The Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS) alumni community is an illustrious group who hold many honors. This years finalists had the opportunity to hear from one of the many accomplished Society alumni, Feng Zhang (ISEF 1998-1999, STS 2000), at a virtual version of an annual STS traditionthe Alumni Dinner. Each year a distinguished alumnus is invited to speak to the current class. Feng was in the same position as the students when he competed and heard from STS alumni who came before him. Returning to pay it forward and inspire this cohort with his insights as a successful molecular biologist focused on developing tools to improve human health, Feng spoke to the Regeneron STS 2020 finalists about his work with CRISPR-Cas9 systems and some of its applications.

Since competing in 2000, Feng has helped develop bacterial tools for gene editing and diagnostics. One of the really exciting advances over the past decade-plus has been the completion of the human genome, he said. By using genomics, scientists are now rapidly learning about what causes health problems and what can potentially be used as a way to treat illnesses.

Out of its many uses, CRISPRs potential as a therapeutic is most tantalizing to researchers and the public, but Feng cautioned against hasty adoption. One of the ongoing challenges, especially surrounding the development of gene editing and more broadly, biotechnology, is to also think about bioethics. STS finalist, Amogh Bhatnagar asked Feng if there should be any governmental regulations for the use of CRISPR. Another finalist, Jake Yasonik, wanted to know if gene-edited babies would become the norm in the future. In acknowledging the complex nature of these questions, Feng stressed the importance of involving the entire scientific community for input. Different groups have different opinions and its really important to have discussions and have all these different groups come up with a consensus for how to go about using the technology.

Ultimately, it will be up to the finalists to have these important conversations. As you go through college and training, you will become leaders in scientific, political, ethical or medical professions. Really think about these issues, Feng encouraged. These are the things that will impact humanity in a very irreversible way going forward.

Based on Fengs conversation with the finalists, it is clear more scientific innovation is possible. Theres so much out there to explore. Its very exciting, he expressed. Were really in a golden age where theres so much data and computational resources. We are beginning to learn so much more about the natural world and we can also try to make something useful out of it. When STS finalist, Alina Pollner, asked about his research experience, Feng had these words of wisdom to share: In science, you will have many eureka moments. Once you have one, you will yearn for another, its almost like getting addicted. Thats really the joy of doing science.

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(The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts.)

Craig W. Stevens, Oklahoma State University

(THE CONVERSATION) Even as the COVID-19 pandemic cripples the economy and kills hundreds of people each day, there is another epidemic that continues to kill tens of thousands of people each year through opioid drug overdose.

Opioid analgesic drugs, like morphine and oxycodone, are the classic double-edged swords. They are the very best drugs to stop severe pain but also the class of drugs most likely to kill the person taking them. In a recent journal article, I outlined how a combination of state-of-the-art molecular techniques, such as CRISPR gene editing and brain microinjection methods, could be used to blunt one edge of the sword and make opioid drugs safer.

I am a pharmacologist interested in the way opioid drugs such as morphine and fentanyl can blunt pain. I became fascinated in biology at the time when endorphins natural opioids made by our bodies were discovered. I have been intrigued by the way opioid drugs work and their targets in the brain, the opioid receptors, for the last 30 years. In my paper, I propose a way to prevent opioid overdoses by modifying an opioid users brain cells using advanced technology.

Opioid receptors stop breathing

Opioids kill by stopping a person from breathing (respiratory depression). They do so by acting on a specific set of respiratory nerves, or neurons, found in the lower part of the brain that contain opioid receptors. Opioid receptors are proteins that bind morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. The binding of an opioid to its receptor triggers a reaction in neurons that reduces their activity. Opioid receptors on pain neurons mediate the pain-killing, or analgesic, effects of opioids. When opioids bind to opioid receptors on respiratory neurons, they slow breathing or, in the case of an opioid overdose, stop it entirely.

Respiratory neurons are located in the brainstem, the tail-end part of the brain that continues into the spine as the spinal cord. Animal studies show that opioid receptors on respiratory neurons are responsible for opioid-induced respiratory depression the cause of opioid overdose. Genetically altered mice born without opioid receptors do not die from large doses of morphine unlike mice with these receptors present.

Unlike laboratory mice, humans cannot be altered when embryos to remove all opioid receptors from the brain and elsewhere. Nor would it be a good idea. Humans need opioid receptors to serve as the targets for our natural opioid substances, the endorphins, which are released into the brain during times of high stress and pain.

Also, a total opioid receptor knockout in humans would leave that person unresponsive to the beneficial pain-killing effects of opioids. In my journal article, I argue that what is needed is a selective receptor removal of the opioid receptors on respiratory neurons. Having reviewed the available technology, I believe this can be done by combining CRISPR gene editing and a new neurosurgical microinjection technique.

CRISPR to the rescue: Destroying opioid receptors

CRISPR, which is an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, is a gene editing method that was discovered in the genome of bacteria. Bacteria get infected by viruses too and CRISPR is a strategy that bacteria evolved to cut-up the viral genes and kill invading pathogens.

The CRISPR method allows researchers to target specific genes expressed in cell lines, tissues, or whole organisms, to be cut-up and removed knocked out or otherwise altered. There is a commercially available CRISPR kit which knocks out human opioid receptors produced in cells that are grown in cell cultures in the lab. While this CRISPR kit is formulated for in vitro use, similar conditional opioid receptor knock-out techniques have been demonstrated in live mice.

To knockout opioid receptors in human respiratory neurons, a sterile solution containing CRISPR gene-editing molecules would be prepared in the laboratory. Besides the gene-editing components, the solution contains chemical reagents that allow the gene-editing machinery to enter the respiratory neurons and make their way into the nucleus and into the neurons genome.

How does one get the CRISPR opioid receptor knockout solution into a persons respiratory neurons?

Enter the intracranial microinjection instrument (IMI) developed by Miles Cunningham and his colleagues at Harvard. The IMI allows for computer-controlled delivery of small volumes of solution at specific places in the brain by using an extremely thin tube about twice the diameter of a human hair that can enter the brain at the base of the skull and thread through brain tissue without damage.

The computer can direct the robotic placement of the tube as it is fed images of the brain taken before the procedure using MRI. But even better, the IMI also has a recording wire embedded in the tube that allows measurement of neuronal activity to identify the right group of nerve cells.

Because the brain itself feels no pain, the procedure could be done in a conscious patient using only local anesthetics to numb the skin. Respiratory neurons drive the breathing muscles by firing action potentials which are measured by the recording wire in the tube. When the activity of the respiratory neurons matches the breathing movements by the patients, the proper location of the tube is confirmed and the CRISPR solution injected.

The call for drastic action

Opioid receptors on neurons in the brain have a half-life of about 45 minutes. Over a period of several hours, the opioid receptors on respiratory neurons would degrade and the CRISPR gene-editing machinery embedded in the genome would prevent new opioid receptors from appearing. If this works, the patient would be protected from opioid overdose within 24 hours. Because the respiratory neurons do not replenish, the CRISPR opioid receptor knockout should last for life.

With no opioid receptors on respiratory neurons, the opioid user cannot die from opioid overdose. After proper backing from National Institute on Drug Abuse and leading research and health care institutions, I believe CRISPR treatment could enter clinical trials in between five to 10 years. The total cost of opioid-involved overdose deaths is about US$430 billion per year. CRISPR treatment of only 10% of high-risk opioid users in one year would save thousands of lives and $43 billion.

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Intracranial microinjection of CRISPR solutions might seem drastic. But drastic actions that are needed to save human lives from opioid overdoses. A large segment of the opioid overdose victims are chronic pain patients. It may be possible that chronic pain patients in a terminal phase of their lives and in hospice care would volunteer in phase I clinical trials for the CRISPR opioid receptor knockout treatment I propose here.

Making the opioid user impervious to death by opioids is a permanent solution to a horrendous problem that has resisted efforts by prevention, treatment and pharmacological means. Steady and well-funded work to prove the CRISPR method, first with preclinical animal models then in clinical trials, is a moonshot for the present generation of biomedical scientists.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article here: https://theconversation.com/how-gene-editing-a-persons-brain-cells-could-be-used-to-curb-the-opioid-epidemic-143165.

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Image: Mammoths CRISPR-based Covid test (Photo courtesy of Mammoth Biosciences)

The award will help scale Mammoths CRISPR-based DETECTR test onto high-throughput automated platforms in commercial labs for COVID-19 diagnostics at an accelerated rate, increasing access to accurate tests with faster turnaround across the US. Mammoths SARS-CoV-2 DETECTRTM assay uses CRISPR technology, which provides a simpler workflow and significantly faster turnaround time compared to conventional PCR methods.

With a USD 1.5 billion investment from federal stimulus funding, the RADx initiative infuses funding into early innovative technologies to speed development of rapid and widely accessible COVID-19 testing. The Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics Tech (RADx Tech) program specifically aims to support the development and commercialization of innovative technologies to significantly increase the US testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2. With the support of the RADx program, Mammoth will scale the manufacturing of its proprietary DETECTR platform to provide a high-throughput, sample-to-answer turnkey solution for commercial laboratories to enable a multi-fold increase in testing capacity.

CRISPR has the potential to help curb the COVID-19 pandemic and relieve the testing shortage, said Trevor Martin, Ph.D., co-founder and CEO of Mammoth Biosciences. We are honored to receive this support for our CRISPR-based platform to bring high-throughput, accurate testing to more people, at a time when its needed most.

This is an exciting milestone, said Bruce Tromberg, Ph.D., Director of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) and leader of RADx Tech, one of four components of the NIH RADx initiative. It will help increase US testing capacity exponentially. Game-changing technologies emerging from our RADx pipeline will inform public health measures to stop the spread of the virus and leave us better equipped to address future pathogens and other diseases.

Related Links:Mammoth Biosciences

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Mammoth Biosciences' CRISPR SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic Platform Becomes First CRISPR-Based Initiative to Be Funded by NIH - HospiMedica

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ZUG, Switzerland and CAMBRIDGE, Mass., July 30, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- CRISPR Therapeutics (Nasdaq: CRSP), a biopharmaceutical company focused on creating transformative gene-based medicines for serious diseases, today announced that members of its senior management team are scheduled to participate virtually in the following investor conferences in August:

William Blair Biotech Focus ConferenceDate: Thursday, August 6, 2020Panel: 1:00 p.m. ET

Canaccord Genuity 40th Annual Growth ConferenceDate: Thursday, August 13, 2020Fireside chat: 2:30 p.m. ET

A live webcast of these events will be available on the "Events & Presentations" page in the Investors section of the Company's website at https://crisprtx.gcs-web.com/events. A replay of the webcast will be archived on the Company's website for 14 days following the presentation.

About CRISPR TherapeuticsCRISPR Therapeutics is a leading gene editing company focused on developing transformative gene-based medicines for serious diseases using its proprietary CRISPR/Cas9 platform. CRISPR/Cas9 is a revolutionary gene editing technology that allows for precise, directed changes to genomic DNA. CRISPR Therapeutics has established a portfolio of therapeutic programs across a broad range of disease areas including hemoglobinopathies, oncology, regenerative medicine and rare diseases. To accelerate and expand its efforts, CRISPR Therapeutics has established strategic partnerships with leading companies including Bayer, Vertex Pharmaceuticals and ViaCyte, Inc. CRISPR Therapeutics AG is headquartered in Zug, Switzerland, with its wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, CRISPR Therapeutics, Inc., and R&D operations based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and business offices in San Francisco, California and London, United Kingdom. For more information, please visit http://www.crisprtx.com.

Investor Contact:Susan Kim+1-617-307-7503susan.kim@crisprtx.com

Media Contact:Rachel Eides WCG on behalf of CRISPR+1-617-337-4167reides@wcgworld.com

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Written by Abhishek De, Edited by Explained Desk | New Delhi | Updated: August 5, 2020 9:45:10 am Covid-19 testing types, process: A member of the Brooklyn Hospital Center COVID-19 testing team calls in the next patient in line in the Brooklyn borough of New York (AP)

With experts predicting the demand for Covid-19 tests in the US to be millions more per day above current levels in the coming weeks, the government has awarded contracts worth $248.7 million to seven biomedical firms to produce next-generation tests under its Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx) initiative.

The aim behind the initiative is to significantly increase the number, type and availability of tests by millions per week by fall. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the seven firms have already received Emergency Use Authorisation from the US Food and Drug Authority (FDA) after they were found successful in the first phase of trials.

While one test uses the gene-editing technique called CRISPR to spot SARS-CoV-2, another uses a technique for scanning the genetic code to see if someone has contracted the virus. Another uses saliva samples rather than time-consuming swab tests while a fourth uses a hand-held device that produces results within 30 minutes.

The development comes even as the US reported the biggest number of new cases of any month in July since the pandemic began, with more than 1.9 million new cases, according to data from Johns Hopkins University.

The NIH launched the RADx programme on April 29 days after receiving an emergency appropriation of $1.5 billion from Congress to support innovative technologies to make millions of rapid Covid-19 tests. The seven firms were chosen from over 650 applicants and 31 projects.

While the US has conducted more Covid-19 tests than any other country, more than 60 million, there have been reports that Americans still continue to wait in queues to get tested and results get delayed by weeks. The RADx initiative will help develop new tests that will allow students, teachers and other workers to get tested frequently, allowing the safe re-opening of educational institutions and bringing back normal economic activity. The initiative is aiming at approximately 6 million daily tests in the United States by December.

Mesa Biotech: The company has developed a test that employs a hand-held RT-PCR device and a compact, single-use cartridge that detects viral RNA at the point of care. Named Accula SARS-CoV-2 test, one can see the results from the removable cartridge in 30 minutes.

Quidel: This is also a point-of-care test and has been identified for use in nursing homes or pharmacies. Named Quidel Sofia SARS Antigen FIA test, a lateral flow immunoassay, it uses analysers equipped with advanced fluorescence detection with an ultraviolet LED energy source. The analysers give results within 15 minutes.

Talis Biomedical: Capable of returning a result under 30 minutes, the Talis One Covid-19 test uses a multiplexed cartridge to detect SARS-CoV-2 through isothermal amplification of viral RNA and an optical detection system.

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Ginkgo Bioworks: The Boston-based firm uses next-generation sequencing technologies to process tens of thousands of individual tests at once and will provide end-to-end sample collection and report results within 24-48 hours. The company is expected scale up to 50,000 tests per day in September and 100,000 per day by the end of the year.

Helix OpCo: The Covid-19 test by Helix uses nasal swabs to collect samples that can be processed in very volumes at once and can give results within 24-48 hours using a combination of sophisticated automation processes.

Fluidigm: The California-based firm has developed a diagnostic molecular test integrated with fluidic chips that detects SARS-CoV-2 from saliva specimens. The high-throughput test, named Advanta Dx SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Assay, does not need a viral RNA extraction kit.

Mammoth Biosciences Inc: The Covid-19 test, named SARS-CoV-2 DETECTR assay, uses gene-editing CRISPR technology, which provides a simpler workflow and faster turnaround time compared to conventional PCR tests.

The CRISPR technology can detect even a small extract of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in a nose, mouth or throat swab, or in fluid from the lungs. If the viruss genetic material is detected, the CRISPR enzyme generates a fluorescent glow.

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Since 1909, J.W. Jung Seed Co., has supplied Wisconsin gardeners with seeds, plants, shrubs and trees. Two seasons ago, Richard Dick Zondag, president and grandson of founder John William Jung, had been introduced to hemp and worked with specialist in the industry to develop a technique of rooting female plants. This season, they offered abacus strain hemp in rooted cuttings, as well as seedlings and seeds.

Jung is headquartered in Randolph, Wis. They also have garden centers throughout Madison and in Stevens Point. (Jung Seed Genetics, suppliers of farm seed, spun off from J.W. Jung Seed in the early 2000s and is now owned by Monsanto; the two companies are not affiliated.)

Zondag says he chose the abacus strain because its one of the most commonly used varieties, and he found it to be an early flowering variety; ideal for our upper Midwest climate. You need an early flowering variety for Wisconsin because our growing season is shorter than most. Theres a lot of hemp grown on the West Coast for CBD oil because they have a much longer growing season, he says.

J.W. Jung Seeds hemp experimentation started with seedlings. They planted all of their seedling populations and then removed the male plants when they started to flower. Then we went through the field and picked out 10 different plants that seemed to have the structure that we wanted, and the early flowering. That was a determining factor for our clonesand of course, they had to be female plants.

They chose to focus on rooted cuttings because, Zondag explains, hemp is a dioecious plant, meaning that it has male and female flowers on separate plants. Other examples of dioecious plants include honey locust. With hemp, you want females because the CBD oil is produced on the flowers of the hemp plant. Female flowers produce a lot more CBD oil when the flowers are not fertilized, he says. Thats why we use cuttings use rather than seedlings. Unless you really know what youre doing, if you have a cutting, the plant produced from a cutting will be the same as the plant it came from.

With seeds, youre taking a chance of ending up with male or female plants, he affirms. All rooted cuttings sold by J.W. Jung Seed for the 2020 growing season were cloned from female plants.

Zondag says they did have some cuttings and seedlings left over after farmers completed their spring planting. The market was becoming saturated, he says. The number of licenses (issued by the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection) were down instead of up. I think a lot of farmers that went into hemp farming didnt have a lab to extract the CBD oil. They got stuck with the crop and didnt make any money. Next spring, were going to produce hemp cuttings by contract only.

He hopes the market will stabilize because its a good secondary crop for farmers to diversify. He also sees a good opportunity to grow hemp for fiber, and for seed used in health products. When youre growing it for fiber, you dont have to pay attention to whether plants are male or female. The hemp plant is very woody when it matures, so theres a lot of fiber. It offers a lot of different purposes.

For more information, visit jungseed.com.

To read more Cannabis Connection articles,click here.

To read more articles by Sheila Julson,click here.

Sheila Julson is a freelance writer who enjoys capturing the stories behind Milwaukees happening food, beverage and urban farming scenes. She also pens articles about holistic health, green living, sustainability and human-interest features.

Aug. 04, 2020

10:14 a.m.

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Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.

Author affiliations: Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium (E. Vandoorn, A. Parys, K. Van Reeth); Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (I. Leroux-Roels, G. Leroux-Roels); National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA (A. Vincent)

Humans and swine are susceptible to influenza A viruses (IAVs) of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes H1 and H3, which are widespread in both species. Human IAVs frequently are transmitted to swine, after which the HA surface protein generally undergoes slower antigenic evolution (drift) in swine than in humans (13). Therefore, swine can be considered a reservoir for past human IAVs. Because antigenic drift variants of human IAVs replace each other over time, younger persons only have been exposed to more recent strains and human population immunity against older human IAVs gradually decreases (4). Consequently, human-origin swine IAVs (swIAVs) can be reintroduced into the human population after a certain period and cause a pandemic, as illustrated by the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (pH1N1) (5). The H1 of this swine-origin virus is related to the H1 of human seasonal H1N1 IAVs that circulated in 19181950. In 2009, only persons born before the 1950s had cross-reactive antibodies against H1N1 viruses, so a pandemic was possible (6,7).

The evolution of swIAVs is different from and more complex than that of human IAVs because of multiple introductions of human IAVs into swine and geographic separation of swine populations (8). H1 swIAV colloquial names indicate their origin and region of circulation. An improved classification system subdivides H1 swIAVs into 3 lineages and 28 clades on the basis of H1 nucleotide sequence homology (9). The lineages are 1A, 1B, and 1C, with the number representing the subtype (H1) and the letter representing the lineage. Clades and subclades are indicated with 13 digits. Classical swine lineage 1A contains IAVs with the human 1918 pandemic H1N1 virus as a common ancestor. Most clades are restricted to America and Asia, but pH1N1 viruses (1A.3.3.2) circulate in swine and humans worldwide. Human seasonal lineage 1B contains swIAVs with an H1 derived from human seasonal IAVs. These human-like H1 swIAVs emerged in Europe in the late 1980s and in North America in the early 2000s. Eurasian avian lineage 1C contains swIAVs that originated from avian IAVs. These avian-like swIAVs emerged in Europe in 1979 and spread to Asia in 1993 (1013). Apart from antigenic evolution in the HA, IAVs also can evolve via exchange of gene segments with other IAVs of different subtypes or clades infecting the same cell, called reassortment (14), which frequently occurs in pigs. A reassortant IAV with an antigenically novel HA and the capacity to infect and spread in humans could cause a pandemic.

Since 2010, 35 zoonotic infections with H1 swIAVs were reported in North America and 10 in Europe (1517; Parys et al., unpub. data). Human population immunity is a major factor determining the pandemic risk for swIAVs. Hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) and virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies in serum are accepted correlates of protection (18). Evaluating humans of different age groups for HI and VN antibody titers against a range of antigenically different swIAVs might help clarify the public health risk.

In a previous seroprevalence study for H3 swIAVs in humans from Luxembourg, we demonstrated a correlation with the nature of the swIAV and its relation to human IAVs on the one hand and the persons birth year on the other (19). A large comparative seroprevalence study for H1 swIAVs is lacking. Previous studies examined limited numbers of H1 swIAVs or samples or did not evaluate the relation between birth year and antibody responses (12,13,2025). In addition, most studies were conducted before or during the 2009 pandemic, but the circulation of pH1N1 viruses in humans likely changed the serologic profile against H1 swIAVs. We assessed prevalence and titers of protective antibodies against all major H1 swIAV clades in various age groups in Belgium in 2017. We also examined the relation between antibodies against human-like swIAVs and their presumed human seasonal ancestor IAV. The results will help assess the public health risk for different H1 swIAVs.

During August 2017January 2018, a total of 549 anonymized serum samples were collected from immunocompetent persons with unknown influenza vaccination or infection history born during 19202017 at Ghent University Hospital (Ghent, Belgium). Samples included 6 per birth year with 1:1 ratio between male and female patients. Exclusion criteria included active oncologic disease or hematologic malignancies, immunosuppressive treatment, organ transplantation, admission to intensive care, and end-stage renal disease on dialysis treatment. This study was approved by the Commission for Medical Ethics of the Ghent University Hospital (approval no. 2017/0834).

Samples were evaluated for antibodies against 11 viruses representing 7 major H1 swIAV clades circulating in Europe, North America, and Asia; 2 human seasonal progenitor IAVs for European and North American human-like swIAVs; and 1 human seasonal IAV that circulated right before the pH1N1 virus (Table 1). We used epidemiologic data (1012) and the H1 classification system (9) to select major H1 swIAV clades. We selected test viruses on the basis of amino acid homology and antigenic relatedness to currently circulating swIAVs of each clade. We selected the human progenitor IAVs based on the literature (26,27).

We downloaded nucleotide sequences of the viruses HA1, the main target of neutralizing antibodies, from Genbank and translated these to amino acids. We used the MUSCLE algorithm for sequence alignment and the Jones-Taylor-Thornton model and nearest-neighbor-interchange heuristic method to construct maximum-likelihood trees in MEGA7 (28). We determined the percent of amino acid homology between test viruses and numbers of identical amino acids in presumed antigenic sites (29) with MEGA7 and R version 3.2.2 (30).

We obtained North American swIAVs and corresponding swine serum from the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. We obtained human seasonal IAVs and corresponding ferret serum from Francis Crick Institute (London, UK), and Asian swIAV from Hong Kong University (Hong Kong). We antigenically characterized test viruses in cross-HI and cross-VN assays with postvaccination swine serum for swIAVs or postinfection ferret serum for human seasonal IAVs. Because serum against A/Brisbane/59/2007 was not available, we used ferret serum against A/Egypt/10/2007 instead; the HA sequence is identical in both. We propagated viruses in MDCK cells; all passages were <6. We calculated antigenic distances from HI and VN titers as described previously (31) and converted these into antigenic dendrograms by using the neighbor-joining method in MEGA7. One antigenic unit represents a 2-fold difference in HI or VN titer.

We tested individual samples in HI assays and pooled samples per birth year in VN assays for antibodies against each test virus. Both assays were performed according to standard procedures (32,33). We expressed antibody titers for HI as the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution showing complete hemagglutination inhibition of 4 hemagglutinating units of virus or, for VN, 50% neutralization of 100 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective doses) of virus. The starting dilution was 1:20, and we considered a titer of 40 positive.

We calculated geometric mean titers (GMTs) and 95% CIs for HI and VN antibody titers of samples from each birth decade against each test virus by using log2-transformed data. Samples with a titer <20 were assigned a titer of 10. For non-stratified data, we calculated Spearman correlation coefficients (CCs) between HI titers or between VN titers against different viruses. We used Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests to compare antibody titers between age groups for a certain virus or between viruses for a certain age group. We used Fisher exact test to compare proportions of positive samples. For all statistical tests, we applied Bonferroni adjustment of the p values and we considered corrected p values of <0.05 statistically significant. We performed all analyses by using R version 3.2.2.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Epidemiologic, phylogenetic, and antigenic relationship between influenza A test viruses from classical swine lineage 1A, human seasonal lineage 1B, and Eurasian avian lineage 1C. A) Schematic representation of the H1 IAV...

We tested samples for antibodies against 11 IAVs from the classical swine 1A, human seasonal 1B, or Eurasian avian 1C lineage. HA1 aa sequence homology between viruses of different lineages was <75% with 1935/50 identical amino acids in presumed antigenic sites. Classical swine and avian-like IAVs were phylogenetically most closely related (Figure 1, panel A; Table 2). Within-lineage HA1 aa homology was 82%97%, with 3649 identical amino acids in antigenic sites. Human-like swIAVs and their presumed human seasonal progenitor IAV shared 90%94% aa in the HA1 and 3642 aa in antigenic sites.

Antigenic dendrograms based on cross-HI and cross-VN assays showed similar trends to the phylogenetic tree, except for swOK13 (Tables 35; Figure 1). This North American human-like 1b swIAV (1B.2.2.2) clustered separately from other IAVs of its lineage, including its presumed human ancestor, NC99.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Number of positive human serum samples in the hemagglutination inhibition assay (titer >40) for each test virus compared with the total number of samples tested per birth cohort. Birth cohorts...

Figure 3

Figure 3. Number of positive human serum samples in the virus neutralization assay (titer >40) for each test virus compared with the total number of samples per birth cohort. Birth cohorts are...

We tested human serum samples against human seasonal IAVs related to 1B swIAVs from 1986 (TW86), 1999 (NC99), and 2007 (BR07) to evaluate a persons potential exposure to or vaccination with these IAVs. Overall, 39% were seropositive for TW86, 31% for NC99, and 22% for BR07 in HI and 48% were seropositive for TW86, 51% for NC99, and 29% for BR07 in VN (Figures 2, 3). Seroprevalences and GMTs against TW86 were highest for persons born during 19771986 and lowest for the 2 youngest groups, those born during 19972017 (Tables 6, 7). For NC99 and BR07, HI responses were highest for those born during 19871996, and VN responses were highest for those born during 19371946 (NC99 only) and 19972006. Persons born during 20072017 had minimal responses. Antibody responses against human seasonal IAVs were related to birth year and the year of virus isolation, with peak responses in persons born right before the virus circulated and lowest responses in persons born afterwards.

The major avian-origin swIAV clades are European avian-like 1C.2.1, represented by swG10, and Asian avian-like 1C.2.3, represented by swHK11. For swG10, 10% of all samples tested positive in HI and 7% in VN (Figures 2, 3). Seroprevalence was <20% and GMTs were <20 for all age groups except the oldest, those born during 19201926, with 40% seropositive in HI and GMTs for HI and VN of 24 (Tables 6, 7).

For swHK11, overall seroprevalence was 25% in HI and 34% in VN. Like swG10, responses against swHK11 were highest for those born during 19201926; 52% in HI, 72% in VN, and GMTs 38. Responses were minimal in both HI and VN for persons born during 19471956; 11% in HI, 10% in VN, and GMTs <20.

European human-like swIAV swG12 (1B.1.2.1) represents the human-like H1 swIAV clade circulating in Belgium, and TW86 was selected as its presumed human ancestor virus. At least half of all samples tested positive for swG12, 50% in HI and 59% in VN (Figures 2, 3). We noted statistically significant differences in seroprevalences and GMTs, which were higher (62% in HI and 74% in VN; GMTs 44) in persons born before 1996 than in persons born during 19972017 (5% in HI and in VN; GMTs <20; p<0.001) (Tables 6, 7). GMTs peaked (87) in HI in those born during 19771986 and in VN for those born during 19671976. Results for swG12 were similar to those for its presumed human ancestor virus, TW86.

North American human-like H1 swIAVs (1B.2) result from the introduction of a human IAV in the early 2000s, and we selected NC99 as their presumed human ancestor. For the most prevalent 1 clade (1B.2.2), swAL16 represents subclade 1a (1B.2.2.1), whereas swIL10 and swOK13 represent subclade 1b (1B.2.2.2).

Among samples, 24% tested positive for swAL16 in HI and 39% in VN (Figures 2, 3). Seroprevalences and GMTs were highest in those born during 19871996 in HI (55%; GMT 35) and in those born during 19471956 in VN (70%; GMT 59), but no antibodies against swAL16 were detected in the youngest group, those born during 20072017 (Tables 6, 7). Like for European human-like virus swG12 (1B.1.2.1), antibody responses against North American 1a virus swAL16 (1B.2.2.1) resembled those against its presumed human ancestor virus, NC99.

For the 1b swIAVs (1B.2.2.2), <10% were seropositive (swIL10, 10% in HI and VN; swOK13, 5% in HI and 4% in VN) (Figures 2, 3). We did not see statistically significant differences in seroprevalences between the 2 1b swIAVs or between age groups, with following exceptions. HI-seroprevalence of those born during 19271936 was statistically significantly higher for swIL10 (13%) than for swOK13 (2%; p<0.04). HI seroprevalence for swOK13 of those born during 19771986 was statistically significantly higher (21%) compared with groups born during 19271936 (2%), 19571966 (0), and 20072017 (0; p<0.04). GMTs were <20 in all age groups except those born during 19371956, who had VN GMTs of 2230 against swIL10 (Tables 6, 7). Unlike the other 2 human-like swIAVs tested, responses against 1b swIAVs (1B.2.2.2) did not concur with those against the presumed human ancestor virus NC99. Responses against swIL10 and swOK13 were generally statistically significantly lower than against NC99 (p<0.05).

We used swOH07 as reference virus to evaluate antibody responses against classical swine virus clade (1A.3.3.3) and CA09 as reference virus to evaluate classical swine virus clade pH1N1 (1A.3.3.2), which derived its HA from swIAVs. Overall, 50% of the samples tested positive for swOH07 (50% in HI; 78% in VN) and CA09 (54% in HI; 81% in VN), with high seroprevalences in all age groups (36%100% in HI; 50%100% in VN), except in those born during 19471956 in HI (swOH07, 17%; CA09, 24%) (Figures 2, 3). HI titers peaked in the 2 oldest groups, those born during 19201936; VN titers peaked in the 2 oldest groups and in those born during 19972006 (Tables 6, 7). No statistically significant difference was noted in responses against classical swine (1A.3.3.3) and pH1N1 (1A.3.3.2) IAVs.

Antibody titers against epidemiologically related human and swine IAVs were highly correlated for classical swine viruses swOH07 (1A.3.3.3) and CA09 (1A.3.3.2), European human-like swIAV swG12 (1B.1.2.1) and human ancestor IAV TW86, North American human-like 1a swIAV swAL16 (1B.2.2.1) and human ancestor IAV NC99, and European and Asian avian-like swIAVs swG10 (1C.2.1) and swHK11 (1C.2.3) (CC=0.680.86 in HI; CC=0.630.77 in VN; Table 8). Of note, titers against avian-like and classical swine IAVs also were strongly correlated (CC=0.550.68 in HI; CC=0.490.67 in VN). In contrast, CCs were low between titers against North American human-like 1b viruses swIL10 and swOK13 (1B.2.2.2) and human ancestor virus NC99 (0.420.43 in HI; 0.300.39 in VN [the first value of which is not statistically significant]).

Our results show that serum antibody responses of immunocompetent persons in Belgium against major H1 swIAV clades depend on the swIAV tested and its relation to human seasonal IAVs and the persons birth year. Overall seroprevalences were high (50%) for classical swine (1A.3.3.2, 1A.3.3.3) and for European human-like (1B.1.2.1) swIAVs, intermediate (24%) for North American human-like 1a (1B.2.2.1) and Asian avian-like (1C.2.3) swIAVs, and low (<10%) for North American human-like 1b (1B.2.2.2) and European avian-like (1C.2.1) swIAVs. Our results are consistent with previous studies that aimed to compare antibody responses in nonswine workers with those in persons with frequent swine contact (7,2025), although those studies examined only a limited number of swIAV clades or samples. Overall, most previous studies showed lower seroprevalences for Asian avian-like (2%10%) and European avian-like (05%) swIAVs in the general population or in nonswine workers (13,20,2224). A 2010 study in the United Kingdom also found a lower seroprevalence of 11% for a European human-like (1B.1.2.1) swIAV (24). The major difference between our study and studies conducted before or during the 2009 pandemic is the lower seroprevalence of 3%15% for classical swine IAVs in previous studies (13,20,2224). The circulation of pH1N1 viruses (1A.3.3.2) likely contributes to increased seroprevalence rates against these related classical swine IAVs. In our study, the oldest group, those born during 19201926 who are 9197 years of age, had the highest antibody responses against H1 swIAVs of classical swine (1A.3.3) and avian-like (1C.2) lineages, for which antibody titers were correlated (13,20,21). Responses against human seasonal IAVs and related European and North American 1a human-like H1 swIAVs (1B) generally were highest in those born during 19771996, who are 2140 years of age, and lowest in those born during 19962017, who are 020 years of age. Responses against North American 1b human-like H1 swIAVs (1B.2.2.2) generally were low across all age cohorts.

Antibody responses against past human seasonal IAVs TW86, NC99, and BR07 generally peaked in persons born near the time during which the respective IAV or similar viruses circulated, whereas responses were low in most persons born after. Within an age group, responses generally were highest against an antigenic representative of the virus encountered first. These findings concur with the theory of antigenic seniority: humans are expected to have antibodies against human seasonal IAVs that circulated after their birth, with highest responses against the virus encountered first. Antigenic seniority likely occurs because of periodic boosting of these antibodies by subsequent exposures to related human seasonal IAVs (4,34,35). Antibody titers against European human-like swIAV swG12 (1B.1.2.1) and North American human-like 1a swIAV swAL16 (1B.2.2.1) concur with those against their respective human ancestor viruses TW86 and NC99 because of close antigenic relationship to their ancestor IAV. Overall high seroprevalences against pH1N1 virus CA09 (1A.3.3.2) and antigenically closely related classical swine virus swOH07 (1A.3.3.3) can be explained by recent exposure to currently circulating pH1N1 viruses. Because the oldest persons were born during 19201936, when human IAVs closely related to the 1918 pandemic virus, the ancestor of classical swine IAVs, circulated, they could have had cross-reactive antibodies against classical swine IAVs before 2009. These antibodies might have been boosted by later exposure to pH1N1 viruses, which might account for the high responses in this group (6,7). Consistent with results for serum samples collected after pH1N1 virus infection in a previous study (21), cross-reactivity was higher against the Asian than against the European avian-like H1 swIAV, which differ by only 1 aa in antigenic sites (Table 2). Whether this single amino acid mutation is the reason for the difference in seroprevalence is still unknown (36,37).

European human-like (1B.1.2.1) and North American human-like 1a (1B.2.2.1) H1 swIAVs are antigenically more closely related to their human ancestor than North American human-like 1b (1B.2.2.2) H1 swIAVs (Figure 1; Tables 3, 4). North American human-like H1 swIAVs (1B.2) have been shown to drift 4 times faster than European human-like H1 swIAVs (1B.1). Increased antigenic diversity of the former since 2008 has led to the emergence of swIAVs that are antigenically distinct from the human precursors, mainly within the 1b subclade (3,27). This evolution can explain the recognition of selected European human-like and North American human-like 1a but not North American human-like 1b H1 swIAVs by human serum samples. Because the human ancestor IAVs no longer circulate in humans, swine can be considered a reservoir for old human IAVs. Seroprevalences for European human-like and North American human-like 1a H1 swIAVs are expected to decrease over time because the youngest age groups were never exposed to these human IAVs. On the basis of our results, we estimate that it could take <80 years for the population to become fully susceptible.

