet

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

A detailed research study on the Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing (DTC-GT) Market was recently published by DataIntelo. This is a latest report, covering the current COVID-19 impact on the market. The pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected every aspect of life globally. This has brought along several changes in market conditions. The rapidly changing market scenario and initial and future assessment of the impact is covered in the report. The report puts together a concise analysis of the growth factors influencing the current business scenario across various regions. Significant information pertaining to the industry analysis size, share, application, and statistics are summed in the report in order to present an ensemble prediction. Additionally, this report encompasses an accurate competitive analysis of major market players and their strategies during the projection timeline.

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Global Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing (DTC-GT) Industry 2020 Market Research With Size, Growth, Manufacturers, Segments And 2026 Forecasts...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The tech industry has been attempting to help test, track, treat, and terminate COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic.

From gritty hackathon participants to innovate startups and multi-billion dollar corporations, the industry has come together with varying results, but always with full passion.

Nex.D is one such organization. To external visitors, Nex.D might look like a traditional VC, with a website full of portfolio companies. But its model is quite different.

Nex.D uses a merchant banking advisory model, which attempts to align a founders interests with its own via equity warrants, retainers, and business development fees. Think of it as an accelerator.

Globally we are looking for the best companies we can find, founder at Nex.D, Colin Brown, told me. Ideally we find companies that are hitting $10m annual recurring revenue (ARR) and are focused on getting to $100m ARR within 2-3 years. We work with companies in the US, UK, Europe, Israel, India, and Singapore to help them accelerate.

Headquartered in Poland, its focus is on deep tech in various fields.

Here in Poland we are focused on companies at an earlier stage revenue wise but have deep global potential, Brown said. These tend to come in a number of verticals biotech, AI and data lakes, and gaming: this part of the world excels in this.

Most recently, Nex.D spearheaded an effort to reopen Europe through collaboration with genetic testing company GeneMe. GeneMe has developed FRANKD, a 30-minute, on-site COVID-19 testing solution.

The FRANKD test is currently being used by the cast, musicians, crew, and theater staff of Sleepless, a Musical Romance, which began a socially distanced indoor performances at the Troubadour Wembley Park Theater in the United Kingdom. FRANKD is also being used at the Polish resort of Zawiaty, where its test is being administered to both workers and visitors.

And Londons Heathrow Airport has just completed a successful trial of the FRANKD test as it looks to ensure passenger, staff, and UK citizen safety.

So why FRANKD, and what makes it different to other COVID-19 tests?

When we started looking at COVID-19 tests we learned very quickly that you have to read the small print, Brown said. Everyone makes the case for sensitivity at A and specificity at B, time for the test at C and limit of detection at D. But when you read the small print on their websites (and some of it isnt that small at all) you realize that all tests are certainly not equal. For example, most of them advertise a limit of detection (LOD) which sounds fantastic until you realize its a statistical limit, not a scientific one.

What does that mean in practice?

The LOD only applies when you are talking about symptomatic patients who are tested between 7-14 days after contracting the virus, tested on a Tuesday and when they were wearing a blue shoe on their left foot, Brown said. We came across a 90-minute test the other day that got a huge amount of press and it was actually 90 minutes only if you processed one sample and it was negative, but actually 7 hours if you processed more than one sample and one of them was positive.

Clearly, that level of variation isnt going to work when youre attempting to test the masses.

FRANKD is different, Brown said. We neutralize the virus in our buffer so that the testing can actually happen nearer the customer, saving time. We also use a software overlay so the results are binary (you either have COVID-19 or you dont). We also use a completely different reagent mix so we arent bidding for the same chemicals as everyone else and therefore suffering the same price escalations. Last but not least the test processing time is always 30 minutes and we are working hard to automate the sample collection.

FRANKD certainly sounds like a promising solution to the issue of mass testing at speed, and Nex.Ds intention is to accelerate its growth and scale. How? While some accelerators have a cookie cutter approach to scaling startups, Brown believes it isnt that simple.

Clearly there are some common factors but we take an individual approach to support the teams, Brown said. We both have a background in coaching teams, market entry in 50+ countries, and were working remotely in fast-paced environments. We try to pick companies that dont need restructuring, already have product-market fit, have got a super talented winning team on board and now just need to clone themselves to make the jump from $10m to $100m ARR. We help with that cloning and bring the right deals to the companies so they can execute, execute, execute, and arent wasting their time searching for the right growth opportunities.

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Meet the organization helping to scale a promising COVID-19 test solution across Europe - Grit Daily

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith