Trusted Business Insights answers what are the scenarios for growth and recovery and whether there will be any lasting structural impact from the unfolding crisis for the Alopecia market.

Trusted Business Insights presents an updated and Latest Study on Alopecia Market 2019-2029. The report contains market predictions related to market size, revenue, production, CAGR, Consumption, gross margin, price, and other substantial factors. While emphasizing the key driving and restraining forces for this market, the report also offers a complete study of the future trends and developments of the market.The report further elaborates on the micro and macroeconomic aspects including the socio-political landscape that is anticipated to shape the demand of the Alopecia market during the forecast period (2019-2029).It also examines the role of the leading market players involved in the industry including their corporate overview, financial summary, and SWOT analysis.

Get Sample Copy of this Report @ Alopecia Market by disease (Androgenic Alopecia, Alopecia Areata, Cicatricial Alopecia, Traction Alopecia, Alopecia Totalis, Alopecia Universalis, and Others, by drug type (Corticosteroids, 5 Ar Inhibitors and Others), by gender (Male, Female); by route of administration (Topical, Injectable and Oral) and distribution channel (Retail Pharmacies, Hospital Pharmacies and Online Pharmacies)-Global Industry Analytics COVID-19 Business Impact, and Trends, 2020-2026

Abstract

The report covers forecast and analysis for the Alopecia market on a global and regional level. The study provides historic data from 2016 to 2019 along with a forecast from 2020 to 2026 based on revenue (USD Billion). The study includes drivers and restraints for the Alopecia market along with the impact they have on the demand over the forecast period. Additionally, the report includes the study of opportunities available in the Alopecia market on a global level. In order to give the users of this report a comprehensive view on the Alopecia market we have included competitive landscape and analysis of Porters Five Forces model for the market. The study encompasses a market attractiveness analysis, wherein disease, drug type, gender, route of administration, distribution channel, and regional segments are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and general attractiveness.

The word alopecia means hair loss. Alopecia isnt limited to the scalp; its possible on the body anywhere. The hair cycle comprises of three phases: Anagen, which is called as growth phase. Second phase is catagen, also called as rest phase and the fading phase, which is called as telogen phase. Ninety percent of the hair is in the development period (anagen) and the remainder, which corresponds to ten percent in the resting and shedding phases. When the hair falls out, this is the telogen phase and the hair is going to regenerate, and it begins to develop again in the (development) anagen process. Alopecia can be subdivided into two broad categories: scarring and non-scarring. Non-scarring or androgenic alopecia is the most common form. Many men start losing hair in the 20s, while women start losing their hair in their 40s or 50s. As a person grows older they lose hair. The pattern is the disparity between masculine hair loss and female hair loss. Front and temporal zone are the area where men usually lose hair because this area is more sensitive to di-hydrogen testosterone. while women appear to lose hair from the scalps central field. Female hair loss will also not result in complete baldness, while male hair loss can result in complete baldness. Males do not loose hair in the back of the scalp as this area is androgenic hormone resistant.

The study provides a decisive view on the Alopecia market by segmenting the market based on disease, drug type, gender, route of administration, distribution channel, and regions. All the segments have been analyzed based on present and future trends and the market is estimated from 2020 to 2026. Based on disease, the market is segmented into androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata, cicatricial alopecia, traction alopecia and others. The study projects that the alopecia areata will dominate the Alopecia market owing to the upsurge in the number of patients suffering with the alopecia areata.

Based on drug type, the market is segmented into corticosteroids, 5 ar inhibitors, potassium channel openers and others. Corticosteroids segment is expected to dominate the market due to the more number of patients being treated by Corticosteroids in treatment of alopecia areata. Based on gender, the market is segmented into male and female .Based on distribution channel, the market is segmented into Retail Pharmacies, Hospital Pharmacies and Online Pharmacies. The regional segmentation includes the current and forecast demand for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Geographically speaking, North America dominated the alopecia market. Large alopecia patient pool, availability of developed infrastructure, growing awareness and presence of key players has led to increased demand for alopecia treatment.

The increase in lifestyle spending as well as growing peoples awareness drives the growth of the market for alopecia treatment. In addition, the rise in the occurrence of chronic diseases, like acute stress disorder, polycystic ovary disease (PCOD), hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, cancer, lupus, and hypopituitarism is accelerating the growth of the demand for alopecia treatment. Increasing aging population and increasing people concerned with improving the hair is expected to boost the market for alopecia treatment. The increasing demand for surgical hair transplants and increased customer awareness of possible treatment, like prp treatment which in turn boosts the growth of the market for alopecia treatment. However, the high cost and adverse effects associated with treatment may hamper the growth of the market for alopecia tretment.

Key players within global Alopecia market include Cipla Inc., Dr. Reddys Laboratories, Johnson and Johnson AG, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Transitions Hair Pty Ltd., Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Merck & Co., Inc., Transitions Hair Pty Ltd, Cirrus Hair Centers, Lexington International LLC, Vita-Cos-Med Klett-Loch GmbH, Follica, Inc., and Capillus. amongst others.

The report segments global Alopecia market as follows:

Global Alopecia Market: Disease Segment Analysis

Androgenic alopeciaAlopecia areataCicatricial alopeciaTraction alopeciaAlopecia TotalisAlopecia UniversalisOthers

Global Alopecia Market: Drug type Segment Analysis

Corticosteroids5 AR InhibitorsPotassium Channel openersOthers

Global Alopecia Market: By Gender Segment Analysis

MaleFemale

Global Alopecia Market: By Route of Administration Segment Analysis

TopicalOralInjectable

Global Alopecia Market: Distribution channel Segment Analysis

Hospital PharmaciesRetail PharmaciesOnline Pharmacies

Global Alopecia Market: Regional Segment Analysis

North America

The U.S.Canada

Europe

FranceThe UKSpainGermanyItalyRest of Europe

Asia Pacific

ChinaJapanIndiaSouth KoreaSoutheast AsiaRest of Asia Pacific

Latin America

BrazilMexicoRest of Latin America

Middle East & Africa

GCCSouth AfricaRest of Middle East & Africa

Quick Read Table of Contents of this Report @ Alopecia Market by disease (Androgenic Alopecia, Alopecia Areata, Cicatricial Alopecia, Traction Alopecia, Alopecia Totalis, Alopecia Universalis, and Others, by drug type (Corticosteroids, 5 Ar Inhibitors and Others), by gender (Male, Female); by route of administration (Topical, Injectable and Oral) and distribution channel (Retail Pharmacies, Hospital Pharmacies and Online Pharmacies)-Global Industry Analytics COVID-19 Business Impact, and Trends, 2020-2026

Trusted Business InsightsShelly ArnoldMedia & Marketing ExecutiveEmail Me For Any ClarificationsConnect on LinkedInClick to follow Trusted Business Insights LinkedIn for Market Data and Updates.US: +1 646 568 9797UK: +44 330 808 0580

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Global Alopecia Market 2020 | Analyzing The COVID-19 Impact Followed By Restraints, Opportunities And Projected Developments - Bulletin Line

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FDA Approves Tafasitamab-cxix in Combination With Lenalidomide for the Treatment of DLBCL

A humanized Fc-modified cytolytic CD19 targeting monoclonal antibody, tafasitamab-cxix received accelerated approval based on overall response rate (ORR). Continued approval may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial(s).

Globally, DLBCL is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults. The aggressive disease is characterized by rapidly growing masses of malignant B-cells in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow or other organs, and about 1 in 3 patients do not respond to initial therapy or relapsing thereafter.In the United States, approximately 10,000 patients are diagnosed with relapsed or refractory DLBCL who are not eligible for ASCT, each year.

The FDA approval was based on data from the MorphoSys-sponsored Phase 2 L-MIND study, an open label, multicenter, single arm trial of tafasitamab-cxix in combination with lenalidomide as a treatment for adult patients with relapsed or refractory DLBCL. Results from the study showed an ORR of 55% (primary endpoint), including a complete response (CR) rate of 37%, and a partial response rate (PR) of 18%. The median duration of response (mDOR) was 21.7 months (key secondary endpoint).

Warnings and precautions for tafasitamab-cxix included infusion-related reactions (6%), serious or severe myelosuppression including neutropenia (50%), thrombocytopenia (18%), and anemia (7%); infections (73%), and embryo-fetal toxicity. Neutropenia led to treatment discontinuation in 3.7% of patients. The most common adverse reactions ( 20%) were neutropenia, fatigue, anemia, diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, cough, pyrexia, peripheral edema, respiratory tract infection, and decreased appetite.

The FDA previously granted Fast Track and Breakthrough Therapy Designation for the tafasitamab-cxix and lenalidomide combination in treatment of relapsed or refractory DLBCL. FDA.

Tafasitamab-cxix is expected to be commercially available in the United States shortly, according to MorphoSys and Incyte, which plan to co-commercialize this therapy in the US. Incyte has exclusive commercialization rights outside the US.

REFERENCE

FDA Approves Monjuvi(tafasitamab-cxix) in Combination With Lenalidomide for the Treatment of Adult Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) [news release]. Planegg & Munich, Germany, and Wilmington, DE; July 31, 2020: MorphoSys and Incyte.https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200731005497/en.

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FDA Approves Tafasitamab-cxix in Combination With Lenalidomide for the Treatment of DLBCL - Pharmacy Times

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The Stem Cell Market report 2020 covers all the significant developments which are recently being adopted across the global market. The prime objective of the Stem Cell market report is to provides an in-depth analysis of all market dynamics including drivers and restraints, and trends, and opportunities. The Stem Cell market report covers both the demand and supply aspects of the market. The report also highlighted the future trends in the Stem Cell market that will impact the demand during the forecast period.

The scope of this market is limited to tracking the stem cell market. As per the scope of this report, stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells. Also, various types of stem cells are used for therapeutic purposes.

Report Highlights:

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Key Market Trends:

Oncology Disorders Segment is Expected to Exhibit Fastest Growth Rate Over the Forecast Period

Cancer has a major impact on society in the United States and across the world. As per the estimation of National Cancer Institute, in 2018, 1,735,350 new cases of cancer were anticipated to get diagnosed in the United States, and 609,640 deaths were expected from the disease. This increasing medical burden is due to population growth. Bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant is a treatment for some types of cancers, like leukemia, multiple myeloma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, or some types of lymphoma.

Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are the major source of stem cells for therapeutic purposes, due to their higher totipotency and indefinite lifespan, as compared to adult stem cells with lower totipotency and restricted lifespan. However, the use of ESCs for research and therapeutic purposes is restricted and prohibited in many countries throughout the world, due to some ethical constraints. Scientists from the University of California, Irvine, created the stem cell-based approach to kill cancerous tissue while preventing some toxic side effects of chemotherapy by treating the disease in a more localized way.

Although the market shows positive growth, due to the growing focus of stem cell-based research that can further strengthen the clinical application, its expensive nature for stem cell therapy may still hamper its growth.

North America Captured The Largest Market Share and is Expected to Retain its Dominance

North America dominated the overall stem cell market with the United States contributing to the largest share in the market. In 2014, the Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Health System, announced the launch of a clinical trial, in order to assess the safety of neural stem cell-based therapy in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Researchers hoped that the transplanted stem cells may develop into new neurons that could replace severed or lost nerve connections, and restore at least some motor and sensory functions. Such numerous stem cell studies across the United States have helped in the growth of the stem cell market.

The Report Covers:

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Detailed TOC of Stem Cell Market Report 2020-2024:

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Study Deliverables1.2 Study Assumptions1.3 Scope of the Study

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 MARKET DYNAMICS4.1 Market Overview4.2 Market Drivers4.2.1 Increased Awareness about Umbilical Stem Cell4.2.2 Increase in the Approval for Clinical Trials in Stem Cell Research4.2.3 Growing Demand for Regenerative Treatment Option4.2.4 Rising R&D Initiatives to Develop Therapeutic Options for Chronic Diseases4.3 Market Restraints4.3.1 Expensive Procedures4.3.2 Regulatory Complications4.3.3 Ethical and Moral Framework4.4 Industry Attractiveness- Porters Five Forces Analysis4.4.1 Threat of New Entrants4.4.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers/Consumers4.4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers4.4.4 Threat of Substitute Products4.4.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry

5 MARKET SEGMENTATION5.1 By Product Type5.1.1 Adult Stem Cell5.1.2 Human Embryonic Cell5.1.3 Pluripotent Stem Cell5.1.4 Other Product Types5.2 By Therapeutic Application5.2.1 Neurological Disorders5.2.2 Orthopedic Treatments5.2.3 Oncology Disorders5.2.4 Diabetes5.2.5 Injuries and Wounds5.2.6 Cardiovascular Disorders5.2.7 Other Therapeutic Applications5.3 By Treatment Type5.3.1 Allogeneic Stem Cell Therapy5.3.2 Auto logic Stem Cell Therapy5.3.3 Syngeneic Stem Cell Therapy5.4 By Banking Service and Technology5.4.1 Stem Cell Acquisition and Testing5.4.2 Cell Production5.4.3 Expansion5.4.4 Sub-culture5.4.5 Cryopreservation5.5 By Type of Banking5.5.1 Public5.5.2 Private5.6 Geography5.6.1 North America5.6.1.1 US5.6.1.2 Canada5.6.1.3 Mexico5.6.2 Europe5.6.2.1 UK5.6.2.2 Germany5.6.2.3 France5.6.2.4 Italy5.6.2.5 Spain5.6.2.6 Rest of Europe5.6.3 Asia-Pacific5.6.3.1 China5.6.3.2 Japan5.6.3.3 India5.6.3.4 Australia5.6.3.5 South Korea5.6.3.6 Rest of Asia-Pacific5.6.4 Middle East & Africa5.6.4.1 GCC5.6.4.2 South Africa5.6.4.3 Rest of Middle East & Africa5.6.5 South America5.6.5.1 Brazil5.6.5.2 Argentina5.6.5.3 Rest of South America

6 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE6.1 Company Profiles6.1.1 Osiris Therapeutics Inc.6.1.2 Pluristem Therapeutics Inc.6.1.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific6.1.4 Qiagen NV6.1.5 Sigma Aldrich Corporation6.1.6 Becton, Dickinson and Company6.1.7 Stem Cell Technologies Inc.6.1.8 AllCells LLC6.1.9 Miltenyi Biotec6.1.10 International Stem Cell Corporation

7 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND FUTURE TRENDS

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Stem Cell Therapy Market 2020 Research Report provides Emerging Market trends, Market Segmentation, regional outlook and comprehensive analysis on different market segments. It also provides key analysis on the market status of the Stem Cell Therapy manufacturers with best facts and figures, meaning, definition, SWOT analysis, expert opinions and the latest developments across the globe.This report also studies the global market competition landscape, market drivers and trends, opportunities and challenges, risks and entry barriers, sales channels, distributors and Porters Five Forces Analysis.

COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.

Final Report will add the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on this industry.

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Short Description About Stem Cell Therapy Market :

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem-cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use.

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The research covers the current Stem Cell Therapy market size of the market and its growth rates based on 5-year records with company outline ofKey players/manufacturers:

Scope of the Stem Cell Therapy Market Report:

In the last several years, global stem cell therapy market developed fast at a average growth rate of 46.81%. In 2017, the global stem cell therapy market size was 235 million USD, and the market is expected to be 277 million USD.

On the basis of therapeutic application, the global stem cell therapy market is segmented into Musculoskeletal Disorder, Wounds & Injuries, Cornea, Cardiovascular Diseases, and other applications. The musculoskeletal disorders and Wounds & Injuries are expected to dominated the market.

The global Stem Cell Therapy market is valued at 280 million USD in 2018 and is expected to reach 710 million USD by the end of 2024, growing at a CAGR of 20.7% between 2019 and 2024.

The Asia-Pacific will occupy for more market share in following years, especially in China, also fast growing India and Southeast Asia regions.

North America, especially The United States, will still play an important role which cannot be ignored. Any changes from United States might affect the development trend of Stem Cell Therapy.

Europe also play important roles in global market, with market size of xx million USD in 2019 and will be xx million USD in 2024, with a CAGR of xx%.

This report studies the Stem Cell Therapy market status and outlook of Global and major regions, from angles of players, countries, product types and end industries; this report analyzes the top players in global market, and splits the Stem Cell Therapy market by product type and applications/end industries.

Get a Sample Copy of the Stem Cell Therapy Market Report 2020

Report further studies the market development status and future Stem Cell Therapy Market trend across the world. Also, it splits Stem Cell Therapy market Segmentation by Type and by Applications to fully and deeply research and reveal market profile and prospects.

Major Classifications are as follows:

Major Applications are as follows:

Geographically, this report is segmented into several key regions, with sales, revenue, market share and growth Rate of Stem Cell Therapy in these regions, from 2014 to 2024, covering

This Stem Cell Therapy Market Research/Analysis Report Contains Answers to your following Questions

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Major Points from Table of Contents:

1. Market Overview1.1 Stem Cell Therapy Introduction1.2 Market Analysis by Type1.3 Market Analysis by Applications1.4 Market Dynamics1.4.1 Market Opportunities1.4.2 Market Risk1.4.3 Market Driving Force

2.Manufacturers Profiles

2.4.1 Business Overview2.4.2 Stem Cell Therapy Type and Applications2.4.2.1 Product A2.4.2.2 Product B

3.Global Stem Cell Therapy Sales, Revenue, Market Share and Competition By Manufacturer (2019-2020)

3.1 Global Stem Cell Therapy Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer (2019-2020)3.2 Global Stem Cell Therapy Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2019-2020)3.3 Market Concentration Rates3.3.1 Top 3 Stem Cell Therapy Manufacturer Market Share in 20203.3.2 Top 6 Stem Cell Therapy Manufacturer Market Share in 20203.4 Market Competition Trend

4.Global Stem Cell Therapy Market Analysis by Regions

4.1 Global Stem Cell Therapy Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions4.1.1 Global Stem Cell Therapy Sales and Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)4.1.2 Global Stem Cell Therapy Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)4.2 North America Stem Cell Therapy Sales and Growth Rate (2014-2019)4.3 Europe Stem Cell Therapy Sales and Growth Rate (2014-2019)4.4 Asia-Pacific Stem Cell Therapy Sales and Growth Rate (2014-2019)4.6 South America Stem Cell Therapy Sales and Growth Rate (2014-2019)4.6 Middle East and Africa Stem Cell Therapy Sales and Growth Rate (2014-2019)

5.Stem Cell Therapy Market Forecast (2020-2024)5.1 Global Stem Cell Therapy Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2024)5.2 Stem Cell Therapy Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2024)5.3 Stem Cell Therapy Market Forecast by Type (2020-2024)5.3.1 Global Stem Cell Therapy Sales Forecast by Type (2020-2024)5.3.2 Global Stem Cell Therapy Market Share Forecast by Type (2020-2024)5.4 Stem Cell Therapy Market Forecast by Application (2020-2024)5.4.1 Global Stem Cell Therapy Sales Forecast by Application (2020-2024)5.4.2 Global Stem Cell Therapy Market Share Forecast by Application (2020-2024)

6.Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers6.1 Sales Channel6.1.1 Direct Marketing6.1.2 Indirect Marketing6.1.3 Marketing Channel Future Trend6.2 Distributors, Traders and Dealers

7.Research Findings and Conclusion

8.Appendix8.1 Methodology8.2 Data Source

Continued..

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Cambridge, Mass.-based AlloVir raised $276 million in an upsized initial public offering. The funds will be used to advance the companys efforts to develop an allogeneic cell therapy to control infections in immunocompromised patients.

Shares of AlloVir began trading on the Nasdaq exchange Thursday. The initial public offering was at $17 per share. The company stock closed at $23.59 per share on its first day of trading. The stock is trading under the ticker symbol ALVR.

AlloVir, formerly known as ViraCyte, is developing allogeneic, off-the-shelf virus-specific T Cell (VST) therapy candidates targeting 12 devastating viruses, including COVID-19. AlloVir collects blood from third-party donors whose T-cells have been exposed to viruses. The company then grows those cells in its laboratory to develop its antiviral therapy. Instead of performing a type of genetic engineering on the T-cells, AlloVir searches for donors whose immune system has been exposed to the corresponding viruses and then using a screening process to identify bone marrow donors. AlloVir then gives the T-cells to patients who are a match in order to kill the virus without harming the healthy cells.

Funds from the IPO will be used in part to advance the companys lead clinical product through late-stage development and potentially to commercialization. AlloVirs lead product is Viralym-M, an allogeneic, off-the-shelf, multi-virus specific T-cell therapy targeting six common viral pathogens in immunocompromised individuals: BK virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, and JC virus. Viralym-M is aimed to begin Phase III in three different indications in immunocompromised patients post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantwho have complications that have been linked to cytomegalovirus, adenovirus and virus-associated hemorrhagic-cystitis. In a Phase II proof-of-concept study, Viralym-M hit the mark. More than 90% of patients who failed conventional treatment and received Viralym-M, demonstrated a predefined criteria for a complete or partial clinical response, most with complete elimination of detectable virus in the blood and resolution of major clinical symptoms, the company said.

In addition to the Phase III trials, AlloVir intends to begin three Phase II studies with Viralym-M as a preventative treatment for multi-virus infections in HSCT patients, and the treatment of BK and cytomegalovirus in kidney and solid organ transplant recipients.

AlloVir will also use some of the funds to advance some preclinical assets into Phase I studies, including ALVR106 and ALVR109, a potential treatment for COVID-19. In March, AlloVir and its development partner Baylor College, announced plans to expand their development program to include COVID-19. With AlloVirs proprietary technology, in addition to targeting SARS-CoV-2, the investigational virus specific T-cell therapy may also address other coronavirus (CoV) strains including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and also the endemic CoVs that commonly afflict immunocompromised patients. AlloVir aims to develop a therapy for CoVs that can be used as a stand-alone treatment or incorporated into the companys multi-respiratory virus investigational therapy, ALVR106, which is designed to address other devastating and life-threatening community-acquired respiratory viruses, the company said.

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AlloVir Raises $276 Million in IPO to Advance Cell Therapy Programs - BioSpace

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If you're on a quest for smooth, glowing skin (and let's be real, who isn't?), the answer may just lie in exfoliation. But before you go hunting for some new skincare, it's important to note that not all exfoliators are created equal. The right exfoliator depends heavily on your skin type, the ingredient list, and for physical exfoliants, the size of the exfoliating particles themselves. Proper technique is also important for avoiding irritation or even infection.

I spoke with NYC dermatologist Dr. Hadley King to break down the process of exfoliation, explain what to look for in an exfoliator, and share her top product recommendations.

Simply put, exfoliation is the process of removing the outermost layers of the skin, which mostly consist of dead skin cells. According to Dr. King, this unclogs pores, keeps skin clean, and helps reduce acne breakouts. It also helps to polish the skin and even out texture, decreasing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

The idea of shedding layers of skin might set off alarm bells for those of us with dry or sensitive skin, but exfoliation actually aids in retaining moisture. "Exfoliation exposes a fresh layer of skin that is ready to retain hydration when moisturizer is applied afterward, helping to plump the skin with moisture, which makes it look younger, smoother and healthier," Dr. King says. "And over time, regular exfoliation can increase cell turnover and stimulate collagen production" for healthier, bouncier skin.

If you're familiar with exfoliation, you've likely heard talk about chemical versus physical. Chemical exfoliation is the use of acids to break down the bonds holding together dead skin cells. Common acids used are salicylic acid, glycolic acid, fruit enzymes, citric acid, or malic acid. Water-soluble acids (like glycolic, malic, and citric acids) are classified as AHAs (or alpha hydroxy acids), while oil-soluble acids (like salicylic acid) are classified as BHAs (or beta hydroxy acids). Because of these properties, those with normal to dry skin or sun damage can benefit from AHAs, while those who are oily and acne-prone typically do better with BHAs.

Physical exfoliation, on the other hand, involves physically scrubbing away dead skin cells. This can be done with abrasive materials like sponges and loofahs as well as microbead facial scrubs, salt or sugar crystals, or adhesive exfoliation sheets.

There's a lot of debate in the skincare community about which form of exfoliation is better, but Dr. King says that both have pros and cons. "The potential risk with physical exfoliation is that if you use a product that has particles that are large and rough with sharp edges, you can create micro-tears in the skin that can lead to irritation, inflammation, and possibly even infection," she says. This is often the critique of products such as St. Ives Apricot Scrub, and was the center of the controversy around the Walnut Face Scrub that Kylie Jenner released as a part of her skincare line in 2019. But if the particles are fine enough and you apply them gently, Dr. King says that physical scrubs can be just fine. She also notes that those regularly using retinoids might benefit from gentle physical exfoliation, as chemical exfoliators often increase retinoids' potential to cause irritation and dryness.

Both chemical and physical exfoliation can be used on the face and the body it just depends on the individual.

Shutterstock

Chemical exfoliation tends to be the safest way to exfoliate the face, especially if your skin is very sensitive. After cleansing, apply chemical exfoliant in small, circular motions, either on a cotton round or with your fingers. If the product is a face wash or peel, follow the application directions on the packaging and then gently rinse with lukewarm water.

Following chemical exfoliation, it's very important to apply moisturizer in order to replenish the skin. If you're exfoliating during the day, you'll also need an SPF, as harsh chemicals cause skin to become more susceptible to sun damage. For caution's sake, it's best to keep chemical exfoliants as part of your evening skincare routine.

When using a physical exfoliant, apply the product in circular motions using very light pressure to avoid irritation or tearing. Rinse your face with lukewarm water and follow with moisturizer.

Physical exfoliators tend to work best on the rougher areas of the body, like heels, knees, and elbows. You can apply directly with your hands, but a sponge or natural bristle brush might be more effective for hard-to-reach areas. Use gente, circular motions and make sure to rinse well.

You might not think to use chemical exfoliants on the body, but Dr. King says they can be very effective on acne-prone areas like the upper back and chest. For scrubs that contain chemical exfoliants, follow the same application technique as above. For body exfoliators in the form of a serum or cream, apply gently to clean skin until absorbed.

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New Delhi: Human immunity and its components have never been the topic of such breathless discussion for such a long time. But then, there has never been a time like the Covid-19 pandemic.

Between serological surveys (that check the level of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus in blood), rapid antigen tests (that test for the part of the virus that kickstarts immune mechanisms) and the quest for vaccines, the immune system is very much in.

That is also why lymphocytes (a class of white blood cells), especially the ones known as T-cells are the flavour of the season. They are probably the single most important component of the immune system; though given the perfectly synchronised working of the defence mechanism of the body, it may be a little unfair to designate any one as more important than the another.

T-cells play a plethora of roles in immunity as killer cells that can attack an infected cell and kill it along with the infecting agent, and as suppressor cells that modulate the level of functioning of other lymphocytes. They also have a starring role in the production of antibodies, a function performed by the other variant of lymphocytes called the B cells.

Latest research in Nature shows that presence of T-cells from earlier encounters with coronaviruses could have an important role to play in the bodys immune response, and therefore, a better understanding of it is crucial for the development of a vaccine.

The published data discussed here indicate that patients with severe COVID-19 can have either insufficient or excessive T cell responses. It is possible, therefore, that disease might occur in different patients at either end of this immune response spectrum, in one case from virus-mediated pathology and in the other case from T cell-driven immunopathology.

However, it is unclear why some patients respond too little and some patients too much, and whether the strength of the T cell response in the peripheral blood reflects the T cell response intensity in the respiratory tract and other SARS-CoV-2-infected organs, wrote the researchers from the University of Pennsylvania. They called for more research on the topic.

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Turns out, antibodies may or may not last, but T-cells are the new superheroes with the potential to possibly save the planet.

Also read: T Cells the unsung immune warriors that takeover after coronavirus antibodies wane

Immunity is of two kinds innate and acquired.

The defence mechanisms that the body is born with is known an innate immunity. This includes something as simple as the ability of the skin to prevent inner, more vulnerable tissues, from coming in contact with the external environment.

Acquired immunity, as the name suggests, is something that develops over time through exposure to pathogens or disease causing agents like virus and bacteria. Acquired immunity kicks in either through antibodies (this is known as humoral immunity) or through cells programmed to destroy invading organisms by causing the dissolution of the very cells that have been infected.

White blood cells (WBC) play a crucial role in immunity. There are five different kinds of WBCs eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte. Among these, the most important are lymphocytes, which include the T lymphocytes and the B lymphocytes. However, the others also have important roles to play as supporting cast. For the present discussion, we are concentrating on lymphocytes.

Also read: Immunity boosters are a myth why you shouldnt believe claims that promise to fight Covid

Structurally, under a microscope, very little differentiates a T-lymphocyte from a B lymphocyte. Both varieties are formed in the bone marrow from stem cells, get trained in different organs and then lodge themselves in the lymph nodes from where they are deployed when the occasion arises.

The training is important. It teaches the cells not to start attacking the bodys own cells. T-cells get trained antenatally (during pregnancy) and for some time after that in the thymus, a small gland present between the lungs only till puberty. B cells are trained in the foetal liver and bone marrow.

When a pathogen invades, specific chemicals unique to it (often proteins or complex carbohydrates) activate the bodys immune system. This activator, which is a unique feature of the invading pathogen, is the antigen. This is what the rapid antigen test looks for.

When an antigen has been detected, the T-cells troop out of the lymph node in an activated form and travel to the affected areas to take on the infection. The activated cells, called the Killer T cells, attach themselves to the membrane of the infected cell and with help of cytotoxic chemicals, kill the cell and destroy the invader with it. This is cell-mediated immunity. It is the basis of what happens when transplanted organs are rejected.

The thymus training teaches T-cells to ignore the antigens that are present within the body and not attack them. When that lesson is forgotten, because of genetic or environmental reasons, an autoimmune disorder is triggered.

Antigens set in motion a different pathway in the B lymphocytes. These enlarge and start duplicating very rapidly to form many clones, all of which, on maturity, start producing antibodies. The whole process happens very fast.

Antibodies are protein molecules that are present in the plasma, the matrix of the blood in which the cells float. Not all T-cells though turn into cytotoxic killers. Some become what are known as helper T cells, to go and further activate B lymphocytes to produce antibodies. In fact, without these helper cells, the antibody output is not quite sufficient to combat the invading particle.

Antibodies can directly kill the invader using a number of different mechanisms at their disposal. They can also activate a set of proteins present in the blood plasma that in turn can attack the invader using their own pathways.

Once the infection has been tackled, some of the B lymphocytes are tucked away with information about how this was done. These are memory cells that remain dormant until the next invasion happens. These ensure that when an infection recurs, the response is expedited, magnified and is longer lasting. This is the principle behind vaccination to teach the body to identify and combat a pathogen so that when a future infection happens, the response is stronger.

Also read:An Oxford immunologist breaks down how the universitys vaccine works against Covid-19

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You also know that the news media is facing an unprecedented crisis. It is likely that you are also hearing of the brutal layoffs and pay-cuts hitting the industry. There are many reasons why the medias economics is broken. But a big one is that good people are not yet paying enough for good journalism.

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T cells, B cells and the range of the human bodys immune response A simple decoder - ThePrint

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Antibody mysteries

Antibody tests can help reveal who has been infected with the coronavirus, but the tests dont say whether the antibodies protect against future infections, Erin Garcia de Jesus reported in So many questions on antibody testing (SN: 6/6/20, p. 22).

Reader Bob Reckers asked if antibodies for cold-causing coronaviruses, which are detectable by the coronavirus antibody tests, could bind to the coronavirus. This could explain the wide variations in severity of COVID19 infections, he wrote. People who recently had a (cold) might have some level of protection.

Antibodies produced in reaction to some colds certainly could bind to the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, says Garcia de Jesus. But those antibodies dont appear to last long. Its unclear whether antibodies from a recent cold would offer protection or worsen COVID-19 symptoms, she says. For dengue viruses, antibodies sometimes can lead to severe symptoms. When people who have had dengue are infected with a different strain, antibodies from the previous infection help the new virus invade cells, putting those people at higher risk for severe symptoms. Theres no evidence in people either way for COVID-19, and not enough time has passed for researchers to fully study this question, Garcia de Jesus says.

Cell phone apps that have helped South Korea and China get a grip on the coronavirus spread could help public health workers in the United States, Jonathan Lambert reported in A sprint to contact tracing (SN: 6/6/20, p. 19).

To comply with contact tracing apps, people in the United States must know that their privacy is protected, reader Cielo DeCastro noted. It must be made explicit that identification between devices is anonymized and securely stored in encrypted form to prevent violation of privacy. The application should not gather any other information or track ones geolocation, he wrote. DeCastro acknowledged that phone tracking may be necessary for public health, but the peoples right to privacy must not be overlooked.

Lambert agrees that privacy around contact tracing apps is a major issue. The TraceTogether app mentioned in the story uses anonymized data gained through proximity tracking, whereby a phone exchanges encrypted data via Bluetooth with nearby phones. This method is considered less invasive than the geolocation tracking used by many apps on our phones (SN: 2/3/18, p. 18).

In June, U.S. legislators introduced the Exposure Notification Privacy Act. This bill would require anyone who operates a contact tracing app to collaborate with public health officials, make app use voluntary and prevent commercial use of data collected by the apps.

Scientists coaxed human stem cells into populating various organs and blood of growing mouse embryos, Laura Sanders reported in Mouse embryos host human cells (SN: 6/6/20, p. 7).

The story made my skin crawl, reader Jerome Knies wrote. What kind of moral supervision governs such experimentation?heasked.

Little clarity exists, Sanders says. Individual countries have an array of guidelines for conducting human chimera experiments, and individual research institutions often have their own approval committees, she says. For what its worth, the International Society for Stem Cell Research highlights two potential concerns: chimeras with humanlike brains and chimeras that can pass human genes to offspring. The organization flagged those scenarios as ones that require careful ethical considerations, Sanders says.

Quantum computings error problem (SN: 6/20/20, p. 18) explained how two photons within a superconducting microwave cavity might represent a value of 0, with four qubits representing 1. This is incorrect. Four photons would represent 1.

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Readers ask about antibody tests, chimeras and public health and privacy - Finance Brokerage

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Global CRISPR Industry market Report 2020 presents critical information and factual data about the CRISPR Industry market, providing an overall statistical study of this market on the basis of market drivers, market limitations, and its future prospects. The widespread CRISPR Industry market opportunities and trends are also taken into consideration in CRISPR Industry industry. with growth trends, various stakeholders like investors, traders, suppliers, SWOT analysis Opportunities and Threat to the organization and others.

The CRISPR Industry market report comprises of the key trends which influence the industry growth with respect to the regional terrain and competitive arena. The study highlights the opportunities that will support the industry expansion in existing and untapped markets along with the challenges the business sphere will face. Besides this, the report also offers an intricate analysis of case studies including those of COVID-19 pandemic, with the aim to provide a clear picture of this industry vertical to all shareholders.

Pivotal pointers from COVID-19 impact assessment:

Request Sample Copy of this Report @ https://www.express-journal.com/request-sample/158192

Analysis of the regional terrain:

Highlights of the CRISPR Industry market report:

Key Coverage of report:

Impact of the latest technological innovations on the CRISPR Industry market

Key growth strategies adopted by the prominent market players to address the challenges and restraints put forward by the COVID-19 pandemic

Historical and current trends likely to affect the overall market dynamics of the CRISPR Industry market

Growth assessment of the various market segments over the forecast timeline

Regional and global presence of major market players in the CRISPR Industry market

Table of Content:

1 CRISPR Industry market Introduction and Market Overview

1.1 Objectives of the Study

1.2 Overview of CRISPR Industry market

1.3 Scope of The Study

1.3.1 Key Market Segments

1.3.2 Players Covered

1.3.3 COVID-19's impact on the CRISPR Industry industry

1.4 Methodology of The Study

1.5 Research Data Source

2 Executive Summary

2.1 Market Overview

2.1.1 Global CRISPR Industry market Size, 2015 - 2020

2.1.2 Global CRISPR Industry market Size by Type, 2015 - 2020

2.1.3 Global CRISPR Industry market Size by Application, 2015 - 2020

2.1.4 Global CRISPR Industry market Size by Region, 2015 - 2025

2.2 Business Environment Analysis

2.2.1 Global COVID-19 Status and Economic Overview

2.2.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on CRISPR Industry Industry Development

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Original post:
Global CRISPR Market Potential Growth, Share, Demand and Analysis of Key Players- Research Forecasts to 2025 - Express Journal

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market report tracks the data since 2015 and is one of the most detailed reports. It also contains data varying according to region and country. The insights in the report are easy to understand and include pictorial representations.

Get Free Sample PDF Copy of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market with Figures, Graphs and Tocs:www.reportsnreports.com/contactme=2846167

The report also includes the impact of ongoing global crisis i.e.COVID-19on the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market and what the future holds for it.

The published report is designed using a vigorous and thorough research methodology andReportsnReportsis also known for its data accuracy and granular market reports.

Summary

Market OverviewThe global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market size is expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2020 to 2025, with a CAGR of 38.3% in the forecast period of 2020 to 2025 and will expected to reach USD 2685.5 million by 2025, from USD 734.5 million in 2019.The CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.

Market segmentationCRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2015-2025, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value.

This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.By Type, CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market has been segmented into Genome Editing, Genetic engineering, gRNA Database/Gene Librar, CRISPR Plasmid, Human Stem Cells, Genetically Modified Organisms/Crops, Cell Line Engineering,.By Application, CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes has been segmented into Biotechnology Companies, Pharmaceutical Companies, Academic Institutes, Research and Development Institutes,.

Regions and Countries Level AnalysisRegional analysis is another highly comprehensive part of the research and analysis study of the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market presented in the report. This section sheds light on the sales growth of different regional and country-level CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes markets.

For the historical and forecast period 2015 to 2025, it provides detailed and accurate country-wise volume analysis and region-wise market size analysis of the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market.The report offers in-depth assessment of the growth and other aspects of the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market in important countries (regions), including United States, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, Brazil and Saudi Arabia,. It also throws light on the progress of key regional CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes markets such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America and Middle East & Africa.

Competitive Landscape and CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market Share AnalysisCRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes competitive landscape provides details by vendors, including company overview, company total revenue (financials), market potential, global presence, CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes sales and revenue generated, market share, price, production sites and facilities, SWOT analysis, product launch. For the period 2015-2020, this study provides the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes sales, revenue and market share for each player covered in this report.The major players covered in CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes are: Caribou Biosciences, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Merck KGaA, Addgene, Takara Bio USA, CRISPR THERAPEUTICS, Intellia Therapeutics, Editas Medicine, Mirus Bio LLC, Horizon Discovery Group, GE Healthcare Dharmacon,. Among other players domestic and global, CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market share data is available for global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa and South America separately.

Global Info Research analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:Chapter 1, to describe CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes in 2018 and 2019.Chapter 3, the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.Chapter 4, the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2015 to 2020.Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2015 to 2020.Chapter 10 and 11, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2015 to 2020.Chapter 12, CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2020 to 2025.Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

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The global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market is expected to witness a promising growth in the next few years. The rising level of competition among the leading players and the rising focus on the development of new products are likely to offer promising growth opportunities throughout the forecast period.

The research study on the global CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market offers a detailed overview, highlighting the key aspects that are expected to enhance the growth of the market in the near future. The key segmentation and the competitive landscape of the market have also been mentioned at length in the research study.

This report studies the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market status and outlook of Global and major regions, from angles of players, countries, product types and end industries; this report analyzes the top players in global market, and splits the CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market by product type and applications/end industries. These details further contain a basic summary of the company, merchant profile, and the product range of the company in question.

The report analyzes data regarding the proceeds accrued, product sales, gross margins, price patterns, and news updates relating to the company.

Full Report available @www.reportsnreports.com/purchasme=2846167

The report helps to identify the main CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market players. It assists in analyzing CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market competitive environment, including company overview, company total revenue, market opportunities, value, production sites and facilities, SWOT analysis, product details.

The study also reveals the sales, revenue and market share for each market player included in this report for the period of 2015-2020. It also helps to ascertain the growth drivers and future prospects for the forecast timeline.

Conclusively, this report is a one stop reference point for the industrial stakeholders to get CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market forecast of till 2025. This report helps to know the estimated market size, market status, future development, growth opportunity, challenges, growth drivers of by analyzing the historical overall data of the considered market segments.

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CRISPR And CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Genes Market analysis and forecast to 2026 investigated in the latest research - WhaTech Technology and Markets...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

LOS ANGELES, United States: QY Research has recently published a report, titled Global and China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size, Status and Forecast 2020-2026. The research report gives the potential headway openings that prevails in the global market. The report is amalgamated depending on research procured from primary and secondary information. The global Global and China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics market is relied upon to develop generously and succeed in volume and value during the predicted time period. Moreover, the report gives nitty gritty data on different manufacturers, region, and products which are important to totally understanding the market.