Seroprevalences of immunocompetent persons in Belgium for swIAVs representing major H1 swIAV clades suggest that North American human-like 1b (1B.2.2.2) and European avian-like (1C.2.1) H1 swIAVs currently pose the highest risk to public health. North American human-like 1b (1B.2.2.2) swIAVs rapidly drifted away from its human ancestor, whereas European avian-like (1C.2.1) swIAVs never circulated in humans. Seroprevalences of <10% for these viruses are comparable to 2%19% against the pH1N1 virus right before the pandemic (7). Our results suggest that the risk of reintroduction of these H1 swIAVs in the human population might be higher than for H3 swIAVs, given that 20% of persons 0100 years of age from Luxembourg tested seropositive for representative European and North American cluster IV H3 swIAVs in 2010 (19). Seroprevalences against the other currently circulating human-like H1 swIAV clades were higher than against 1B.2.2.2 and 1C.2.1, but these viruses, along with H3 swIAVs, also keep evolving in swine. As they continue to drift away from their human ancestor and population immunity wanes with lack of exposure, these viruses might also pose a risk to public health soon.

We evaluated human population immunity against H1 swIAVs on the basis of serum HI and VN antibodies, which are directed against the highly variable head region of the HA. We did not measure antibodies or T-cell responses against the HA stalk, the neuraminidase, or internal viral proteins, such as the nucleoprotein. Although these immune mechanisms are much less potent than neutralizing anti-HA antibodies, their targets are more conserved between IAVs of humans and swine (3842). Therefore, persons with minimal antibody titers in our study still might have some degree of immunity and protection against zoonotic infection with swIAVs. Furthermore, population immunity is only one aspect determining the pandemic potential of swIAVs (18). Another factor is their ability to spread in humans, which is difficult to investigate (43). Our results stress the need for continuous surveillance and characterization of circulating swIAVs and frequent monitoring of humans for antibodies against these swIAVs.

Ms. Vandoorn was a PhD student at the Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, during the study period. Her primary research interests are swine influenza A virus surveillance in Belgium and the Netherlands and broadly protective vaccination strategies for influenza A viruses.

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Suggested citation for this article: Vandoorn E, Leroux-Roels I, Leroux-Roels G, Parys A, Vincent A, Van Reeth K. Detection of H1 swine influenza A virus antibodies in human serum samples by age group. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Sep [date cited]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.191796

The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.

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Detection of H1 Swine Influenza A Virus Antibodies in Human Serum Samples by Age Group - CDC

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

dingo, bigger, growth, poison baiting, Michael Letnic, Mathew Crowther

DINGOES have gotten around 6-9 per cent bigger over the past 80 years, according to new research - but the growth is happening only in areas where poison baiting is used. The findings, published in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society over the weekend, compared the sizes of dingoes that lived in three baited regions (Kalgoorlie, Pilbara and pastoral South Australia), with those from an unbaited region that stretched from Northern Territory to South Australia. The scientists measured the skull size - which is a marker of animal size - of nearly 600 dingo specimens originating from the sites. "Skulls from the baited regions grew by about four millimetres since poison baiting was introduced," Michael Letnic, lead author of the paper and professor in conservation biology and ecosystem restoration at UNSW Science, said. "This equates to roughly a kilogram in body mass." While both male and female dingoes grew, female dingoes had the biggest growth spurt: Their skulls increased by 4.5 millimetres, which is almost nine per cent body mass. Male skulls grew by 3.6 millimetres, or six per cent body mass. The question is: Why are dingoes in poison-baited areas growing? "The most likely theory is that dingoes who survive baiting campaigns have less competition for food," co-author Associate Professor Mathew Crowther from the University of Sydney said. He said dingoes' primary prey, kangaroos, have been shown to increase in numbers when dingo populations are suppressed. "With more food in abundance, dingoes' physical growth is less restricted," Prof Crwother said. The pesticide sodium fluoroacetate - known as 1080 - is commonly used across Australia to control dingo and other pest populations. A flavourless white powder, 1080 is usually stuck into meat baits and left in dingo hotspots, often via helicopter drops. Baiting was rolled out in Kalgoorlie, Pilbara and pastoral South Australia over the 1960s and '70s. Dingoes from the unbaited region - which included Indigenous-owned lands and conservation reserves - saw no change in body size. This is not the first time a pesticide has been linked to changes in animal bodies. "Our interventions have consequences - and they're actually quite predictable consequences," Prof Letnic said. "Whatever pressures we put on animal populations - be it pesticides or not - there will be side effects." Scientists usually observe these impacts in invertebrate pests: for example, some insects - like cockroaches - are becoming more resistant to the insecticides used on them. However, this study is one of the first to show that vertebrates, like dingoes, also change from pesticide use. "Poison baiting campaigns could be favouring the survival of larger dingoes," Prof Crowther said. "Smaller dingoes need less poison for a lethal dose, so are more likely to be killed by baiting. This leaves the larger dingoes to survive and breed." As a result of their growing size, the 1080 dose required to kill a dingo in the baited regions has increased since the toxin was introduced. "The reaction to this finding may be to add more poison to the baits, or to find a new poison," Prof Letnic said. "But, eventually, the cycle will start again." The exact mechanisms at play are still unclear - but a greater abundance of food post-baiting and dingoes adapting to the poison are likely the most influential factors, the researchers believe. Other factors that could have potentially led to the dingoes' growth, like climate change or interbreeding with dogs, seem unlikely. "We only tested dingoes in areas that have very low dog hybridisation rates, making it highly unlikely that dog genetics are contributing to the size growth," Prof Letnic said. Most dingo-dog hybridisation, he said, occurs on the east coast of Australia. The researchers also suggest that - if anything - a warming climate would decrease dingoes' body size, as cooler conditions favour larger animals. Further studies that use a broader sample of dingoes from across Australia could help better understand the cause of the dingo body change. In the meantime, the researchers hope to explore other ecological impacts of 1080 baiting. "Baiting is changing dingoes, so it could be changing other animal populations," Prof Letnic said. "Animals respond to human interventions, whether directly or indirectly. The changes could well be adaptive, and we must think about that."

https://nnimgt-a.akamaihd.net/transform/v1/crop/frm/36cb5pgMzenMnrRDPitnuXV/44edfa0d-f29b-4735-906b-c5f05b4ba610.jpg/r0_224_2396_1578_w1200_h678_fmax.jpg

DIGEST

August 5 2020 - 6:00AM

DINGOES have gotten around 6-9 per cent bigger over the past 80 years, according to new research - but the growth is happening only in areas where poison baiting is used.

The findings, published in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society over the weekend, compared the sizes of dingoes that lived in three baited regions (Kalgoorlie, Pilbara and pastoral South Australia), with those from an unbaited region that stretched from Northern Territory to South Australia.

The scientists measured the skull size - which is a marker of animal size - of nearly 600 dingo specimens originating from the sites.

"Skulls from the baited regions grew by about four millimetres since poison baiting was introduced," Michael Letnic, lead author of the paper and professor in conservation biology and ecosystem restoration at UNSW Science, said.

"This equates to roughly a kilogram in body mass."

While both male and female dingoes grew, female dingoes had the biggest growth spurt: Their skulls increased by 4.5 millimetres, which is almost nine per cent body mass. Male skulls grew by 3.6 millimetres, or six per cent body mass.

The question is: Why are dingoes in poison-baited areas growing?

"The most likely theory is that dingoes who survive baiting campaigns have less competition for food," co-author Associate Professor Mathew Crowther from the University of Sydney said.

He said dingoes' primary prey, kangaroos, have been shown to increase in numbers when dingo populations are suppressed.

"With more food in abundance, dingoes' physical growth is less restricted," Prof Crwother said.

The pesticide sodium fluoroacetate - known as 1080 - is commonly used across Australia to control dingo and other pest populations.

A flavourless white powder, 1080 is usually stuck into meat baits and left in dingo hotspots, often via helicopter drops. Baiting was rolled out in Kalgoorlie, Pilbara and pastoral South Australia over the 1960s and '70s.

Dingoes from the unbaited region - which included Indigenous-owned lands and conservation reserves - saw no change in body size.

This is not the first time a pesticide has been linked to changes in animal bodies.

"Our interventions have consequences - and they're actually quite predictable consequences," Prof Letnic said.

"Whatever pressures we put on animal populations - be it pesticides or not - there will be side effects."

Scientists usually observe these impacts in invertebrate pests: for example, some insects - like cockroaches - are becoming more resistant to the insecticides used on them.

However, this study is one of the first to show that vertebrates, like dingoes, also change from pesticide use.

"Poison baiting campaigns could be favouring the survival of larger dingoes," Prof Crowther said.

"Smaller dingoes need less poison for a lethal dose, so are more likely to be killed by baiting. This leaves the larger dingoes to survive and breed."

As a result of their growing size, the 1080 dose required to kill a dingo in the baited regions has increased since the toxin was introduced.

"The reaction to this finding may be to add more poison to the baits, or to find a new poison," Prof Letnic said.

"But, eventually, the cycle will start again."

Looking for an explanation

The exact mechanisms at play are still unclear - but a greater abundance of food post-baiting and dingoes adapting to the poison are likely the most influential factors, the researchers believe.

Other factors that could have potentially led to the dingoes' growth, like climate change or interbreeding with dogs, seem unlikely.

"We only tested dingoes in areas that have very low dog hybridisation rates, making it highly unlikely that dog genetics are contributing to the size growth," Prof Letnic said. Most dingo-dog hybridisation, he said, occurs on the east coast of Australia.

The researchers also suggest that - if anything - a warming climate would decrease dingoes' body size, as cooler conditions favour larger animals.

Further studies that use a broader sample of dingoes from across Australia could help better understand the cause of the dingo body change.

In the meantime, the researchers hope to explore other ecological impacts of 1080 baiting.

"Baiting is changing dingoes, so it could be changing other animal populations," Prof Letnic said.

"Animals respond to human interventions, whether directly or indirectly. The changes could well be adaptive, and we must think about that."

See the original post:
Dingoes getting bigger where baiting is used: research - The Macleay Argus

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Dr. Lydia M. Evans, MD

Dr. Lydia M. Evans, Director, RenovaCare, Inc.

ROSELAND, N.J., Aug. 04, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- RenovaCare, Inc. (Symbol: RCAR;www.renovacareinc.com), developer of patented technologies for spraying self-donated stem cells for the regeneration of skin and other organs and tissues, today announced the appointment of Lydia M. Evans, M.D. to its Board of Directors. A noted dermatologist, oncologist, and doctor of internal medicine, Dr. Evans has held numerous academic, private, and commercial appointments, and brings extensive insights into the science, technology, and market positioning of wound and skin regeneration therapies.

As RenovaCare continues to advance our portfolio of regenerative technologies, strategic leadership from our Board is increasingly critical as we look to regulatory approval and commercialization. Dr. Evans knowledge and experience will be a strong addition to our Board at such an important time as the Company continues to pursue bringing first-in-class regenerative therapies to market, stated Alan L. Rubino, RenovaCare CEO & President.

"Im pleased to join the RenovaCare Board of Directors at a time of growing demand for modern therapies that promise natural regeneration for burns, wounds, skin disorders and cosmetic imperfections. The RenovaCare CellMist and SkinGun represent an impressive therapeutic approach that replaces painful and complex skin grafting procedures with a gentle mist of the patients own cells. I look forward to assisting the Company in its development, concluded Dr. Evans.

A Columbia Presbyterian and Memorial Sloan Kettering-educated dermatologist, oncologist and doctor of internal medicine, Dr. Evans specializes in state-of-the-art treatments for aesthetic and medical dermatologic procedures. She is currently an Associate Clinical Attending Physician in the Department of Dermatology at New York Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City, a position which includes significant teaching responsibilities. She is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Dermatology, a Diplomate of the National Board of Medical Examiners, the American Board of Internal Medicine, and the American Board of Dermatology. She is a member of the Leadership Society of the Dermatology Research Foundation and has served as the New York State Chairperson for the Psoriasis Research Foundation. Dr. Evans was Consulting Dermatologist to LOral Paris from 2000 to 2012, spurring new product development in dermatologist-inspired skincare directly to consumers.About RenovaCareRenovaCare, Inc. is developing first-of-its-kind autologous (self-donated) stem cell therapies for the regeneration of human organs. Its initial product under development targets the bodys largest organ, the skin. The companys flagship technology, the CellMist System, uses its patented SkinGun to spray a liquid suspension of a patients stem cells the CellMist Solution onto wounds.

RenovaCare is developing its CellMist System as a promising new alternative for patients suffering from burns, chronic and acute wounds, and scars. In the US alone, this $45 billion market is greater than the spending on high-blood pressure management, cholesterol treatments, and back pain therapeutics.

RenovaCare products are currently in development. They are not available for sale in the United States. There is no assurance that the Companys planned or filed submissions to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration will be accepted or cleared by the FDA.

For additional information, please call Amit Singh at: 888-398-0202 or visit:https://renovacareinc.com

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Social Media DisclaimerInvestors and others should note that we announce material financial information to our investors using SEC filings and press releases. We use our website and social media to communicate with our subscribers, shareholders and the public about the company, RenovaCare, Inc. development, and other corporate matters that are in the public domain. At this time, the company will not post information on social media that could be deemed to be material information unless that information was distributed to public distribution channels first.

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Legal Notice Regarding Forward-Looking StatementsNo statement herein should be considered an offer or a solicitation of an offer for the purchase or sale of any securities. This release contains forward-looking statements that are based upon current expectations or beliefs, as well as a number of assumptions about future events. Although RenovaCare, Inc. (the Company) believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements and the assumptions upon which they are based are reasonable, it can give no assurance that such expectations and assumptions will prove to have been correct. Forward-looking statements, which involve assumptions and describe our future plans, strategies, and expectations, are generally identifiable by use of the words may, will, should, could, expect, anticipate, estimate, believe, intend, or project or the negative of these words or other variations on these words or comparable terminology. The reader is cautioned not to put undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, as these statements are subject to numerous factors and uncertainties, including but not limited to: the timing and success of clinical and preclinical studies of product candidates, the potential timing and success of the Companys product programs through their individual product development and regulatory approval processes, adverse economic conditions, intense competition, lack of meaningful research results, entry of new competitors and products, inadequate capital, unexpected costs and operating deficits, increases in general and administrative costs, termination of contracts or agreements, obsolescence of the Companys technologies, technical problems with the Companys research, price increases for supplies and components, litigation and administrative proceedings involving the Company, the possible acquisition of new businesses or technologies that result in operating losses or that do not perform as anticipated, unanticipated losses, the possible fluctuation and volatility of the Companys operating results, financial condition and stock price, losses incurred in litigating and settling cases, dilution in the Companys ownership of its business, adverse publicity and news coverage, inability to carry out research, development and commercialization plans, loss or retirement of key executives and research scientists, and other risks. There can be no assurance that further research and development will validate and support the results of our preliminary research and studies. Further, there can be no assurance that the necessary regulatory approvals will be obtained or that the Company will be able to develop commercially viable products on the basis of its technologies. In addition, other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are discussed in the Companys most recent Form 10-Q and Form 10-K filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These reports and filings may be inspected and copied at the Public Reference Room maintained by the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You can obtain information about operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. The U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission athttp://www.sec.gov. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly release the results of any revisions to these forward-looking statements that may be made to reflect the events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

Read the original here:
RenovaCare Appoints Dr. Lydia M. Evans to Its Board of Directors and Increases Board Membership - GlobeNewswire

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

For most of my life, Ive credited my good skin to two products: a gentle cleanser and a powerful sunscreen. But something happened when I hit my 40s I noticed my skin no longer glowed like it used to and it always seemed to look and feel dry. When I noticed a few sunspots on the top of my right cheek, I realized it was time to elevate my morning and evening beauty routines.

Fine lines, dryness, sunspots and a loss of firmness are all things women begin to deal with in their 40s, says Dr. Mona Gohara, associate clinical professor of dermatology at Yale School of Medicine. Plummeting estrogen levels directly affect collagen production, skin thickness and hydration, so its important to develop an anti-aging skin care program, and stick with that program, during this decade.

With so many anti-aging products on the market boasting ingredients youd never thought youd put on your face (acids! oils!), it can be hard to figure out where to start.

So we reached out to top dermatologists across the country to help simplify the process. Everyone we spoke to listed sunscreen as the most important topical to keep forty-something skin looking great, followed by the appropriate cleanser, anti-ager, moisturizer and exfoliator.

Below, you'll find a quick guide to what youll need when it comes to choosing the right ingredients for your face, because as Gohara stressed, At this age, prevention not just correction should still be your goal.

When shopping for a sunscreen in your 40s, experts note you should be looking for the words zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and iron oxide on the label.

Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide protect against both UVA and UVB rays, while iron oxide guards against skin-damaging blue light from computer and cell phone screens, notes Gohara. Look for an SPF of 30 or higher and slather on half a teaspoon on your face daily, including your ears and neck, before applying makeup. If you drive, be sure to protect your hands, as UVA rays can penetrate glass, resulting in sunspots.

EltaMD UV Facial Broad-Spectrum SPF 30+, despite having zinc oxide, doesnt leave your skin with a whiteish tint. It's also formulated with hyaluronic acid, which can help keep your skin hydrated and firm.

Supergoop! Unseen Sunscreen SPF 40 is oil-free, goes on clear and works as a makeup primer to control shine. The vegan formula should be applied as the last step in your skin care regimen before you apply makeup, at least 15 minutes before you step out into the sun.

Gohara recommends keeping this brush-on SPF powder in your glove compartment. With SPF 50, the water-resistant formula provides both protection and sheer tinted coverage.

In your 40s, derms recommend using a cleanser containing ceramides, glycerin, and vitamin E.

Ceramides are lipids that help retain moisture, glycerin is a humectant that pulls water from the deepest layers of the skin, while vitamin E also adds moisture, says Dr. Martha Viera, volunteer faculty at the University of Miami Department of Dermatology. Before cleansing, wash your hands thoroughly to avoid dirt or bacteria from touching your skin, and splash your face with lukewarm water prior to application to activate the cleansing ingredients. Start and end your day by washing with a quarter-sized amount of cleanser, applying it in a circular motion over your face and neck.

Viera likes La Roche-Posay Toleriane Hydrating Gentle Cleanser because its designed to balance the skins pH levels, protecting the skins sensitive barrier. It is formulated to cleanse the skin without stripping it of moisture thanks to ingredients such as glycerin and niacinamide.

Bioderma Sensibio Foaming Gel has a soothing gel-cream texture that turns to foam when activated. The gentle formula works to remove makeup while also hydrating the skin.

Dove White Beauty Bar with Deep Moisture is great for sensitive skin as it combines cleansing ingredients with a dose of moisturizing cream. It is suitable for sensitive skin and gentle enough to use on both your face and body.

Youll need two anti-aging products in your 40s: a morning serum that contains moisture-drawing hyaluronic acid and antioxidants, and a night serum that includes peptides and retinol (retinol should be applied at night as it can make your skin sensitive to the sun).

Be sure to layer your anti-ager under your moisturizer and consider a serum which, thanks to their small molecular makeup, absorbs quickly and deeply, says Dr. Arisa Ortiz, director of laser and cosmetic dermatology at the University of California at San Diego. Antioxidants like vitamin C, E, B5, and resveratrol attach themselves to free radicals, preventing the free radicals from latching onto and damaging healthy skin cells, while retinoids and peptides exfoliate dead skin while stimulating collagen and softening lines.

Obagi Professional-C Serum contains ascorbic acid, a vitamin C derivative that softens the look of pigmentation and encourages collagen growth. It can be applied to the face, neck and chest in the mornings and followed with sunscreen.

Dr. Ortiz likes Rodan + Fields Intensive Renewing Serum because its lightweight, absorbs easily and has the highest levels of vitamin A for a nonprescription product. The serums are held in small capsules that you can open to smooth all over your skin.

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This dermatologist-approved pick is suitable for normal, sensitive and dry skin. The formula works to not only visibly brighten the skin but also reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

To tackle dry skin in your 40s, Gohora recommends looking for ingredients that help boost and maintain moisture, including niacinamide, ceramides, glycerin and hyaluronic acid.

To be most effective, apply your moisturizer after your anti-aging serum. Dot your cheeks, forehead, chin and nose, and then rub in a circular upward motion both morning and night, notes Dr. Paul Jarrod Frank, clinical assistant professor of dermatology at The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital and author of "The Pro-Aging Playbook."

This moisturizer comes in a soothing light gel-cream formula and uses hyaluronic acid to fortify the lipid barrier to prevent dryness. It can be applied twice daily after a serum is applied to the skin.

Pause Collagen Boosting Moisturizer contains skin-conditioning fatty acids and B vitamins that work to promote healthy skin. The formula features the brand's "Pause Complex," which combines vitamins, antioxidants and peptides that help boost collagen production.

Dr. Frank likes Caudalie Vinoperfect Brightening Moisturizer, a lightweight gel that contains niacinamide and hyaluronic acid for a boost of hydration. It can be applied in the mornings to the face and neck in order to brighten and moisturize the skin.

Acids in exfoliators help remove layers of dead skin cells to promote cell turnover, clear pores and reduce pigmentation. Look for words such as glycolic, lactic, mandelic or salicylic acid on the label.

Apply a dime-sized amount of facial exfoliator two to three times a week at night, Jarrod told us. Just dont overdo it too much exfoliation can rob skin of the fatty acids that protect the skin barrier.

This treatment addresses skin care concerns by exfoliating, purifying and smoothing the skin. Depending on your skin type, it can be used up to three times a week to improve the appearance of your complexion.

Dr. Frank likes Drunk Elephant T.L.C. Sukari Babyfacial, which has an eye-popping 25% glycolic and lactic acid blend to smooth and brighten skin. Since the formula uses clean ingredients, it is fragrance-free and won't leave the skin feeling irritated.

A derivative of salicylic acid can be found in Lancme Renergie Lift Multi-Action Ultra Milk Peel, a leave-on exfoliator that you apply after cleansing and before your moisturizer. The milky consistency feels smooth on the skin and should be applied with a cotton round.

Dermalogica Daily Microfoliant contains salicylic acid and foams up into a paste when activated with water. The formula can be applied daily to the skin to slough off dead skin cells and even out your complexion.

Although it is a bit of a splurge, this daily serum uses rich ingredients such as mandelic and lactic acid to unclog pores, even skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and more. It can be applied to the face and neck to reveal brighter skin over time.

Bonus products: Our experts noted theres no harm incorporating a neck or eye cream into your routine in your 40s.

Look for targeted ingredients in a neck cream, such as tetrapeptides to promote collagen formation, antioxidant algae extract to protect against free radicals, glucosamine to stimulate hyaluronic acid and improve hydration while decreasing wrinkles, and omega-3 fatty acids to add moisture.

Apply a dime-size amount in the morning and evening, working your way up the neck to the jawline until the product is evenly distributed and absorbed, notes Gohara. Neck creams tend to be thicker than traditional moisturizers, so allow more time for them to absorb and be sure to follow up with a sunscreen in the morning.

Viera likes Revision Nectifirm Advanced, which uses peptides to smooth dry skin. Other ingredients such as lingonberry extract work with the skin's natural microbiome to provide soothing results.

Prai Ageless Throat & Dcolletage Creme has shea butter and hyaluronic acid to plump lines and effectively smooth the skin. For best results, the brand recommends applying the moisturizer twice daily to target areas.

Suzanne Somers Organics Neck Firming Crme contains tetrapeptides to support collagen and elastin growth. The formula is packed with skin-boosting ingredients such as hyaluronic acid and Swiss apple stem cells that help to combat signs of aging.

This cream can be applied twice daily in upward motions to hydrate and revitalize the skin. The formula is quick-absorbing, so it won't leave the skin feeling oily or greasy.

Look for ingredients like caffeine to reduce puffiness and dark circles, niacinamide and hyaluronic acid to plump fine lines, and arginine, growth factors, and retinol to boost collagen production.

Apply a pea-sized amount twice daily by gently patting the cream on with your ring finger, Viera said. Be sure to use any eye products containing retinoids at night to avoid sun sensitivity.

Dr. Viera likes Neocutis Lumire Illuminating Eye Cream, a lightweight cream that contains antioxidants to protect against environmental damage. In addition to its protective qualities, it can also be used to reduce the appearance of puffiness and dark circles.

RoC Retinol Correxion Eye Cream uses a derivative of vitamin A to accelerate the removal of dead skin cells, leaving you with visibly brighter skin. It targets concerns such as crow's feet, under-eye wrinkles, deep wrinkles and fine lines.

Skinbetter Science Interfuse Eye Treatment Cream contains caffeine to reduce puffiness and vitamin C to brighten the under-eye area. It is packed with humectants to help lock in moisture and promote healthy skin.

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The best anti aging skin care products to use in your 40s - TODAY

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Medical skin care products are used for beautifying or to address some other skin care problems. The cosmetic industry is booming and skin care forms a very huge part of this industry. The aesthetic appearance is so important that people spend a lot on skin care products and treatment. People being more technologically aware of the various new skin care products trending in the market. In addition to the aesthetic application, the medical skin care products are also used to address issues such as acne, pimples or scars.

Medical Skin Care Products Market: Drivers and Restraints

The medical skin care products is primarily driven by the need of natural based active ingredients products which are now trending in the market. Consumers demand medical skin care products which favor health and environment. Moreover, the consumers are updated with the trends so that various companies end up providing such products to satisfy the customers. For instance, a single product face mask has thousands of different variants. This offers consumers different options to select the product depending on the skin type. Moreover, the market players catering to the medical skin care products are offering products with advanced technologies. For instance, Santinov launched the CICABEL mask using stem cell material based on advanced technologies. The stem cells used in the skin care product helps to to protect and activate the cells and promote the proliferation of skin epidermal cells and the anagenesis of skin fibrosis.

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Medical Skin Care Products Market: Segmentation

On the basis of product type the medical skin care products market can be segmented as:

On the basis of application, the medical skin care products market can be segment as:

On the basis of distribution channel, the medical skin care products market can be segment as:

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Medical Skin Care Products Market: Overview

Medical skin care products are used to address basic skin problems ranging from acne to scars. There are various advancements in the ingredients used to offer skin care products to the consumers. For instance, the use of hyaluronic acid and retinoids is the latest development in the industry. The anti-aging creams are at the forefront as the help treating issues such as wrinkles, scars, acne, and sun damage. Another, product in demand is the probiotic skincare which include lactobacillus and bifidobacterium.

Medical Skin Care Products Market: Region-wise Outlook

In terms of geography, medical skin care products market has been divided into five regions including North- America, Asia- Pacific, Middle-East & Africa, Latin America and Europe. North America dominated the global medical skin care products market as international players are acquiring domestic companies to make their hold strong in the U.S. LOral is accelerating its U.S. market by signing a definitive agreement with Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc. to acquire CeraVe, AcneFree and Ambi skin-care brands for US$ 1.3 billion. The acquisition is expected LOreal to get hold of the brands in the price-accessible segment. Asia Pacific is expected to be the fastest growing region owing to the increasing disposable income and rising awareness towards the skin care products.

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Medical Skin Care Products Market: Key Market Participants

Some of the medical skin care products market participants are Avon Products Inc., Beiersdorf AG, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Kao Corporation, LOral S.A., Procter & Gamble, Shiseido Company, The Estee Lauder Companies Inc., Unilever PLC, Revlon, Clinique Laboratories, llc., Murad, LLC., SkinCeuticals, RMS Beauty, J.R. Watkins and 100% PURE.

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Demand for Medical Skin Care Products Market Driven by Shifting Consumer Perceptions and Growing Awareness - Market Research Vista

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Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of an infant's life with the introduction of appropriate complementary foods, for at least the first year and beyond.(Photo: FamVeld, Getty Images/iStockphoto)

August is recognized as National Breastfeeding Awareness month. Itfocuses to educate and raise awareness on the importance of breastfeeding and the many significant health benefits for newborns.

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologistsand the Canadian Pediatric Society, nothing can compare to the nutritional benefits of a mothers breastmilk.

Accordingly, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of an infant's life with the introduction of appropriate complementary foods, for at least the first year and beyond.

Likewise, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends breastfeeding for the first two years of an infant's life.

Both moms and babies benefit from breastfeeding.

Margaret Nemethy is a Certified Pediatric Nurse Practitioner for Pediatrics in Brevard's Melbourne office.(Photo: Provided)

Short-term benefits include improvement in neurobehavior and gastrointestinal function, prevention of illness and improved mortality rates for infants.

Long-term benefits can include prevention of acute and chronic conditions and improved neurodevelopmental outcomes.

In addition, benefits of breastfeeding for mothers include a reduced risk of postpartum blood loss and delayed ovulation.

Long-term benefits may also include prevention of cancer, cardiovascular diseaseand Type 2 Diabetes.

From a clinical standpoint, human milk is a living biologic substance of macro and micronutrients.

Human milk contains living cells, growth factorsand immuno-protective substances.

Germ fighters in human milk include immunoglobulins, proteins present in the serum and cells of the immune system function as antibodies; lysozymes, an antimicrobial enzyme; lactoferrin, another multi-functional protein; white blood cells and stem cells.

Breast milk also contains free fatty acids and monoglycerides; bile salt-stimulated lipase, an enzyme which aids in the digestion of fats; mucins (protein), and human milk oligosaccharides, which have prebiotic and antimicrobial activities to aid digestion.

Combined, these substances help protect against gastrointestinal and other infections including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a serious gastrointestinal disease that can affect premature infants.

Additionally, when comparing breast milk to formula, human milk has been shown to reduce the risk of diarrhea, increase gastric emptyingand increase lactase activity.

Additionally, human milk influences the development of healthy normal flora such as Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus, considered as friendly bacteria" which helps maintain a healthy digestive tract.

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The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all premature babies weighing less than 3.3 pounds receive either mothers breast milk or pasteurized donor human milk.

In a study in the United Kingdom, infants who were breastfed exclusively for six months had a decreased risk of severe or persistent diarrhea compared with infants who breastfeed exclusively for less than four months.

Breastfeeding can also prevent chronic diarrhea leading to dehydration and malnutrition.

Further, breastfeeding also lowers the risk of respiratory disease in infants.

One study conducted in the United States and Europe demonstrated the risk of respiratory infections being reduced by 20 percent in 3-to-6-month-old infants who were breastfed.

Breastfeeding is estimated to prevent almost 21,000 hospitalizations and an average of 40 deaths from lower respiratory tract infections in the first year of an infants life.

Breastfeeding can also prevent acute and recurrent middle ear infections when compared to formula fed infants.

Further, research finds it more beneficial for the infant to be fed directly from the breast rather than pumped breast milk from a bottle.

Additionally, a study in Sweden found formula-fed infants had a significantly higher risk of urinary tract infections than breastfed infants.

Extended exclusive nursing, up to seven months, appeared to be most beneficial.

Breastfed infants had greater amounts of oligosaccharides, for cell recognition and binding; the lactoferrin protein, and secretory IgA, an antibody which plays a critical role in immunity, compared to formula-fed infants.

Neonatal sepsis, a severe infection in tissues and organs, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) are also less likely if an infant is breastfed.

Neurobehavioral benefits of skin-to-skin breastfeeding include decreased infant crying, increased blood glucose levelsand greater cardiovascular stability in late preterm infants.

Additional studies conclude breastfed babies had increased salivary cortisol levels, which provide pain relieving effects.

Moreover, if an infant is exclusively breastfed for five months, they have a lower risk of infection-related mortalities than those who were only partially breastfed, or not at all.

In addition, children ages 6 to 23 months had a higher risk of infection if not breastfed compared to those who continued to breastfeed.

There also is moderate evidence in clinical studies that breastfeeding may help long-term by preventing Type 1 Diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseaseand wheezing following an upper respiratory infection with improved dental health.

An analysis showed breastfeeding may also be associated with slightly improved performance on intelligence testing.

Children who were reportedly breastfed scored an average of 3.4 points higher on tests than those who were never breastfed.

Behavioral problems in children were found to be less at age 5 if the child was breast fed as an infant rather than formula fed.

Lactation consultants, nurse practitioners and/or your pediatrician can provide education on how to successfully breastfeed infants to ensure adequate weight gain during those first few weeks of life.

Lactation consultants specialize in identifying problems such as poor latching, weight gain issues or infantile tongue tie, which could cause unsuccessful breastfeeding.

While 83 percent of U.S. infants receive breast milk at birth, only 25 percent exclusively still breastfeed at six months of age.

Overall, research from countless, respected medical groups continually suggest breast is always best for our newborns to gain significant nutritional benefits and health advantages to support their well-being, throughout their life.

For more information, go to https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Breastfeeding/Pages/default.aspx.

Margaret Nemethy, ARNP,PPCNP-BC,has been a Certified Pediatric Nurse Practitioner for more than 27 years. She presently worksout of the Pediatrics in Brevard, Melbourne office.

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When Ralph Fisher, a Texas cattle rancher, set eyes on one of the worlds first cloned calves in August 1999, he didnt care what the scientists said: He knew it was his old Brahman bull, Chance, born again. About a year earlier, veterinarians at Texas A&M extracted DNA from one of Chances moles and used the sample to create a genetic double. Chance didnt live to meet his second self, but when the calf was born, Fisher christened him Second Chance, convinced he was the same animal.

Scientists cautioned Fisher that clones are more like twins than carbon copies: The two may act or even look different from one another. But as far as Fisher was concerned, Second Chance was Chance. Not only did they look identical from a certain distance, they behaved the same way as well. They ate with the same odd mannerisms; laid in the same spot in the yard. But in 2003, Second Chance attacked Fisher and tried to gore him with his horns. About 18 months later, the bull tossed Fisher into the air like an inconvenience and rammed him into the fence. Despite 80 stitches and a torn scrotum, Fisher resisted the idea that Second Chance was unlike his tame namesake, telling the radio program This American Life that I forgive him, you know?

In the two decades since Second Chance marked a genetic engineering milestone, cattle have secured a place on the front lines of biotechnology research. Today, scientists around the world are using cutting-edge technologies, from subcutaneous biosensors to specialized food supplements, in an effort to improve safety and efficiency within the $385 billion global cattle meat industry. Beyond boosting profits, their efforts are driven by an imminent climate crisis, in which cattle play a significant role, and growing concern for livestock welfare among consumers.

Gene editing stands out as the most revolutionary of these technologies. Although gene-edited cattle have yet to be granted approval for human consumption, researchers say tools like Crispr-Cas9 could let them improve on conventional breeding practices and create cows that are healthier, meatier, and less detrimental to the environment. Cows are also being given genes from the human immune system to create antibodies in the fight against Covid-19. (The genes of non-bovine livestock such as pigs and goats, meanwhile, have been hacked to grow transplantable human organs and produce cancer drugs in their milk.)

But some experts worry biotech cattle may never make it out of the barn. For one thing, theres the optics issue: Gene editing tends to grab headlines for its role in controversial research and biotech blunders. Crispr-Cas9 is often celebrated for its potential to alter the blueprint of life, but that enormous promise can become a liability in the hands of rogue and unscrupulous researchers, tempting regulatory agencies to toughen restrictions on the technologys use. And its unclear how eager the public will be to buy beef from gene-edited animals. So the question isnt just if the technology will work in developing supercharged cattle, but whether consumers and regulators will support it.

Cattle are catalysts for climate change. Livestock account for an estimated 14.5 percent of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, of which cattle are responsible for about two thirds, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). One simple way to address the issue is to eat less meat. But meat consumption is expected to increase along with global population and average income. A 2012 report by the FAO projected that meat production will increase by 76 percent by 2050, as beef consumption increases by 1.2 percent annually. And the United States is projected to set a record for beef production in 2021, according to the Department of Agriculture.

For Alison Van Eenennaam, an animal geneticist at the University of California, Davis, part of the answer is creating more efficient cattle that rely on fewer resources. According to Van Eenennaam, the number of dairy cows in the United States decreased from around 25 million in the 1940s to around 9 million in 2007, while milk production has increased by nearly 60 percent. Van Eenennaam credits this boost in productivity to conventional selective breeding.