Key Companies/Manufacturers operating in the global Global and China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics market include: , Caribou Biosciences, Addgene, CRISPR THERAPEUTICS, Merck KGaA, Mirus Bio LLC, Editas Medicine, Takara Bio USA, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Horizon Discovery Group, Intellia Therapeutics, GE Healthcare Dharmacon

Get PDF Sample Copy of the Report to understand the structure of the complete report: (Including Full TOC, List of Tables & Figures, Chart) :

https://www.qyresearch.com/sample-form/form/2027764/global-and-china-crispr-based-therapeutics-market

Segmental Analysis

Both developed and emerging regions are deeply studied by the authors of the report. The regional analysis section of the report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global Global and China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics market on the basis of region. Each region is exhaustively researched about so that players can use the analysis to tap into unexplored markets and plan powerful strategies to gain a foothold in lucrative markets.

Global Global and China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Segment By Type:

Genome EditingGenetic EngineeringgRNA Database/Gene LibrarCRISPR PlasmidHuman Stem CellsGenetically Modified Organisms/CropsCell Line Engineering CRISPR-Based Therapeutics

Global Global and China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Segment By Application:

Biotechnology CompaniesPharmaceutical CompaniesAcademic InstitutesResearch and Development Institutes Based on

Competitive Landscape

Competitor analysis is one of the best sections of the report that compares the progress of leading players based on crucial parameters, including market share, new developments, global reach, local competition, price, and production. From the nature of competition to future changes in the vendor landscape, the report provides in-depth analysis of the competition in the global Global and China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics market.

Key companies operating in the global Global and China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics market include , Caribou Biosciences, Addgene, CRISPR THERAPEUTICS, Merck KGaA, Mirus Bio LLC, Editas Medicine, Takara Bio USA, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Horizon Discovery Group, Intellia Therapeutics, GE Healthcare Dharmacon

Key questions answered in the report:

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TOC

1 Report Overview1.1 Study Scope1.2 Market Analysis by Type1.2.1 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2020 VS 20261.2.2 Genome Editing1.2.3 Genetic Engineering1.2.4 gRNA Database/Gene Librar1.2.5 CRISPR Plasmid1.2.6 Human Stem Cells1.2.7 Genetically Modified Organisms/Crops1.2.8 Cell Line Engineering1.3 Market by Application1.3.1 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 20261.3.2 Biotechnology Companies1.3.3 Pharmaceutical Companies1.3.4 Academic Institutes1.3.5 Research and Development Institutes1.4 Study Objectives1.5 Years Considered 2 Global Growth Trends2.1 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Perspective (2015-2026)2.2 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Growth Trends by Regions2.2.1 CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Regions: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20262.2.2 CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Historic Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)2.2.3 CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Forecasted Market Size by Regions (2021-2026)2.3 Industry Trends and Growth Strategy2.3.1 Market Trends2.3.2 Market Drivers2.3.3 Market Challenges2.3.4 Market Restraints 3 Competition Landscape by Key Players3.1 Global Top CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Players by Market Size3.1.1 Global Top CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Players by Revenue (2015-2020)3.1.2 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Revenue Market Share by Players (2015-2020)3.2 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Revenue3.4 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Concentration Ratio3.4.1 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Revenue in 20193.5 Key Players CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Area Served3.6 Key Players CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Product Solution and Service3.7 Date of Enter into CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans 4 CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Breakdown Data by Type (2015-2026)4.1 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Historic Market Size by Type (2015-2020)4.2 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Forecasted Market Size by Type (2021-2026) 5 CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Breakdown Data by Application (2015-2026)5.1 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Historic Market Size by Application (2015-2020)5.2 Global CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Forecasted Market Size by Application (2021-2026) 6 North America6.1 North America CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size (2015-2026)6.2 North America CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Type (2015-2020)6.3 North America CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Application (2015-2020)6.4 North America CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Country (2015-2020)6.4.1 United States6.4.2 Canada 7 Europe7.1 Europe CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size (2015-2026)7.2 Europe CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Type (2015-2020)7.3 Europe CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Application (2015-2020)7.4 Europe CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Country (2015-2020)7.4.1 Germany7.4.2 France7.4.3 U.K.7.4.4 Italy7.4.5 Russia7.4.6 Nordic7.4.7 Rest of Europe 8 China8.1 China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size (2015-2026)8.2 China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Type (2015-2020)8.3 China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Application (2015-2020)8.4 China CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Region (2015-2020)8.4.1 China8.4.2 Japan8.4.3 South Korea8.4.4 Southeast Asia8.4.5 India8.4.6 Australia8.4.7 Rest of Asia-Pacific 9 Japan9.1 Japan CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size (2015-2026)9.2 Japan CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Type (2015-2020)9.3 Japan CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Application (2015-2020)9.4 Japan CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Country (2015-2020)9.4.1 Mexico9.4.2 Brazil 10 Southeast Asia10.1 Southeast Asia CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size (2015-2026)10.2 Southeast Asia CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Type (2015-2020)10.3 Southeast Asia CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Application (2015-2020)10.4 Southeast Asia CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Market Size by Country (2015-2020)10.4.1 Turkey10.4.2 Saudi Arabia10.4.3 UAE10.4.4 Rest of Middle East & Africa 11 Key Players Profiles11.1 Caribou Biosciences11.1.1 Caribou Biosciences Company Details11.1.2 Caribou Biosciences Business Overview11.1.3 Caribou Biosciences CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Introduction11.1.4 Caribou Biosciences Revenue in CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Business (2015-2020))11.1.5 Caribou Biosciences Recent Development11.2 Addgene11.2.1 Addgene Company Details11.2.2 Addgene Business Overview11.2.3 Addgene CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Introduction11.2.4 Addgene Revenue in CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Business (2015-2020)11.2.5 Addgene Recent Development11.3 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS11.3.1 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS Company Details11.3.2 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS Business Overview11.3.3 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Introduction11.3.4 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS Revenue in CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Business (2015-2020)11.3.5 CRISPR THERAPEUTICS Recent Development11.4 Merck KGaA11.4.1 Merck KGaA Company Details11.4.2 Merck KGaA Business Overview11.4.3 Merck KGaA CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Introduction11.4.4 Merck KGaA Revenue in CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Business (2015-2020)11.4.5 Merck KGaA Recent Development11.5 Mirus Bio LLC11.5.1 Mirus Bio LLC Company Details11.5.2 Mirus Bio LLC Business Overview11.5.3 Mirus Bio LLC CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Introduction11.5.4 Mirus Bio LLC Revenue in CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Business (2015-2020)11.5.5 Mirus Bio LLC Recent Development11.6 Editas Medicine11.6.1 Editas Medicine Company Details11.6.2 Editas Medicine Business Overview11.6.3 Editas Medicine CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Introduction11.6.4 Editas Medicine Revenue in CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Business (2015-2020)11.6.5 Editas Medicine Recent Development11.7 Takara Bio USA11.7.1 Takara Bio USA Company Details11.7.2 Takara Bio USA Business Overview11.7.3 Takara Bio USA CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Introduction11.7.4 Takara Bio USA Revenue in CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Business (2015-2020)11.7.5 Takara Bio USA Recent Development11.8 Thermo Fisher Scientific11.8.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific Company Details11.8.2 Thermo Fisher Scientific Business Overview11.8.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Introduction11.8.4 Thermo Fisher Scientific Revenue in CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Business (2015-2020)11.8.5 Thermo Fisher Scientific Recent Development11.9 Horizon Discovery Group11.9.1 Horizon Discovery Group Company Details11.9.2 Horizon Discovery Group Business Overview11.9.3 Horizon Discovery Group CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Introduction11.9.4 Horizon Discovery Group Revenue in CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Business (2015-2020)11.9.5 Horizon Discovery Group Recent Development11.10 Intellia Therapeutics11.10.1 Intellia Therapeutics Company Details11.10.2 Intellia Therapeutics Business Overview11.10.3 Intellia Therapeutics CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Introduction11.10.4 Intellia Therapeutics Revenue in CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Business (2015-2020)11.10.5 Intellia Therapeutics Recent Development11.11 GE Healthcare Dharmacon10.11.1 GE Healthcare Dharmacon Company Details10.11.2 GE Healthcare Dharmacon Business Overview10.11.3 GE Healthcare Dharmacon CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Introduction10.11.4 GE Healthcare Dharmacon Revenue in CRISPR-Based Therapeutics Business (2015-2020)10.11.5 GE Healthcare Dharmacon Recent Development 12 Analysts Viewpoints/Conclusions 13 Appendix13.1 Research Methodology13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach13.1.2 Data Source13.2 Disclaimer13.3 Author Details

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I need a mental break, my friend Jamie told me. Shes an essential worker in a small city. Living in an apartment, feeling nervous to visit crowded city parks, dealing with rude customers, and being an extrovert in isolation, have all taken a toll on her mental health. Ive been realizing how privileged I am to have abundant access to uncrowded nature.

So, we hatched a plan for a socially distanced canoe trip on the Namekagon River.

The urge to give Jamie a hug as I pulled into the river landing was overwhelming, but our masks provided a constant reminder not to get too close. Unloading boats and organizing gear all took place as kind of an orbital dance. When we finally pushed off from shore, we got some odd looks.

Jamie, in my yellow kayak, looked as normal as she can ever look (yes, thats a poke at my veryuniquefriend). But then there was me, with my 16 foot canoe turned backwards so I could sit closer to the middle on what usually is the bow seat. This is a pretty common way for people to solo paddle a two person canoe. All of our camping gear nestled not touching in among the thwarts, with plenty of weight toward the front to balance me. At the last minute, Id thought to grab the paddle from my sea kayak, so I used its wooden blades to maneuver my loaded beast. It felt like I was paddling a tankor perhaps it could be better described as a party barge.

Hooting and hollering with joy, we swung out to the middle of the river and headed downstream.

Social distancing can seem like a pretty ludicrous oxymoron. Being social didnt used to mean keeping our distance. Its odd to feel anxious about getting together. Its odd to leave so much space between friends when we have conversations outdoors. Its odd to talk through a mask and leave half of our facial expressions covered when we (rarely) talk indoors at the office, coffee shop, or grocery store. Despite the incongruity, keeping our distance and wearing a mask are now the most caring ways we can be social.

Paddling side by side, instead of having Jamie breathing clouds of aerosols ahead of me in the canoe, is better for talking anyway. And for some reason, she was better at spotting wildlife from the kayak. Turtle! she shouted, and pointed across my bow (or was it my stern?) to a sunny rock. There, basking in the sun, was a very odd-looking reptile.

The tiny head, with a super pointy nose, faced upstream. The corners of the turtles wide mouth turned down at the corners like a grumpy Muppet. Her golden eye with a horizontal pupil gave the appearance of a perpetual squint. I could tell this turtle was female because of her large size and blotchy shell. Males are smaller, with spots. Her wide, flat body, like a lumpy old pillow with legs, was covered by an almost flat, brown shell, as if last Sundays burned pancake had been commandeered for use as a blanket.

And still, as you all knew I would, I squealed with delight, dug in my paddle to aim my course, and searched furiously for my camera. If only Jamie HAD been in the bow of my canoe to keep paddling while I photographed

Spiny softshell turtles are another foray into oxymorons. Who ever heard of a turtle having a soft shell? Isnt a hard shell kind of the point? And yet, there it was. Unlike the domed shelters of snapping turtles and painted turtles with their grid of protective, bony scutes softshell turtles have a leathery carapace. The flexible shell offers added maneuverability in open water, muddy lake bottoms, and on land, where they can move much faster than most turtles.

That pointy nose? Its a built-in snorkel on the end of a disproportionately long neck. It allows the turtles to breathe while the rest of their body is submerged in mud, sand, or water, a foot or more below the surface. In fact, they can exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through many parts of their body, more than most turtles. That comes in handy as they lie in wait for prey like fish, frogs, and invertebrates to swim past. The same quick reflexes and powerful bite that help them catch prey can turn defensive in an instant so watch your fingers!

In a move thats odd for turtles, but common in other vertebrates, softshell turtles dont leave the sex of their babies up to the variation in nest temperature during egg development. Instead, males and females are determined by genetics.

As my canoe floated by and I snapped as many photos as I could, I finally saw the source of spiny softshells name. A fringe of pointy spines lined the edge of her carapace, just behind her head. From the other side of the river, Jamie admired her, too. I guess a softshell turtle can be spiny. And being social can be done from a distance. So much for oxymorons on the river. Our canoe trip was weirdly normal as we tried to act naturally and face the bittersweet new reality of traveling alone together.

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This weeks Psychology Around the Net takes a look at expert opinions on reopening schools for students mental health, new research on the impact of text messaging intervention as an add-on to existing mental health treatment plans, the differences in how female narcissists and male narcissists display narcissistic personality traits, and more.

Be well, friends!

Should Schools Reopen for Students Mental Health? Experts Weigh In: Mental health experts offer arguments for the importance of school for kids developmental health, with CDC Director Dr. Robert R. Redfield stressing, It is critically important for our public health to open schools this fall. However, others point out that while reopening schools might have some children feeling excited, it could have others feeling anxious and afraid and returning to school in person or virtually should be individualized. Says Dr. Avanti Bergquist, a child and adolescent psychiatrist and school board member: Whether we are sending students back for in-person school or not, we need to put emphasis on providing mental health support.

8 Women of Color on What Self-Care Looks Like in a Racist Society: 31-year-old Jasmine Purdie: As a Black photographer, I wanted to remind myself and my community that there is room for joy, peace, and rest in this workespecially in the middle of a global pandemic. I took a few road trips to visit, photograph, and interview (safely, of course!) some of the most important women in my life on how they are caring for themselves during this time. I hope these photos and anecdotes help us remember that while we are fighting and looking out for everyone, we also have to take time to care for ourselves.

Seven Secrets to Success: Patience, Purpose, Perseverance, Pain, Planning, Pep and Positivity: Find out how one woman used patience, purpose, perseverance, pain, planning, pep, and positivity to overcome obstacles and setbacks and make it to and through her first year of medical school.

Are Female Narcissists Different? Psychologists Weigh In: Narcissism doesnt have a favorite gender, but studies do show that men tend to display narcissistic personality traits more than women. Key word here: display. So, how can you spot a narcissistic behavior in women?

Text Messaging: The Next Gen of Therapy in Mental Health: Because of reasons like cost, difficulty accessing care, and limited hours, clinic-based services for mental health may fall short of meeting many patients needs. Researchers out of Dartmouth College studied what kind of impact a texting intervention as an add-on to a mental health treatment program would have compared to a program without a texting intervention and found that a texting intervention service can be a clinically promising, feasible tool for people with serious mental illness. This is the first randomized controlled trial of its kind.

What to Expect from Your Adopted Child: Insights from Behavioral Genetics: Professor Kay Trimberger explains why she found her studies of behavioral genetics so useful when writing Creole Son: An Adoptive Mother Untangles Nature and Nurture.

Image by from Pixabay.

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Psychology Around the Net: August 1, 2020 - PsychCentral.com

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The NBA bubble is maybe the greatest public demonstration of a space where the science of epidemiology is as central to operations as the financial office.

As the United States continues to deal with the consequences of the largest pandemic in a century with roughly 4.25 million cases and nearly 150,000 deaths as of July 28, the NBA bubble is an important moment in modern epidemiology. It is a grand experiment in how technology, policy and human behavior influence an epidemic. And what we can do to stop it.

Milwaukee Bucks forward Giannis Antetokounmpo dribbles the ball during practice as part of the NBA restart on July 27 in Orlando, Florida.

Bill Baptist/NBAE via Getty Images

COVID-19 strikes as a protean disease, continuing to surprise and amaze even the most seasoned clinicians by its varied manifestations, said Dr. Andre Matthews, an assistant professor in the Department of Emergency Medicine at the Emory University School of Medicine. A consensus taken amongst medical practitioners may very well declare COVID-19 the greatest masquerader that medicine has ever seen.

The science of epidemiology has done wonders for society, greatly improved the quality of life for billions of people and saved countless numbers of lives. For example, epidemiologists helped limit the spread of the 2014 Ebola epidemic, and have informed practices that contributed to declining rates of malaria around the world. Epidemiologists can track an outbreak of cholera, a contaminated water supply, or help to understand the spread of the mumps virus on a United States warship.

The NBA bubble refers to the tightly controlled setting where players live, practice and play in order to conclude the 2019-20 season. The players have been confined to a space resembling a luxury boarding school, with proctors and chaperones and rules. It contains quirky details: The teams with the eight best records stay at the newest of the hotels, the Gran Destino Tower in Orlando, Florida, while other teams stay at older hotels. Players are discouraged from spitting and licking their hands. Biometric devices are being used to monitor vital signs. No guests are allowed inside a players hotel room.

There are lots of rules. The policies governing the entry into and exit from the bubble are strictly enforced. Anyone entering the bubble (players, personnel or staff) is required to quarantine for up to 48 hours until they register two negative COVID-19 tests. Anyone who leaves the bubble must quarantine upon their return (for as long as 10 days) and will need to register two negative tests, as well as an antibody test. Face masks are a requirement in any common settings.

Lebron James of the Los Angeles Lakers might be one of the most famous athletes in the world, but in the bubble, he better not leave without proper notice.

Jesse D. Garrabrant/NBAE via Getty Images

The policies were developed as a collaborative endeavor between a range of experts, including epidemiologists who understand the latest science behind the spread of the coronavirus. These experts helped to create a set of policies that are based on interventions the wearing of masks, social distancing, frequent testing that have demonstrated their effectiveness in minimizing the spread of the coronavirus in many settings. But the NBA is constantly reevaluating and keeping up with the latest information on COVID-19 epidemiology so that the league can implement changes to the policy if necessary.

What makes epidemiology challenging in practice is the types of data that it often requires: Large data sets containing information on collections of people, their disease status and other information about them (e.g., age, sex, ethnicity, residence, etc.). And because epidemics happen in the real world and not in the laboratory, ideal experiments can be hard to come by.

Epidemiology can thrive on well-organized large experiments in existence, situations where groups of people are carefully studied for periods of time so we can understand how a disease happens and why it occurs in some populations. Famous examples include the Framingham Heart Study that has monitored cardiovascular health for several generations, and the Nurses Health Study, which has focused on factors contributing to chronic disease in women.

The NBA bubble carries several features of a great epidemiology experiment that may facilitate a better understanding of how the coronavirus is spread:

Testing every day. One of the great barriers to a sophisticated understanding of COVID-19 has been the fact that tests have not been readily available. Early in the United States outbreak, individuals suspected of having the disease struggled to receive diagnoses. As testing will occur daily in the bubble, the NBA will be in the unique position of knowing the COVID-19 status of everyone who lives in the bubble. This will allow for rapid intervention, starting with quarantine.

Knowledge of all subjects. The NBA bubble is a rare setting where one can know a lot about the individuals in a physical space. This level of surveillance is uncomfortable to some, but in the case of an outbreak, detailed information on the individuals can be crucial. For example, some have begun to speculate that the widespread differences in the experience of disease between individuals may have a genetic component. That is, some individuals may carry a mutation that may make them more likely to experience a serious disease. Because the NBA bubble isnt inhabited by random individuals, it may be an opportunity to learn more about why some people have mild cases of the disease. This may include host genetics, or diet, preexisting conditions, or past medical history. While the NBA bubble will be dominated by high-performing athletes between the ages of 20 and 35, it still contains a diversity of players, coaches and staff that also span the age spectrum. Variation is an important feature, as it may help experts identify patterns.

Ideal data for contact tracing. Contact tracing has emerged as one of the buzz phrases surrounding COVID-19. It refers to a public health practice of informing the close contacts of an individual who tests positive that they might have been exposed to the disease, and should enter quarantine or undergo immediate testing. It is a tried and true method that has been used for decades to track epidemics ranging from Ebola to outbreaks of sexually transmitted diseases. It works best when it is widely adopted, and when professional contact tracers have detailed information on everyone that an individual who tested positive was close to. The NBA bubble offers a tremendous opportunity for accurate contact tracing, as many contact events will be televised. For example, not only would experts have access to where a player who tests positive in the bubble is residing (e.g., which hotel, and which room), theyd be able to study their physical contact patterns with players on another team.

With all of these features, what might we learn? The hypotheticals are too many to consider: Perhaps some teams will have cases, which will allow us to understand when they were infected, whom they infected, where they were when they were infected, how much time individuals spent with each other that caused an infection.

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We may learn that the ventilation in some hotels might be superior, which explains why there were fewer transmission events in that hotel, relative to the others. Will guarding another player in the paint be associated with a higher probability of transmission than with guarding on the perimeter? Questions like this might be answerable in the NBA bubble.

The hope is that there are no outbreaks, and that the NBA season goes on without a hitch, unlike in Major League Baseball. While this outcome would be the least eventful, and the one that offered the fewest opportunities to learn about the spread of the coronavirus, it may also be the most telling: No events would tell us that the bubble was a success, affirming the practices implemented by the league to promote safety.

And in many ways, this lesson would be the greatest of them all: In a dark summer, when COVID-19 cases continue to climb around the country, maybe the NBA will remind us that the pandemic is conquerable when we follow the science.

C. Brandon Ogbunu, a New York City native, is a computational biologist at Yale University. His popular writing takes place at the intersection between sports, data science, and culture.

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The NBA bubble is a grand experiment in epidemiology - The Undefeated

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Chances are that if youre a person with ovaries, youve heard about Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; more commonly known as PCOS. Maybe it was from your BFF, whod gone for a check up only to find that she had cysts on her ovaries, maybe it was in the newslike when Dutch model Romee Strijd shared in a May 28 Instagram post that shes expecting a baby,two years after she was first diagnosed with PCOS. Or maybe its a condition that you personally have been diagnosed with. Regardless, there are likely very few degrees of separation between yourself and PCOSbecause its a pretty common disorder.

[PCOS] affects one in 10 reproductive-age girls, women or people with ovaries, and its across all ethnicities, says Dr. Yolanda Kirkham, an OBGYN and adolescent gynaecologist.So, its fairly common. And, Kirkham says, the numbers are actually rising. (More on that later.) But, as scary as it may sound, PCOS is actually a very treatable disorder. So, before you head down that Web MD rabbit hole, read up on what the experts we spoke to have to say about your reproductive and ovarian health.

First of all, although polycystic ovary syndrome sounds daunting, Kirkham stresses that people with ovaries shouldnt be too stressed about the name itself, especially that PCOS is classified as a syndrome.The syndrome just means certain things or certain symptoms that we see together as a group, Kirkham explains. So women shouldnt feel they have a disease, its just that they have this grouping thats associated with certain factors.

While doctors dont know *exactly* what causes PCOS (its a multifactoral condition, meaning there are many symptoms that can contribute to someones diagnosis with PCOS), according to Womens Healthmost experts think several contributorsincluding geneticsplay a role. Some of thesefactors include an imbalance in the reproductive and metabolic hormones. Per Womens Health, individuals with PCOS may have higher than normal levels of androgens (AKA male hormones). While all women have levels of androgens, people with higher levels can face complications. For example, these imbalances can create problems in theovaries; and with PCOS a persons eggs may not develop as they should or may not be released duringovulation. We have thousands of hormones in our body, but its in particular the ones that can affect how often we get our periodsas periods are also based on the fluctuations of our hormonesthat can cause issues, Kirkham says. As higher than normal androgen levels can cause missed periods, this can lead to subfertility or the abnormal development of cysts (small, fluid-filled sacs) on the ovaries.

Read this next: Black Women Are More Likely to Suffer From Fibroids

In addition to high androgen levels, people with PCOS may have insulin resistancemeaning that their bodies are unable to break down sugar effectively. This can also lead to downstream consequences for people with PCOS, like diabetes, high cholesterol and uterine cancer.And, it seems to be increasing as instances of obesity increase, Kirkham says.

While PCOS and endometriosis are often conflated and mistaken for one another, they are *not* the same thing. Per a a report by John Hopkins Medicine, endometriosis refers to a medical condition in which people have irregular development of the tissue that typically lines their uterus (called endometrium). During an individuals regular menstrual cycle, endometrium tissue builds up inside the uterus and is then shed if the person does not get pregnant. But per the report by John Hopkins, women with endometriosis develop this outside of the uterus, on other reproductive organs inside the persons pelvis or abdominal cavity. Because the tissue follows the same menstrual cycle of building up and breaking down, but in a misplaced area, this results in small bleeding inside of the pelvis. This bleeding then leads to inflammation, swelling and scarring of the regular tissue in the abdominal cavity. Endometriosis can be incredibly painful and is considered one of the three major influences of female infertility, with symptoms running the gamut from pain during sex to excessive menstrual flow and extreme menstrual cramps.

According to