You dont need to be a rocket scientist or even a mathematician to figure out that the environmental footprint or the greenhouse gases associated with a glass of milk today is about one-third of that associated with a glass of milk in the 1940s, she says. Anything you can do to accelerate the rate of conventional breeding is going to reduce the environmental footprint of a glass of milk or a pound of meat.

Modern gene-editing tools may fuel that acceleration. By making precise cuts to DNA, geneticists insert or remove naturally occurring genes associated with specific traits. Some experts insist that gene editing has the potential to spark a new food revolution.

The question isnt just if the technology will work in developing supercharged cattle, but whether consumers and regulators will support it.

Jon Oatley, a reproductive biologist at Washington State University, wants to use Crispr-Cas9 to fine tune the genetic code of rugged, disease-resistant, and heat-tolerant bulls that have been bred to thrive on the open range. By disabling a gene called NANOS2, he says he aims to eliminate the capacity for a bull to make his own sperm, turning the recipient into a surrogate for sperm-producing stem cells from more productive prized stock. These surrogate sires, equipped with sperm from prize bulls, would then be released into range herds that are often genetically isolated and difficult to access, and the premium genes would then be transmitted to their offspring.

Furthermore, surrogate sires would enable ranchers to introduce desired traits without having to wrangle their herd into one place for artificial insemination, says Oatley. He envisions the gene-edited bulls serving herds in tropical regions like Brazil, the worlds largest beef exporter and home to around 200 million of the approximately 1.5 billion head of cattle on Earth.

Brazils herds are dominated by Nelore, a hardy breed that lacks the carcass and meat quality of breeds like Angus but can withstand high heat and humidity. Put an Angus bull on a tropical pasture and hes probably going to last maybe a month before he succumbs to the environment, says Oatley, while a Nelore bull carrying Angus sperm would have no problem with the climate.

The goal, according to Oatley, is to introduce genes from beefier bulls into these less efficient herds, increasing their productivity and decreasing their overall impact on the environment. We have shrinking resources, he says, and need new, innovative strategies for making those limited resources last.

Oatley has demonstrated his technique in mice but faces challenges with livestock. For starters, disabling NANOS2 does not definitively prevent the surrogate bull from producing some of its own sperm. And while Oatley has shown he can transplant sperm-producing cells into surrogate livestock, researchers have not yet published evidence showing that the surrogates produce enough quality sperm to support natural fertilization. How many cells will you need to make this bull actually fertile? asks Ina Dobrinski, a reproductive biologist at the University of Calgary who helped pioneer germ cell transplantation in large animals.

But Oatleys greatest challenge may be one shared with others in the bioengineered cattle industry: overcoming regulatory restrictions and societal suspicion. Surrogate sires would be classified as gene-edited animals by the Food and Drug Administration, meaning theyd face a rigorous approval process before their offspring could be sold for human consumption. But Oatley maintains that if his method is successful, the sperm itself would not be gene-edited, nor would the resulting offspring. The only gene-edited specimens would be the surrogate sires, which act like vessels in which the elite sperm travel.

Even so, says Dobrinski, Thats a very detailed difference and Im not sure how that will work with regulatory and consumer acceptance.

In fact, American attitudes towards gene editing have been generally positive when the modification is in the interest of animal welfare. Many dairy farmers prefer hornless cows horns can inflict damage when wielded by 1,500-pound animals so they often burn them off in a painful process using corrosive chemicals and scalding irons. In a study published last year in the journal PLOS One, researchers found that most Americans are willing to consume food products from cows genetically modified to be hornless.

Still, experts say several high-profile gene-editing failures in livestock and humans in recent years may lead consumers to consider new biotechnologies to be dangerous and unwieldy.

In 2014, a Minnesota startup called Recombinetics, a company with which Van Eenennaams lab has collaborated, created a pair of cross-bred Holstein bulls using the gene-editing tool TALENs, a precursor to Crispr-Cas9, making cuts to the bovine DNA and altering the genes to prevent the bulls from growing horns. Holstein cattle, which almost always carry horned genes, are highly productive dairy cows, so using conventional breeding to introduce hornless genes from less productive breeds can compromise the Holsteins productivity. Gene editing offered a chance to introduce only the genes Recombinetics wanted. Their hope was to use this experiment to prove that milk from the bulls female progeny was nutritionally equivalent to milk from non-edited stock. Such results could inform future efforts to make Holsteins hornless but no less productive.

The experiment seemed to work. In 2015, Buri and Spotigy were born. Over the next few years, the breakthrough received widespread media coverage, and when Buris hornless descendant graced the cover of Wired magazine in April 2019, it did so as the ostensible face of the livestock industrys future.

But early last year, a bioinformatician at the FDA ran a test on Buris genome and discovered an unexpected sliver of genetic code that didnt belong. Traces of bacterial DNA called a plasmid, which Recombinetics used to edit the bulls genome, had stayed behind in the editing process, carrying genes linked to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. After the agency published its findings, the media reaction was swift and fierce: FDA finds a surprise in gene-edited cattle: antibiotic-resistant, non-bovine DNA, read one headline. Part cow, part bacterium? read another.

Recombinetics has since insisted that the leftover plasmid DNA was likely harmless and stressed that this sort of genetic slipup is not uncommon.

Is there any risk with the plasmid? I would say theres none, says Tad Sonstegard, president and CEO of Acceligen, a Recombinetics subsidiary. We eat plasmids all the time, and were filled with microorganisms in our body that have plasmids. In hindsight, Sonstegard says his teams only mistake was not properly screening for the plasmid to begin with.

While the presence of antibiotic-resistant plasmid genes in beef probably does not pose a direct threat to consumers, according to Jennifer Kuzma, a professor of science and technology policy and co-director of the Genetic Engineering and Society Center at North Carolina State University, it does raise the possible risk of introducing antibiotic-resistant genes into the microflora of peoples digestive systems. Although unlikely, organisms in the gut could integrate those genes into their own DNA and, as a result, proliferate antibiotic resistance, making it more difficult to fight off bacterial diseases.

The lesson that I think is learned there is that science is never 100 percent certain, and that when youre doing a risk assessment, having some humility in your technology product is important, because you never know what youre going to discover further down the road, she says. In the case of Recombinetics. I dont think there was any ill intent on the part of the researchers, but sometimes being very optimistic about your technology and enthusiastic about it causes you to have blinders on when it comes to risk assessment.

The FDA eventually clarified its results, insisting that the study was meant only to publicize the presence of the plasmid, not to suggest the bacterial DNA was necessarily dangerous. Nonetheless, the damage was done. As a result of the blunder,a plan was quashed forRecombinetics to raise an experimental herd in Brazil.

Sometimes being very optimistic about your technology and enthusiastic about it causes you to have blinders on when it comes to risk assessment.

Backlash to the FDA study exposed a fundamental disagreement between the agency and livestock biotechnologists. Scientists like Van Eenennaam, who in 2017 received a $500,000 grant from the Department of Agriculture to study Buris progeny, disagree with the FDAs strict regulatory approach to gene-edited animals. Typical GMOs are transgenic, meaning they have genes from multiple different species, but modern gene-editing techniques allow scientists to stay roughly within the confines of conventional breeding, adding and removing traits that naturally occur within the species. That said, gene editing is not yet free from errors and sometimes intended changes result in unintended alterations, notes Heather Lombardi, division director of animal bioengineering and cellular therapies at the FDAs Center for Veterinary Medicine. For that reason, the FDA remains cautious.

Theres a lot out there that I think is still unknown in terms of unintended consequences associated with using genome-editing technology, says Lombardi. Were just trying to get an understanding of what the potential impact is, if any, on safety.

Bhanu Telugu, an animal scientist at the University of Maryland and president and chief science officer at the agriculture technology startup RenOVAte Biosciences, worries that biotech companies will migrate their experiments to countries with looser regulatory environments. Perhaps more pressingly, he says strict regulation requiring long and expensive approval processes may incentivize these companies to work only on traits that are most profitable, rather than those that may have the greatest benefit for livestock and society, such as animal well-being and the environment.

What company would be willing to spend $20 million on potentially alleviating heat stress at this point? he asks.

On a windy winter afternoon, Raluca Mateescu leaned against a fence post at the University of Floridas Beef Teaching Unit while a Brahman heifer sniffed inquisitively at the air and reached out its tongue in search of unseen food. Since 2017, Mateescu, an animal geneticist at the university, has been part of a team studying heat and humidity tolerance in breeds like Brahman and Brangus (a mix between Brahman and Angus cattle). Her aim is to identify the genetic markers that contribute to a breeds climate resilience, markers that might lead to more precise breeding and gene-editing practices.

In the South, Mateescu says, heat and humidity are a major problem. That poses a stress to the animals because theyre selected for intense production to produce milk or grow fast and produce a lot of muscle and fat.

Like Nelore cattle in South America, Brahman are well-suited for tropical and subtropical climates, but their high tolerance for heat and humidity comes at the cost of lower meat quality than other breeds. Mateescu and her team have examined skin biopsies and found that relatively large sweat glands allow Brahman to better regulate their internal body temperature. With funding from the USDAs National Institute of Food and Agriculture, the researchers now plan to identify specific genetic markers that correlate with tolerance to tropical conditions.

If were selecting for animals that produce more without having a way to cool off, were going to run into trouble, she says.

A Brahman cow at the University of Floridas Beef Teaching Unit. Visual: Dyllan Furness

There are other avenues in biotechnology beyond gene editing that may help reduce the cattle industrys footprint. Although still early in their development, lab-cultured meats may someday undermine todays beef producers by offering consumers an affordable alternative to the conventionally grown product, without the animal welfare and environmental concerns that arise from eating beef harvested from a carcass.

Other biotech techniques hope to improve the beef industry without displacing it. In Switzerland, scientists at a startup called Mootral are experimenting with a garlic-based food supplement designed to alter the bovine digestive makeup to reduce the amount of methane they emit. Studies have shown the product to reduce methane emissions by about 20 percent in meat cattle, according to The New York Times.

In order to adhere to the Paris climate agreement, Mootrals owner, Thomas Hafner, believes demand will grow as governments require methane reductions from their livestock producers. We are working from the assumption that down the line every cow will be regulated to be on a methane reducer, he told The New York Times.

Meanwhile, a farm science research institute in New Zealand, AgResearch, hopes to target methane production at its source by eliminating methanogens, the microbes thought to be responsible for producing the greenhouse gas in ruminants. The AgResearch team is attempting to develop a vaccine to alter the cattle guts microbial composition, according to the BBC.

Genomic testing may also allow cattle producers to see what genes calves carry before theyre born, according to Mateescu, enabling producers to make smarter breeding decisions and select for the most desirable traits, whether it be heat tolerance, disease resistance, or carcass weight.

Despite all these efforts, questions remain as to whether biotech can ever dramatically reduce the industrys emissions or afford humane treatment to captive animals in resource-intensive operations. To many of the industrys critics, including environmental and animal rights activists, the very nature of the practice of rearing livestock for human consumption erodes the noble goal of sustainable food production. Rather than revamp the industry, these critics suggest alternatives such as meat-free diets to fulfill our need for protein. Indeed, data suggests many young consumers are already incorporating plant-based meats into their meals.

Ultimately, though, climate change may be the most pressing issue facing the cattle industry, according to Telugu of the University of Maryland, which received a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to improve productivity and adaptability in African cattle. We cannot breed our way out of this, he says.

Dyllan Furness is a Florida-based science and technology journalist. His work has appeared in Quartz, OneZero, and PBS, among other outlets.

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Biotechnology Could Change the Cattle Industry. Will it Succeed? - Undark Magazine

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

A new report by XploreMR takes a deep dive into the Male Hypogonadism Market after conducting meticulous research, assessing each microscopic aspect of the market. The researches have connected the dots with minuscule details that shape into an intricate, immaculate yet elucidate study. The report presents a thoroughly scrutinized study of the Male Hypogonadism Market, leaving no stone unturned in offering market players a valuable and constructive tool that navigates them in the profitable path with the right set of objectives.

Following the methodology of Porters Five Forces analysis, the report emphasizes macro concepts such as the threat of new entries in the Male Hypogonadism Market, supplier power, threat of substitution, and buying power. Dwelling deeper into each of the factors, details about the competitive landscape, strategies of leading market players, and changes in the landscape, are also analyzed. In addition to competitive analysis, the researchers have also employed PESTEL analysis to study the impact of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors on the keyword, thus leaving no loose ends.

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The researchers have studied the factors that are expected to drive the growth of the Male Hypogonadism by creating revenue opportunities, directly and indirectly. Similarly, the emerging trends, both long-term and short-term, present factors that are likely to impact the markets growth and project the direction the whole market is moving. Economical, technological, or any other trend that could bestow opportunities, have been studied. Moreover, the researchers have expanded the analysis beyond growth prospects and analyzed the possible restraining factors to the growth of the Male Hypogonadism Market, thus enabling market players to foresee the likely challenges and emerge successful through the forecast period 2017 2026.

In addition to the macro-economic factors that drive the global market, the market divulges micro-economic factors, diving into each individual segment such as geographical, end-use segments, and products, among others, and studies each of the segments with respect to different geographies. The geography-specific insights paint a crystal clear picture of the growth of every individual segment studied in the report, thereby enabling regional market players to leverage the trends in the region.

The report assesses key players in the Male Hypogonadism Market, studying their services, strategies, landmarks, growth plans, and recent developments. By studying multiple organizations covering small, medium, and large players the report enables emerging players to equip themselves with knowledge of competition scenarios. The most critical aspect in the competitive landscape individual growth strategy is studied extensively by dwelling into the foregoing growth trajectory of the organization. Moreover, the study paints a picture of the individual standpoints of the players in the years to come, considering the drivers and trends.

To breakdown the vast study that spreads through geographies, products, and end-use segments, among other market-specific segments, the authors present CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of each segment throughout the years of forecast. CAGR is a simplistic representation of growth that clearly projects which segment registered the highest/least growth through the forecast period 2017 2026. Moreover, each segment is analyzed on the basis of volume and volume, also projected with year-on-year growth and CAGR.

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Researchers also present production and consumption analysis, key findings, important suggestions and recommendations, and other aspects, thus offering a comprehensive picture of the Male Hypogonadism Market to bolster market players in planning their strategies in the years to come.

Important Questions Answered

Highlights of TOC:

Overview: Presents a broad overview of the Male Hypogonadism market, acting as a snapshot of the elaborate study that follows.

Market Dynamics: A straight-forward discussion about key drivers, restraints, challenges, trends, and opportunities of the Male Hypogonadism market.

Product Segments: Explores the market growth of the wide variety of products offered by organizations, and how they fare with end-users.

Application Segments: This section studies the key end-use applications that contribute to the market growth and the emerging opportunities to the Male Hypogonadism market.

Geographical Segments: Each regional market with a region-specific study of each segment- is carefully assessed for understanding its current and future growth scenarios.

Company Profiles: Leading and emerging players of the Male Hypogonadism Market are thoroughly profiled in the report based on their market share, market served, products, applications, regional growth, and other factors.

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Originally posted here:
Male Hypogonadism Market 10-Year Market Forecast and Trends Analysis Research Report2017 2026 - The Daily Chronicle

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

This article was originally published here

Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2020 Aug 3. doi: 10.1007/s12015-020-10012-x. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a single stranded RNA virus and responsible for infecting human being. In many cases the individual may remain asymptomatic. Some recently reported studies revealed that individuals of elderly age group and with pre-existing medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus had severe consequences, even may lead to death. However, it is not clearly delineated whether hypertension itself or associated comorbidities or antihypertensive therapy contributes to the grave prognosis of COVID-19 infections. This review is aimed to decipher the exact mechanisms involved at molecular level from existing evidence and as reported. It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 enters into the host cell through interaction between conserved residues of viral spike protein and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor which is highly expressed in hosts cardiac and pulmonary cells and finally transmembrane protease, serine-2 (TMPRSS2), helps in priming of the surface protein. Subsequently, symptom related to multi organ involvement is primarily contributed by cytokine storm. Although various clinical trials are being conducted on renin- angiotensin- system inhibitor, till to date there is no standard treatment protocol approved for critically ill COVID-19 positive cases with pre-existing hypertension. Recently, several studies are carried out to document the safety and efficacy outcome of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation based on its immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. Therefore, identification of future novel therapeutics in the form of mesenchymal stem cell either alone or in combination with pharmacological approach could be recommended for combating SARS-CoV-2 which might be dreadful to debilitating elderly people. Graphical Abstract.

PMID:32748331 | DOI:10.1007/s12015-020-10012-x

Read the original:
Physiological Relevance of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 As a Metabolic Linker and Therapeutic Implication of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in COVID-19 and...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results ofoperations should be read together with the unaudited condensed consolidatedfinancial statements and related notes included elsewhere in Item 1 of Part I ofthis Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with the audited consolidated financialstatements and the related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K forthe fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission, or the SEC, on February 28, 2020.SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTSThis Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements withinthe meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, andSection 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statementscontained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q other than statements ofhistorical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operationsand financial position, our business strategy and plans, and our objectives forfuture operations, are forward-looking statements. The words "believe," "may,""will," "potentially," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "intend," "could,""should," "would," "project," "plan," "target," "contemplate," "predict,""expect" and the negative and plural forms of these words and similarexpressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.These forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statementsconcerning the following:the potential impact to our business, revenue, financial condition andemployees, including disruptions to our testing services, laboratories, clinicaltrials, supply chain and operations, due to the COVID-19 global pandemic;our ability to take advantage of opportunities under the Coronavirus Aid,Relief, and Economic Security Act, or the CARES Act, and the potential impact ofthe CARES Act on our business, results of operations, financial condition orliquidity;our ability to generate revenue and increase the commercial success of ourcurrent and future testing services, products and digital solutions;our ability to obtain, maintain and expand reimbursement coverage from payersfor our current and other future testing services, if any;our plans and ability to continue updating our testing services, products anddigital solutions to maintain our leading position in transplantations;the outcome or success of our clinical trial collaborations and registrystudies; including Kidney Allograft Outcomes AlloSure Registry, or K-OAR, theOutcomes of KidneyCare on Renal Allografts registry study, or OKRA, and theSurveillance HeartCare Outcomes Registry, or SHORE;the favorable review of our testing services and product offerings, and ourfuture solutions, if any, in peer-reviewed publications;our ability to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, or at all;our anticipated cash needs and our anticipated uses of our funds, including ourestimates regarding operating expenses and capital requirements;anticipated trends and challenges in our business and the markets in which weoperate;our dependence on certain of our suppliers, service providers and otherdistribution partners; 25-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of Contentsdisruptions to our business, including disruptions at our laboratories andmanufacturing facilities;our ability to retain key members of our management team;our ability to make successful acquisitions or investments and to manage theintegration of such acquisitions or investments;our ability to expand internationally;our compliance with federal, state and foreign regulatory requirements;our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, ourstrategies regarding filing additional patent applications to strengthen ourintellectual property rights, and our ability to defend against intellectualproperty claims that may be brought against us;our ability to successfully assert, defend against or settle any litigationbrought by or against us or other legal matters or disputes; andour ability to comply with the requirements of being a public company.These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertaintiesand assumptions, including those described in the section entitled "RiskFactors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC onFebruary 28, 2020. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidlychanging environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possiblefor our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of allfactors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination offactors, may cause actual results to differ materially and adversely from thosecontained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of theserisks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events andcircumstances discussed in this report may not occur and actual results coulddiffer materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in theforward-looking statements.You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of futureevents. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in theforward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the futureresults, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflectedin the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, neitherwe nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completenessof the forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we undertake noobligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reasonafter the date of this report to conform these statements to actual results orto changes in our expectations.You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that wereference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and have filed with the SEC asexhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q with the understanding that ouractual future results, levels of activity, performance and events andcircumstances may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify allforward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.Overview and Recent HighlightsCareDx, Inc. (collectively, the "Company", "we", "us" and "our") is a leadingprecision medicine company focused on the discovery, development andcommercialization of clinically differentiated, high-value diagnostic solutionsfor transplant patients and caregivers. We offer testing services, products, anddigital healthcare solutions along the pre- and post-transplant patient journey,and we are a leading provider of genomics-based information for transplantpatients.Highlights for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 and Recent HighlightsAchieved total revenue of $41.8 million for the three months ended June 30,2020, increasing 33% year-over-yearProvided over 17,100 AlloSure Kidney and AlloMap Heart patient results, withover 40% originating from RemoTraC and mobile phlebotomyRecorded first-ever AlloCell revenue from a cell therapy partnershipCompleted successful public offering raising $134.6 million in net proceeds,increasing cash and cash equivalents to approximately $211.4 millionTesting ServicesHeart 26-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of ContentsAlloMap Heart is a gene expression test that helps clinicians monitor andidentify heart transplant recipients with stable graft function who have a lowprobability of moderate-to-severe acute cellular rejection. Since 2008, we havesought to expand the adoption and utilization of our AlloMap Heart solutionthrough ongoing studies to substantiate the clinical utility and actionability,secure positive reimbursement decisions from large private and public payers,develop and enhance our relationships with key members of the transplantcommunity, including opinion leaders at major transplant centers, and exploreopportunities and technologies for the development of additional solutions forpost-transplant surveillance.We believe the use of AlloMap Heart, in conjunction with other clinicalindicators, can help healthcare providers and their patients better managelong-term care following a heart transplant, can improve patient care by helpinghealthcare providers avoid the use of unnecessary, invasive surveillancebiopsies and may help to determine the appropriate dosage levels ofimmunosuppressants. In 2008, AlloMap Heart received 510(k) clearance from theU.S. Food and Drug Administration for marketing and sale as a test to aid in theidentification of heart transplant recipients, who have a low probability ofmoderate/severe acute cellular rejection at the time of testing, in conjunctionwith standard clinical assessment.AlloMap Heart has been a covered service for Medicare beneficiaries sinceJanuary 1, 2006. The Medicare reimbursement rate for AlloMap Heart is currently$3,240. AlloMap Heart has also received positive coverage decisions forreimbursement from many of the largest U.S. private payers, including Aetna,Anthem, Cigna, Health Care Services Corporation, or HCSC, Humana, KaiserFoundation Health Plan, Inc. and UnitedHealthcare.We have also successfully completed a number of landmark clinical trials in thetransplant field demonstrating the clinical utility of AlloMap Heart forsurveillance of heart transplant recipients. We initially established theanalytical and clinical validity of AlloMap Heart on the basis of our CardiacAllograft Rejection Gene Expression Observational (Deng, M. et al., Am JTransplantation 2006), or CARGO, study, which was published in the AmericanJournal of Transplantation. A subsequent clinical utility trial, InvasiveMonitoring Attenuation through Gene Expression (Pham MX et al., N. Eng. J. Med.,2010), or IMAGE, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, demonstratedthat clinical outcomes in recipients managed with AlloMap Heart surveillancewere equivalent (non-inferior) to outcomes in recipients managed withbiopsies. The results of our clinical trials have also been presented at majormedical society congresses. AlloMap Heart is now recommended as part of theInternational Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, or ISHLT, guidelines.HeartCareHeartCare includes the gene expression profiling technology of AlloMap Heartwith the dd-cfDNA analysis of AlloSure Heart in one surveillance solution. Anapproach to surveillance using HeartCare provides information from twocomplementary measures: (i) AlloMap Heart - a measure of immune activation, and(ii) AlloSure Heart - a measure of graft injury.Clinical validation data from the Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA-Outcomes AlloMapRegistry (NCT02178943), or D-OAR, was published in American Journal ofTransplant, or AJT, in 2019. D-OAR was an observational, prospective,multicenter study to characterize the AlloSure-Heart dd-cfDNA in a routine,clinical surveillance setting with heart transplant recipients. The D-OAR studywas designed to validate that plasma levels of AlloSure-Heart dd-cfDNA candiscriminate acute rejection from no rejection, as determined by endomyocardialbiopsy criteria.HeartCare provides robust information about distinct biological processes, suchas immune quiescence, active injury, Acute Cellular Rejection, or ACR, andAntibody Mediated Rejection. In September 2018, we initiated the SHORE study.SHORE is a prospective, multi-center, observational, registry of patientsreceiving HeartCare for surveillance. Patients enrolled in SHORE will befollowed for 5 years with collection of clinical data and assessment of 5-yearoutcomes.In August 2019, AlloSure Heart received a positive draft Local CoverageDetermination for Medicare coverage. We have not yet made any applications toprivate payers for reimbursement coverage of AlloSure Heart.KidneyAlloSure Kidney, our transplant surveillance solution, which was commerciallylaunched in October 2017, is our donor-derived cell-free DNA, or dd-cfDNA,offering built on a Next Generation Sequencing, or NGS, platform. Intransplantation, 109 papers from 55 studies globally have shown the value ofdd-cfDNA in the management of solid organ transplantation. AlloSure allowssequencing of DNA and RNA much more quickly than the previously used Sangersequencing. AlloSure is able to discriminate dd-cfDNA from recipient-cell-freeDNA, targeting polymorphisms between donor and recipient. This single-nucleotidepolymorphism, or SNPs, approach across all the somatic chromosomes isspecifically designed for transplantation, allowing a scalable, high-qualitytest to differentiate dd-cfDNA.AlloSure Kidney has received positive coverage decisions for reimbursement fromMedicare. The Medicare reimbursement rate for AlloSure Kidney is $2,841.AlloSure Kidney has also received positive coverage decisions from BCBS SouthCarolina and BCBS Kansas City, and is reimbursed by other private payers on acase-by-case basis. 27-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of ContentsMultiple studies have demonstrated that significant allograft injury can occurin the absence of changes in serum creatinine. Thus, clinicians have limitedability to detect injury early and intervene to prevent long term damage usingthis marker. While histologic analysis of the allograft biopsy specimen remainsthe standard method used to assess injury and differentiate rejection from otherinjury in kidney transplants, as an invasive test with complications, repetitivebiopsies are not well tolerated. AlloSure provides a non-invasive test,assessing allograft injury that enables more frequent, quantitative and saferassessment of allograft rejection and injury status. Beyond allograft rejection,the assessment of molecular inflammation has shown further utility in theassessment of proteinuria, formation of De Novo donor specific antibodies, orDSAs, and also as a surrogate predictive measure of estimated glomerularfiltration rate, or eGFR, decline. Monitoring of graft injury through AlloSureallows clinicians to optimize allograft biopsies, identify allograft injury andguide immunosuppression management more accurately.Since the analytical validation paper in the Journal of Molecular Diagnostics in2016 before the commercial launch of AlloSure Kidney, an increasing body ofevidence supports the use of AlloSure dd-cfDNA in the assessment andsurveillance of kidney transplants. Bloom et al evaluated 102 kidney recipientsand demonstrated that dd-cfDNA levels could discriminate accurately andnon-invasively distinguish rejection from other types of graft injury. Incontrast, serum creatinine has area under the curve, or AUC, of 50%, showing nosignificant difference between patients with and without rejection. Multiplepublications and abstracts have shown AlloSure's value in the management of BKviremia, as well as numerous pathologies that cause molecular inflammation andinjury such as DSAs and eGFR decline. Most recently its utility in theassessment of T-cell mediated rejection (TCMR) 1A and borderline rejection hasalso been published in the AJT.The prospective multicenter trial: Kidney Allograft Outcomes AlloSure KidneyRegistry, or the K-OAR study, is currently ongoing and has enrolled over 1,600patients, with plans to survey patients with AlloSure for 3 years and providefurther clinical utility of AlloSure Kidney in the surveillance of kidneytransplant recipients.KidneyCareKidneyCare combines the dd-cfDNA analysis of AlloSure Kidney with the geneexpression profiling technology of AlloMap Kidney and the predictive artificialintelligence technology of KidneyCare iBox in one surveillance solution. We havenot yet made any applications to payers for reimbursement coverage of AlloMapKidney or KidneyCare iBox.In September 2019, we announced the enrollment of the first patient in the OKRAstudy, which is an extension of the K-OAR study. OKRA is a prospective,multi-center, observational registry of patients receiving KidneyCare forsurveillance. Combined with K-OAR, 4,000 patients will be enrolled into thestudy.LungIn February 2019, AlloSure Lung became available for lung transplant patientsthrough a compassionate use program while the test is undergoing furtherstudies. AlloSure Lung applies proprietary NGS technology to measure dd-cfDNAfrom the donor lung in the recipient bloodstream to monitor graft injury. Wehave not yet made any applications to payers for reimbursement coverage ofAlloSure Lung.Cellular TherapyIn April 2020, we initiated a research partnership for AlloCell, a surveillancesolution that monitors the level of engraftment and persistence of allogeneiccells for patients who have received cell therapy transplants. AlloCell willinitially be commercialized through collaborative research agreements withbiopharma companies developing cell therapies.ProductsWe develop, manufacture, market and sell products that increase the chance ofsuccessful transplants by facilitating a better match between a solid organ orstem cell donor and a recipient, and help to provide post-transplantsurveillance of these recipients.QTYPE enables Human Leukocyte Antigen or HLA typing at a low to intermediateresolution for samples that require a fast turn-around-time and uses real-timepolymerase chain reaction, or PCR, methodology. Olerup SSP is used to type HLAalleles based on the sequence specific primer, or SSP, technology. Olerup SBT isa complete product range for sequence-based typing of HLA alleles.On May 4, 2018, we entered into a license agreement with Illumina, Inc., or theIllumina Agreement, which provides us with worldwide distribution, developmentand commercialization rights to Illumina's NGS products and technologies for usein transplantation diagnostic testing.On June 1, 2018, we became the exclusive worldwide distributor of Illumina'sTruSight HLA product line. TruSight HLA is a high-resolution solution that usesNGS methodology. In addition, we were granted the exclusive right to develop andcommercialize other NGS product lines in the field of bone marrow and solidorgan transplantation on diagnostic testing. These 28-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of ContentsNGS products include: AlloSeq Tx, a high-resolution HLA typing solution, AlloSeqcfDNA, our surveillance solution designed to measure dd-cfDNA in blood to detectactive rejection in transplant recipients, and AlloSeq HCT, a NGS solution forchimerism testing for stem cell transplant recipients.In September 2019, we commercially launched AlloSeq cfDNA, our surveillancesolution designed to measure dd-cfDNA in blood to detect active rejection intransplant recipients, and we received CE mark approval on January 10, 2020. Ourability to increase the clinical uptake for AlloSeq cfDNA will be a result ofmultiple factors including local clinical education, customer lab technicalproficiency and levels of country-specific reimbursement.Also in September 2019, we commercially launched AlloSeq Tx, the first of itskind NGS high-resolution HLA typing solution utilizing hybrid capturetechnology. This technology enables the most comprehensive sequencing, coveringmore of the HLA genes than current solutions and adding coverage of non-HLAgenes that may impact transplant patient matching and management. AlloSeq Tx hassimple NGS workflow, with a single tube for processing and steps to reduceerrors. AlloSeq Tx 17 received CE mark approval on May 15, 2020.In June 2020, we commercially launched AlloSeq HCT, a NGS solution for chimerismtesting for stem cell transplant recipients. This technology can provide bettersensitivity and data analysis compared to current solutions on the market.DigitalIn 2019, we began providing digital solutions to transplant centers followingthe acquisition of Ottr Complete Transplant Management, or OttrCare, andXynManagement, Inc., or XynManagement.On May 7, 2019, we acquired 100% of the outstanding common stock of OttrCare.OttrCare was formed in 1993 and is a leading provider of transplant patienttracking software, or the Ottr software, which provides comprehensive solutionsfor transplant patient management. The Ottr software enables integration withelectronic medical records, systems, including Cerner and Epic, providingpatient surveillance management tools and outcomes data to transplant centers.On August 26, 2019, we acquired 100% of the outstanding common stock ofXynManagement. XynManagement provides two unique solutions, XynQAPI software, orXynQAPI, and Waitlist Management. XynQAPI simplifies transplant quality trackingand Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, or SRTR, reporting. WaitlistManagement includes a team of transplant assistants who maintain regular contactwith patients on the waitlist to help prepare for their transplant and maintaineligibility.COVID-19 ImpactIn the final weeks of March and during April 2020, with hospitals increasinglycaring for COVID-19 patients, hospital administrators chose to limit or evendefer, non-emergency procedures. Immunosuppressed transplant patients eitherself-prescribed or were asked to avoid transplant centers and caregiver visitsto reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19. As a result, with transplantsurveillance visits down, we experienced a slowdown in testing services volumesin the final weeks of March and during April 2020. As a response to the COVID-19pandemic, and to enable immune-compromised transplant patients to continue tohave their blood drawn, in late March 2020 we launched RemoTraC, a remotehome-based blood draw solution using mobile phlebotomy for AlloSure and AlloMapsurveillance tests, as well as for other standard monitoring tests. To date,more than 150 transplant centers can offer RemoTraC to their patients and over4,000 kidney, heart, and lung transplant patients have enrolled. Based onexisting and new relationships with partners, we have established a nationwidenetwork of more than 10,000 mobile phlebotomists. Following the introduction ofRemoTraC and with the easing of stay-at-home restrictions and the opening up ofmany hospitals to non-COVID-19 patients, our testing services volumes returnedto levels consistent with those experienced immediately prior to the impact ofCOVID-19, and volumes continued to be at or above those levels throughout May2020 and June 2020. However, our product business experienced a reduction inforecasted sales volume throughout the second quarter 2020, as we were unable toundertake onsite discussions and demonstrations of our recently launched NGSproducts, including AlloSeq Tx 17, which was awarded CE mark approval in May2020.We are maintaining our testing, manufacturing, and distribution facilities whileimplementing specific protocols to reduce contact among our employees. In areaswhere COVID-19 impacts healthcare operations, our field-based sales and clinicalsupport teams are supporting providers through telephone and online platforms.To reduce the risk to employees and their families from potential exposure toCOVID-19, most of our corporate employees have been asked to work from home. Wehave also restricted non-essential business travel to protect the health andsafety of its employees, patients, and customers. In addition, we have created aCOVID-19 task force that is responsible for crisis decision making, employeecommunications, enforcing pre-arrival temperature checking, daily healthcheck-ins and enhanced safety training/protocols in our offices for employeesthat cannot work from home.Due to COVID-19, quarantines, shelter-in-place and similar government orders, orthe perception that such orders, shutdowns or other restrictions on the conductof business operations could occur or could impact personnel at third-partysuppliers in the United States and other countries, or the availability or costof materials, there may be disruptions in our supply chain. Any 29-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of Contentsmanufacturing supply interruption of materials could adversely affect ourability to conduct ongoing and future research and testing activities.In addition, our clinical studies may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.Clinical site initiation and patient enrollment may be delayed due toprioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Some patientsmay not be able to comply with clinical study protocols if quarantines impedepatient movement or interrupt healthcare services. Similarly, the ability torecruit and retain patients and principal investigators and site staff who, ashealthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19, may adverselyimpact our clinical trial operations.Financial Operations OverviewRevenueWe derive our revenue from testing services, products sales and digital andother revenues. Revenue is recorded considering a five-step revenue recognitionmodel that includes identifying the contract with a customer, identifying theperformance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price,allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations and recognizingrevenue when, or as, an entity satisfies a performance obligation.Testing Services RevenueOur testing services revenue is derived from AlloSure Kidney and AlloMap Hearttests, which represented 87% and 84% of our total revenues for the three and sixmonths ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and 82% of our total revenues for eachof the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Our testing services revenuedepends on a number of factors, including (i) the number of tests performed;(ii) establishment of coverage policies by third-party insurers and governmentpayers; (iii) our ability to collect from payers with whom we do not havepositive coverage determination, which often requires that we pursue acase-by-case appeals process; (iv) our ability to recognize revenues on testsbilled prior to the establishment of reimbursement policies, contracts orpayment histories; (v) our ability to expand into markets outside of the UnitedStates; and (vi) how quickly we can successfully commercialize new productofferings.We currently market testing services to healthcare providers through our directsales force that targets transplant centers and their physicians, coordinatorsand nurse practitioners. The healthcare providers that order the tests and onwhose behalf we provide our testing services are generally not responsible forthe payment of these services. Amounts received by us vary from payer to payerbased on each payer's internal coverage practices and policies. We generallybill third-party payers upon delivery of a test result report to the orderingphysician. As such, we take the assignment of benefits and the risk ofcollection from the third-party payer and individual patients.In April 2020, we announced our first biopharma research partnership forAlloCell, a surveillance solution that monitors the level of engraftment andpersistence of allogeneic cells for patients who have received cell therapytransplants. AlloCell will initially be commercialized through collaborativeresearch agreements with biopharma companies developing cell therapies.Product RevenueOur product revenue is derived primarily from sales of Olerup SSP, QTYPE,TruSight and AlloSeq Tx products. Product revenue represented 8% and 10% oftotal revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively,and 15% and 16% of total revenue for the three and six months ended June 30,2019, respectively. We recognize product revenue from the sale of products toend-users, distributors and strategic partners when all revenue recognitioncriteria are satisfied. We generally have a contract or a purchase order from acustomer with the specified required terms of order, including the number ofproducts ordered. Transaction prices are determinable and products are deliveredand risk of loss passed to the customer upon either shipping or delivery, as perthe terms of the agreement. There are no further performance obligations relatedto a contract and revenue is recognized at the point of delivery consistent withthe terms of the contract or purchase order.Digital and Other RevenueOur digital and other revenue is mainly derived from sales of our Ottr softwareand XynQAPI licenses and services and other licensing agreements. Digital andother revenue represented 5% and 6% of total revenue for the three and sixmonths ended June 30, 2020, respectively, and 4% and 2% of total revenue for thethree and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively.Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and EstimatesOur management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and resultsof operations is based on our unaudited condensed consolidated financialstatements, which have been prepared in accordance with United States generallyaccepted accounting principles. The preparation of these unaudited condensedconsolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptionsthat affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure ofcontingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensedconsolidated financial statements, as well as the reported revenue generated 30-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of Contentsand expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based onour historical experience and on various other factors that we believe arereasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis formaking judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are notreadily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from theseestimates under different assumptions or conditions.We believe that the following critical accounting policies reflect the moresignificant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our financialstatements. We believe the following critical accounting policies are affectedby significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our unauditedcondensed consolidated financial statements:Revenue recognition;Business combination;Acquired intangible assets;Impairment of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets; andCommon stock warrant liability.There were no material changes in the matters for which we make criticalaccounting estimates in the preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidatedfinancial statements during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 ascompared to those disclosed in Management's Discussion and Analysis of FinancialCondition and Results of Operations included in our annual report on Form 10-Kfor the year ended December 31, 2019, except that there is no derivativeliability outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020 and thedetermination of the estimated present value of lease payments using ourincremental borrowing rate as discussed in Note 2, Summary of SignificantAccounting Policies, in the unaudited condensed consolidated financialstatements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.Recently Issued Accounting StandardsRefer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Recent AccountingPronouncements, to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statementsincluded elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a description ofrecently issued accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates ofadoption and estimated effects on our results of operations, financial positionand cash flows. 31-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of ContentsResults of OperationsComparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019(In thousands) Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 2019 ChangeRevenue:Testing services revenue $ 36,293$ 25,677$ 10,616Product revenue 3,291 4,593 (1,302)Digital and other revenue 2,217 1,184 1,033Total revenue 41,801 31,454 10,347Cost of revenue 15,025 11,512 3,513Gross profit 26,776 19,942 6,834Operating expenses:Research and development 13,129 7,630 5,499Sales and marketing 12,134 10,644 1,490General and administrative 12,316 8,512 3,804Total operating expenses 37,579 26,786 10,793Loss from operations (10,803) (6,844) (3,959)Other income (expense):Interest income, net 21 300 (279)

Change in estimated fair value of common stock warrantliability

Change in estimated fair value of common stock warrantliability

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents andrestricted cash

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CAREDX : MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (form 10-Q) - marketscreener.com

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

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Market Segmentation

Some of the major companies that are covered in the report.

NeuroNova ABStemCellsReNeuron LimitedAsterias BiotherapeuticsThermo Fisher ScientificSTEMCELL TechnologiesAxol BioR&D SystemsLonzaATCCIrvine ScientificCDI

Note: Additional companies

Based on the type, the market is segmented into

Pancreatic progenitor cellsCardiac Progenitor CellsIntermediate progenitor cellsNeural progenitor cells (NPCs)Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC)Others

Based on the application, the market is segregated into

Medical careHospitalLaboratory

Based on the geographical location, the market is segregated into

Asia Pacific: China, Japan, India, and Rest of Asia PacificEurope: Germany, the UK, France, and Rest of EuropeNorth America: The US, Mexico, and CanadaLatin America: Brazil and Rest of Latin AmericaMiddle East & Africa: GCC Countries and Rest of Middle East & Africa

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This report includes latest product news, advancements, and updates from the prominent player of the industry that has leveraged their position in the market. It also provides business strategies implemented by the key players and yardstick to arrive on informed business decisions. Moreover, it gives insights on the consumer behavior patterns that can help the enterprise to curate the business strategies accordingly.

Up Market Research (UMR) bestows the clients with the specialized customized options related to the regional analysis, company analysis, and product analysis, among others.

Complete Table Content of the Market

Executive Summary

Assumptions and Acronyms Used

Research Methodology

Progenitor Cell Product Market Overview

Progenitor Cell Product Supply Chain Analysis

Progenitor Cell Product Pricing Analysis

Global Progenitor Cell Product Market Analysis and Forecast by Type

Global Progenitor Cell Product Market Analysis and Forecast by Application

Global Progenitor Cell Product Market Analysis and Forecast by Sales Channel

Global Progenitor Cell Product Market Analysis and Forecast by Region

North America Progenitor Cell Product Market Analysis and Forecast

Latin America Progenitor Cell Product Market Analysis and Forecast

Europe Progenitor Cell Product Market Analysis and Forecast

Asia Pacific Progenitor Cell Product Market Analysis and Forecast

Middle East & Africa Progenitor Cell Product Market Analysis and Forecast

Competition Landscape

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About the Company

Up Market Research (UMR) is the largest aggregator of the market research report in the industry with more than 800 global clients. The company has extensively invested in the research analysts training and programs to keep the analyst tapped with the best industry standards and provide the clients with the utmost experience. Our dedicated team has been collaborating with the industry experts to give out the precise data and figures related to the industry. It conducts primary research, secondary research, and consumer surveys to provide an in-depth analysis of the market. The market research firm has worked in several business verticals and has been successful to earn high credentials over the time.

Contact Info UpMarketResearchName Alex MathewsEmail [emailprotected]Website https://www.upmarketresearch.comAddress 500 East E Street, Ontario, CA 91764, United States.

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Progenitor Cell Product Market Provides In-Depth Analysis of the Industry, With Current Trends and Future Estimations to Elucidate The Investment...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

By John Authers

The coronavirus pandemic has stress-tested the world. Beyond challenging human fortitude, national health services and international rivalries, it has forced a series of moral choices. Many have provoked impassioned disagreement over whether governments can force businesses and schools to close, over sacrifices for the sake of the elderly and, most bitterly and surprisingly, over whether being asked to wear a simple face mask infringes individual liberty.

The toughest moral test lies ahead. The biomedical industry and research facilities around the world are progressing toward creating a vaccine that would offer the best chance to end the pandemic and return life to normal. But the moral dilemmas provoked by the development and distribution of a vaccine will drive ever deeper debates.

The issues strike at profound divisions between schools of ethics. The newly published The Ethics ofPandemics,an anthology edited by philosophy professor Meredith Schwartz of Ryerson University in Toronto, presents contrasting views of academics, doctors and commentators along with a series of impossibly difficult case studies. The scientific, economic and political choices involve moral issues that have divided ethicists for centuries:

How to develop it?

The U.S government says the Covid-19 vaccine will be developed at warp speed. But vaccines take years to develop, for good reasons, and none of the benefits can be realized if they are released before they are safe. A failed Covid-19 vaccine could even compromise confidence in other vaccinations, threatening a return of measles, polio and other plagues.

Testing shortcuts are available but fraught. The first rule of deciding when theyre justified, explains Arthur Caplan, the head of bioethics at the NYU Langone hospital system in New York, is that risks can be balanced against the prospect of better data. Thus, skipping animal testing may pass muster since the data from testing humans is better.

That leads to the issue that divides teams at Moderna Inc. in Boston and at Oxford University in England who are working on the two most promising attempts to find a vaccine. How much risk of harming humans can they justifiably take? The best way to accelerate the process could fall afoul of the long-established obligations of medical ethics, from the Hippocratic oath to do no harm.

That pledge is as old as ancient Greece, it aligns with Christian teaching, and with the powerful school of rights-based philosophy identified with the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, which holds that people should never treat humanity as a means to an end. Whatever the ultimate positive consequences, Kantians argue, there is no right to harm anyone. Virtuous ends do not justify unethical means.

Immanuel Kant

In human challenge trials,which have been used to test cholera and dengue vaccines, volunteers are injected with a vaccine and then deliberately infected with the germ that researchers are hoping to neutralize. The subjects are tightly monitored, and results are available within weeks. Researchers at Oxford are developing strains of the coronavirus in preparation for such a trial alongside a much larger conventional study, as are the National Institutes of Health in the U.S. Such a study will require 150 volunteers at the most.

Moderna opted against human challenge trials, and instead started a conventional trial with 30,000 test subjects in July. Volunteers are given either the vaccine or a placebo, and then go about their daily lives as the pandemic rages. Moderna hopes to have scientifically reliable results by the end of the year. Tal Zaks, Modernas chief medical officer, said he expects this approach to reveal how the vaccine behaves with different groups of people and in different regions. By testing in the real world, he said, results can be superior to the outcome of challenge tests, which are held in laboratory conditions.

But the conventional approach is slower, and leaves much to chance. Oxfords attempt to hold such a study in London and Oxford earlier this year came just as the epidemic was beginning to decline in the U.K., making it hard to draw firm conclusions. A rival research team at Imperial College, London, has the same problem and is looking to hold a trial in another country.

Further, doctors are morally obliged to tell volunteers how to avoid getting infected. They cannot tell them to go maskless, or to seek out crowded spaces, even though from a narrowly scientific point of view this would improve their test results. Its also impossible to monitor so many volunteers closely enough to determine if they are reporting their experiences inaccurately and skewing the results.

Rutgers University bioethicist Nir Eyal says that coronavirus challenge testing in the U.S could simultaneously maximize utility and respect rights. Researchers would use only informed, willing, low-risk volunteers from a population that is already in high-risk areas, he said.

Volunteers are abundant. An advocacy group called 1 Day Sooner has found 32,000 volunteers in 140 countries, mostlybetween the ages of 20 and 30, (old enough to consent but much less exposed to serious harm from Covid-19 than their elders) with no relevant underlying medical conditions. Strongly believing in effective altruism, Josh Morrison, who heads 1 Day Sooner, voluntarily donated one of his kidneys to a stranger, as did others helping with the campaign.

But Kantian objections are serious. Michael Rosenblatt, a Harvard Medical School professor and former chief medical officer of Merck Inc., objects that human challenge studies should only be contemplated when some lifesaving treatment, such as an antiviral medicine, is available for a candidate who gets sick. There is no such cure for Covid-19.

Then there is the problem of the unknown. Vaccines must pass muster with libertarians, descended from figures such as the enlightenment philosopher John Locke and the founding fathers of the U.S., who build morality around individual freedom. To counter libertarian objections, researchers must obtain informed consent.

Brazilian pediatric doctor Monica Levi, one of the volunteers who received the COVID-19 vaccine, works at the Specialized Clinic in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Immunizations (CEDIPI), in Sao Paulo, Brazil, on July 24, 2020.NELSON ALMEIDA/AFP via Getty Images

Rosenblatt argues that when it comes to Covid-19, Its pretty hard to have informed consent when we barely know anything about this yet. There are fears that the virus can cause lasting damage even in twentysomethings, for example, but little clear evidence. Can volunteers really consent to expose themselves to such poorly understood risks?

Finally, there is the appalling possibility of a volunteer dying. In 1999, this happened to Jesse Gelsinger, a healthy 18-year-old with a rare metabolic genetic disorder who volunteered for a conventional safety trial (not a challenge trial) of a virus-based gene therapy. His death was both a personal tragedy and a scientific disaster that set the field of gene therapy back by at least two decades, Rosenblatt said. That hiatus deprived a generation of patients with genetic disorders of treatments.

Morrison, of 1 Day Sooner, defends the right to volunteer for testing. Estimates at present are that the risk of death from Covid-19 for people in their 20s with no pre-existing conditions is under one in 10,000 less than the risk of dying in childbirth while soldiers (whether volunteer or conscripted) face a far higher chance of dying on the battlefield.

How to pay for it?

A vaccine is meaningless if people are unable to afford it, said John Young, the chief management officer of Pfizer Inc. Nobody asserts that drug companies should be able to charge whatever the market can bear for a Covid-19 vaccine.

But private companies like Pfizer have a responsibility to shareholders. Moreover, anyone who develops a successful coronavirus vaccine will have performed an immense service to humanity and will deserve to be rewarded. And so Pfizer defends its right to make a profit.

Pfizer has a $2 billion deal with the U.S. government to supply as many as 600 million doses of the vaccine it is developing. Many of its competitors are in collaborations with public universities, or receive state funding. That raises an intensely ideological issue: Should a private company be free to set prices for a public good developed with government aid?

We have to make a profit out of the first product, Moderna chief executive Stephane Bancel told Yahoo Finance. We have invested $2 billion of our shareholder capital since we started the company. We need to get a return. But Moderna has also received some $955 million in government funding to finance its big test. According to the Financial Times, Moderna is planning to price its vaccine at $25-$30 per dose, significantly above the $19.50 at which Pfizer is selling each of 100 million doses to the U.S..

Meanwhile, AstraZeneca PLC says it will sell the vaccine it is developing with Oxford to European governments at no profit, while Johnson & Johnson says it will sell its vaccine at a not-for-profit price for emergency use.

A man walks past a sign at an AstraZeneca site in Macclesfield, central England May 19, 2014.REUTERS/Phil Noble/File Photo

The issue is already very political. Five pharma industry leaders have had to testify on their pricing plans before a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, and Democratic-sponsored bills are in Congress to stop price gouging. They have some Republican support.

Representative Lloyd Doggett, a Texas Democrat who is sponsoring one such bill, told Politico that a drug companys claim that its providing a vaccine at cost should be viewed with the same skepticism as that by a used car salesperson.

Once governments have bought the vaccine, should they require patients to pay for their own shots? Most people with money would happily pay much more than $30 to free themselves from the coronavirus. But in the many developed countries with nationalized health systems, the question doesnt arise: taxpayers pay, and the vaccine is free for patients.

The U.S., however, has a political issue on its hands. Senator Patty Murray, a Washington Democrat, now backs a bill to ensure that every American has a right to a free vaccine. Meanwhile, the deal with Pfizer will result in free immunizations. Having established the principle of taxpayer-paid vaccines, it could be hard to retreat.

These are issues decided within countries. When it comes to international cooperation, poorer countries complain about vaccine nationalism. In the U.K., Prime Minister Boris Johnson pulled out of the EUs so-called Inclusive Vaccines Alliance in a move attacked for playing to his Brexit-friendly political base.

Wealthy countries have little incentive to collaborate with poor ones. Costa Rica led an effort with the World Health Organization to set up a new Covid-19 Technology Access Pool that would share research and then coordinate production and also share the vaccine once it was ready.

But the list of countries that responded is telling. The U.S., China, Canada and Japan are all absent, while the only European countries to sign up have been Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Norway. A group of much smaller developing nations has been left to build a collaboration even though the virus knows no boundaries, and it is in all countries interest to stamp it out everywhere.

The virus originally thought to only attack the lungs ravages almost every part of the body. Stock/Getty

Meanwhile, rich countries are prospectively buying up vaccines before they have even been cleared for use. The U.S.-Pfizer vaccine deal, and a similar deal with Glaxo PLC and Sanofi AG, uses American buying power to avoid excessive prices. Britain has done four separate deals with providers for 250 million doses.

What about the poorer countries who may have to pay more for the vaccine? For now, attempts at vaccine justice have been left to philanthropies such as the Gates Foundations Vaccine Network.

How to ration it?

The pharmaceutical industry cannot produce enough vaccine for the entire global population of almost 8 billion all at once. Therefore, rationing is inevitable. Some people will have to wait. Who gets to make these decisions, and by what criteria?

Within the U.S., various medical bodies and government agencies claim authority to draw up the guidelines. No one seems empowered to adjudicate.

The principle is to protect those most likely to be harmed, said Caplan of NYU Langone. That leads to one point of clarity: Medical workers go first. Theyre obviously at risk, and have a duty to put themselves in harms way.

But after this, following his criterion leads to prioritizing some of the least privileged in society not because they are underprivileged and deserve help, but because they are most at risk.

Statistically, prisoners follow doctors and nurses on the list of people most likely to be harmed. As prisons are Covid-19 incubators, Caplan suggests that vaccinating inmates would limit the diseases spread.

Calgarians wear masks as they walk along Stephen Avenue Mall in downtown Calgary on Wednesday, July 29, 2020.Gavin Young/Postmedia

Within the U.S., Native-American communities are grievously affected, and therefore have a case for priority. The same is true of some other ethnic minorities, largely because they tend to live in crowded communities, and because higher rates of poverty make them more likely to suffer the underlying conditions that make Covid-19 more deadly.

People are also more at risk if they cannot work from home. In an email, Anthony Skelton, a philosophy professor at the University of Western Ontario and Lisa Forsberg of the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, make a case for sending those in work-at-home professions to the back of the line. To the extent that racial minorities might live and/or work in conditions that make them less able to avoid coming into contact with infected individuals, the case for giving them priority over people who can work from their home office seems strong, the scholars wrote.

All of these proposals spring from prioritizing people according to risk, but might in practice look like the kind of redistributionist social-justice crusading that provokes controversy, particularly in the U.S.

Rationing could also be affected by where the vaccine was tested. In the case of AIDS, experimental treatments were assessed in Africa, where testing was cheaper, but the treatments then went to developed countries. Severely affected African countries had to pay prohibitive prices as the disease took hold.

Africa could become a Covid-19 test site if regulators do not permit human challenge tests elsewhere. If large-scale testing does happen there, justice will demand that early supplies of the vaccine are made available to Africans, even at the expense of people in the researchers home country.

How to roll it out?

Vaccinations work best when everyone receives them, since germs that cant infect people tend to wither away.

But all vaccines come with risks. That creates a free-rider problem. The best option from a self-interested point of view is that everybody else has the shot (eliminating your personal risk of catching Covid-19) but that you dont (avoiding any personal risk of side-effects). Taxes have the same problem. Taxes are compulsory. Does that mean vaccination should be compulsory, too?

The public-health case for compulsion is strong. But libertarians have a problem with forcing a potentially harmful vaccine on someone without the informed consent thats hard to procure in societies skeptical of experts and low on social trust.

How can the vaccine reach a critical mass without compulsion? Caplan suggests leaving compulsion to private entities. An employer might demand vaccination as a condition of reporting for work. A university might impose the same requirement on faculty and students. A vaccine might be dangled as a golden ticket to return to theaters, cinemas, night clubs or sports events. Governments or foundations could even pay people to receive a shot.

By this thinking, those who assert their right not to be vaccinated would be free to work from home and home-school. They would be voluntarily narrowing their own freedom of movement and assembly.

Yet societies would pay a price. The virus has divided humans in countless ways already. If many citizens opt to stay unvaccinated, the virus and the messy ethics of compelling vaccination will have helped to create another permanent division.

This column does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the editorial board or Bloomberg LP and its owners.

John Authers is a senior editor for markets. Before Bloomberg, he spent 29 years with the Financial Times, where he was head of the Lex Column and chief markets commentator. He is the author of The Fearful Rise of Markets and other books.

2020 Bloomberg L.P.

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Opinion: With any COVID-19 vaccine, humanity will face its biggest moral test - The Province

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Ancestry is stepping up its consumer DNA testingusing next-generation sequencing developed by Quest Diagnostics.

The family history and consumer genomics company is relaunching its AncestryHealth service with more advanced genetic testing technology to flag cutsomers' risk for developing certain inheritable diseases.

The sequencing-based tests replace Ancestry'sprevious microarray-based tests, the company said in arelease. The tests are physician-ordered, are not diagnostic and have not beenreviewed or approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

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The advanced testing technology will help people better understand their risk for developing certain inherited health conditions such as heart disease, breast cancer, colon cancer and blood disorders, Ancestry said.

RELATED:Genealogy company Ancestry launches consumer genetic health testing as a rival to 23andMe

"When it comes to your health and your familys health, the more you know, the better, said Ron Park, M.D. executive vice presidentof health and DNA atAncestry in a statement.

"With the launch of AncestryHealth powered by NGS, we are helping people have access to more comprehensive data about their genetic risksand providing support with understanding those risksat a time when protecting our health is a major concern," Park said.

Ancestry, a company that uses DNA testing to give consumers information about their family history, moved into consumer genetic health testing as a rival to 23andMe last fall.

Ancestry, which owns AncestryDNA and launched in 2002, is one of the largest direct-to-consumer testing companies in the world with 24 billion records and more than 18 million people in its network.

The company saidits relaunched health offeringmarks a dramatic shift in consumer-initiated genetic testing, which, for the last decade, has largely been based on microarray technology.

Because NGS technology can access orders of magnitude more of the genome, including challenging-to-sequence variants, the NGS technology that powers AncestryHealth does a better job of determining if someone is at greater risk for some of the most common inherited health conditions, according to Quest Diagnostics.

RELATED:JPM20: Health technology company Color scores $75M funding round to scale its infrastructure

In comparison to the more widely-used microarray-based testing technology, AncestryHealth powered by next-generation sequencing achieves about 80% to 90% detection of inherited risk for specific health conditions, according to the company.

The use of the technology can lead to higher detection rates for the risk of breast and ovarian cancer, for example, at arate four times higher than most microarray-based tests, Ancestry said.

"As the market leader in consumer genomics for more than a decade, we are proud to make an important leap forward in democratizing access to comprehensive genetic health risk detection, said Margo Georgiadis, president and chief executive officer at Ancestry.

AncestryHealth will provide customers with remote access to genetic counselors in partnership withPWNHealth, an independent network of board-certified genetic counselors, geneticistsand physicians, as well as access to a clinical lab report to share with their doctors.

These services will help consumers better understand their results and make more informed choices, the company said.

Ancestry also aims to create a downloadable family health history record that can be delivered to clinicians and used to help fill out medical forms.

RELATED:Ancestry's Catherine Ball on why the genealogy company just gave UpToDate a $1M grant

Quest developed a faster and cheaper way to perform next generation sequencingto power AncestryHealth, the company said.

"This improvement in automating next generation sequencing will enable genetic screening faster and at much lower cost, and could have profound implications for healthcare in the future, truly empowering better health through actionable insights for millions of people who want to know more about their health risks," saidSteve Rusckowski, Quest Diagnostics chairman, chief executive and president in a statement.

"It wasn't long ago that genetic sequencing took months and cost thousands of dollars. Quest's proprietary innovation enables sequencing insights in a fraction of the time at a fraction of the cost," Rusckowski said.

AncestryHealths kit will be available in 47 states, not including New York, New Jersey and Rhode Island, for $179.

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Ancestry rolls out more advanced DNA testing to flag risk of heart disease, breast cancer - FierceHealthcare

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

This recent study of the Rare Disease Genetic Testing market contains a thorough evaluation of this industry vertical. According to the report, the market will record decent returns by the end of the forecast period, while registering a substantial growth rate throughout this duration.

Growth Report on Rare Disease Genetic Testing Market size | Industry Segment by Applications (Research Laboratories and CROs, Diagnostic Laboratories, Hospitals and Clinics and Others), by Type (Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), Array Technology, PCR-based Testing, Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH), Sanger Sequencing, Karyotyping and Others), Regional Outlook, Market Demand, Latest Trends, Rare Disease Genetic Testing Industry Share, Research Growth Forecast & Revenue by Manufacturers, The Leading Company Profiles, Growth Forecasts 2025.

Request Sample Copy of this Report @ https://www.express-journal.com/request-sample/161113

The report uncovers important insights of the Rare Disease Genetic Testing market and includes projections with respect to revenue, industry size, and sales volumes over the study period. Additionally, the Rare Disease Genetic Testing market report provides detailed information regarding industry segmentations as well as the driving factors that will propel the profitability graph of the industry.

This report studies the Rare Disease Genetic Testing market status and outlook of global and major regions, from angles of players, countries, product types and end industries, this report analyzes the top players in global Rare Disease Genetic Testing industry, and splits by product type and applications/end industries. This report also includes the impact of COVID-19 on the Rare Disease Genetic Testing industry.

A glimpse of the Rare Disease Genetic Testing market with respect to the geographical landscape:

Competitive Landscape and Rare Disease Genetic Testing Market Share Analysis:

Rare Disease Genetic Testing competitive landscape provides details by vendors, including company overview, company total revenue (financials), market potential, global presence, Rare Disease Genetic Testing sales and revenue generated, market share, price, production sites and facilities, SWOT analysis, product launch. For the period 2015-2020, this study provides the Rare Disease Genetic Testing sales, revenue and market share for each player covered in this report.

Market segmentation: Rare Disease Genetic Testing market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2015-2025, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.

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Research objectives:

Questions Answered by the Report:

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Rare Disease Genetic Testing Market 2020; Region Wise Analysis of Top Players in Market and its Types and Application - Express Journal

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

News

The RACGP is offering training in carrier screening, covering the knowledge and skills required to initiate the important conversation with patients.

Around one in 200 babies is born with an inherited rare condition.These conditions account for 20% of infant mortality. And while they are individually rare, people on average are carriers of two severe autosomal recessive conditions.While genetic carrier screening has traditionally only been offered to those with a family history and partners of identified carriers, as well as those of a particular ethnicity, that has since changed.National guidelines now recommend all women or couples planning a family, or who are in the first trimester of pregnancy, be given the option in order to understand their risk.To help raise awareness among GPs and other healthcare professionals, the RACGP has launched the Beware the Rare education campaign.Professor Jon Emery is a GP and adviser for the campaign. He says the earlier carrier screening is carried out, the better.This provides couples an opportunity to plan their reproductive choices more into the future, he told newsGP.Part of this campaign is around raising these issues when couples are beginning to plan a pregnancy, so preconception, because the reproductive choices are somewhat greater at that point.But, of course, we know a lot of people will often get pregnant without them necessarily formally planning it, and so the other time to be having these discussions is early on in the first trimester of the pregnancy, and offering the couple the opportunity to consider whether they want to have carrier screening to see if theyre at risk of having an affected child.Modes of testing including either a mouth swab or blood test.There are currently three types of carrier screening panels available:

Professor Jon Emerysays the earlier carrier screening is carried out, the better.Medicare does not currently provide rebates for most genetic tests, which cost patients hundreds of dollars.A research program called Mackenzies Mission is setting out to change that, however, thanks in large part to Rachael Casella and her husband.After losing their seven-month-old daughter Mackenzie in 2017 to spinal muscular atrophy type 1, a genetic neuromuscular disorder, the couple lobbied the Federal Government to make genetic testing routine and covered by Medicare.In response, $20 million was committed from the Medical Research Future Fund to a three-year pilot study that will set out to screen 10,000 Australian couples for around 750 genetic conditions.The expanded panel test costs between $600 and $900. So its not a cheap test, Professor Emery said.Mackenzies Mission will hopefully provide new evidence around the accessibility of this test, and inform future decisions around whether these tests eventually become available through the Federal Government.But I think we are increasingly going to see a greater role for genomic tests, both in terms of reproductive choices, but also in terms of predicting the way we respond to drugs and predicting our risks of a range of common diseases so that we can tailor our prevention more.The RACGP is hosting a free webinar, Fertility, pregnancy and genetic testing options, on Wednesday 5 August, 7.00pm8.00 pm (AEST). The event attracts two CPD points. Visit the RACGP website to register.GPs can access information and resources on genetic carrier screening through the RACGPs education campaign website. There is also an accredited training module worth two CPD points.Log in below to join the conversation.

genetic carrier screening preconception pregnancy reproductive choice

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newsGP - Genetic carrier screening: What GPs need to know - RACGP

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Global At-home Genetic Testing Market Report 2019 Market Size, Share, Price, Trend and Forecast is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the global At-home Genetic Testing industry.

The report also covers segment data, including: type segment, industry segment, channel segment etc. cover different segment market size, both volume and value. Also cover different industries clients information, which is very important for the manufacturers.

There are 4 key segments covered in this report: competitor segment, product type segment, end use/application segment and geography segment.

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For competitor segment, the report includes global key players of At-home Genetic Testing as well as some small players.

The key players covered in this study23andMeMyHeritageLabCorpMyriad GeneticsAncestry.comQuest DiagnosticsGene By GeneDNA Diagnostics CenterInvitaeIntelliGeneticsAmbry GeneticsLiving DNAEasyDNAPathway GenomicsCentrillion TechnologyXcodeColor GenomicsAnglia DNA ServicesAfrican AncestryCanadian DNA ServicesDNA Family CheckAlpha BiolaboratoriesTest Me DNA23 MofangGenetic HealthDNA Services of AmericaShuwen Health SciencesMapmygenomeFull Genomes

Market segment by Type, the product can be split intoDiagnostic ScreeningPGDRelationship testingMarket segment by Application, split intoOnlineOffline

Market segment by Regions/Countries, this report coversNorth AmericaEuropeChinaJapanSoutheast AsiaIndiaCentral & South America

The study objectives of this report are:To analyze global At-home Genetic Testing status, future forecast, growth opportunity, key market and key players.To present the At-home Genetic Testing development in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India and Central & South America.To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their development plan and strategies.To define, describe and forecast the market by type, market and key regions.

In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of At-home Genetic Testing are as follows:History Year: 2015-2019Base Year: 2019Estimated Year: 2020Forecast Year 2020 to 2026For the data information by region, company, type and application, 2019 is considered as the base year. Whenever data information was unavailable for the base year, the prior year has been considered.

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Important Key questions answered in At-home Genetic Testing market report:

What will the market growth rate, Overview, and Analysis by Type of At-home Genetic Testing in 2024?

What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the drivers, challenges, and business risks in At-home Genetic Testing market?

What is Dynamics, This Overview Includes Analysis of Scope and price analysis of top Manufacturers Profiles?

Who Are Opportunities, Risk and Driving Force of At-home Genetic Testing market? Knows Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing and Downstream Buyers.

Who are the key manufacturers in space? Business Overview by Type, Applications, Gross Margin, and Market Share

What are the opportunities and threats faced by manufacturers in the global market?

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The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:

Chapter 1, to describe At-home Genetic Testing product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.

Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of At-home Genetic Testing , with price, sales, revenue and global market share of At-home Genetic Testing in 2019 and 2015.

Chapter 3, the At-home Genetic Testing competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.

Chapter 4, the At-home Genetic Testing breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2019 to 2025.

Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2019 to 2025.

Chapter 10 and 11, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2019 to 2025.

Chapter 12, At-home Genetic Testing market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2019 to 2025.

Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe At-home Genetic Testing sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

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At-home Genetic Testing Market Research by Key players, Type and Application, Future Growth to 2026 - Owned

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The Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing Market analysis summary by Reports Insights is a thorough study of the current trends leading to this vertical trend in various regions. Research summarizes important details related to market share, market size, applications, statistics and sales. In addition, this study emphasizes thorough competition analysis on market prospects, especially growth strategies that market experts claim.

Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing Market competition by top manufacturers as follow: , Roche, Thermo Fisher Scientific, PerkinElmer, Quest Diagnostics, Myriad Genetics, Iverson Genetics, Cancer Genetics, OncoCyte Corporation, NeoGenomics, Invitae

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The global Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market has been segmented on the basis of technology, product type, application, distribution channel, end-user, and industry vertical, along with the geography, delivering valuable insights.

The Type Coverage in the Market are: High Penetrant GenesIntermediate Penetrant GenesLow Penetrant Genes

Market Segment by Applications, covers:HospitalsClinicsOthers

Market segment by Regions/Countries, this report coversNorth AmericaEuropeChinaRest of Asia PacificCentral & South AmericaMiddle East & Africa

Major factors covered in the report:

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The analysis objectives of the report are:

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Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Predictive Genetic Testing And Consumer/Wellness Genomics Market research is an intelligence report with meticulous efforts undertaken to study the right and valuable information. The data which has been looked upon is done considering both, the existing top players and the upcoming competitors. Business strategies of the key players and the new entering market industries are studied in detail. Well explained SWOT analysis, revenue share and contact information are shared in this report analysis.

Predictive Genetic Testing And Consumer/Wellness Genomics Market is growing at a High CAGR during the forecast period 2020-2026. The increasing interest of the individuals in this industry is that the major reason for the expansion of this market.

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Top Key Players Profiled in This Report:

Illumina, BGI, Genesis Genetics, Myriad Genetics, 23andMe, Inc, Color Genomics Inc, Pathway Genomics, ARUP Laboratories

The key questions answered in this report:

Various factors are responsible for the markets growth trajectory, which are studied at length in the report. In addition, the report lists down the restraints that are posing threat to the global Predictive Genetic Testing And Consumer/Wellness Genomics market. It also gauges the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, threat from new entrants and product substitute, and the degree of competition prevailing in the market. The influence of the latest government guidelines is also analyzed in detail in the report. It studies the Predictive Genetic Testing And Consumer/Wellness Genomics markets trajectory between forecast periods.

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Table of Contents:

Global Predictive Genetic Testing And Consumer/Wellness Genomics Market Research Report

Chapter 1 Predictive Genetic Testing And Consumer/Wellness Genomics Market Overview

Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Industry

Chapter 3 Global Market Competition by Manufacturers

Chapter 4 Global Production, Revenue (Value) by Region

Chapter 5 Global Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions

Chapter 6 Global Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Chapter 7 Global Market Analysis by Application

Chapter 8 Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Chapter 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Chapter 10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Chapter 11 Market Effect Factors Analysis

Chapter 12 Global Predictive Genetic Testing And Consumer/Wellness Genomics Market Forecast

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Market Overview

Indispensable insights of the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market are elaborated in the report. The core objective of the report is to deliver reliable and concrete information about the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market that can assist the businessmen to make rational decisions. The expected CAGR and valuation of the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market are mentioned in the report. Proficient analysts have studied the market for the evaluation year of 2020 to 2026. Significant factors that are likely to promote the growth of the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market and possible constraints of the market are elaborated in this market research report. Potential growth scopes are also elaborated in the report. The Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market studied in segments to provide information about the same market that encompasses crucial aspects of the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing industry or market. The regional progress of the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market is studied under the regional outlook section. A lucid understanding of the transforming competitive landscape of the market can assist investors in several ways. North America, Europe, and APAC are key regions across which is in the studied. For the Rest of the World (RoW), the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market is analyzed across China, USA, Europe, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia and South America.

The latest report includes Impact of Coronavirus(Covid-19) on the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing Industry, it includes on Industry Upstream, Industry Downstream, Industry Channels, Industry Competition, and finally on Industry Employment.

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Key Players overview

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Global Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing sales volume, Price (USD/Unit), revenue (M USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including:

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into:-

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing for each application, including:-

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This report split global into several key Regions, with sales (K Units), revenue (M USD), market share and growth rate of Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing for these regions, from 2014 to 2026 (forecast), covering:-

Research Methodology

Research methodologies utilized in cooking the report are rigorous and fail-safe. The robust scoring process is employed to deliver an objective and accurate overview of the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market. Modern research techniques used to offer vivid qualitative and qualitative findings of the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing industry. The powerful research techniques used to study the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market aid in the collection of evidence and data to deliver precise report. The market research firm uses various tools for the collection of information for primary and secondary analysis of the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market to prepare a report that can be an ultimate guide for investors. Top-down and bottom-up approaches maintained for the assessment of the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market for the forecast years ensures high-quality and valuable insights into the Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing market.

Key Highlights of TOC:

And List of Tables and Figures.

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Breast Cancer Predictive Genetic Testing Market 2020-2026 Analysis, Trends And Forecasts Research Report - Owned

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith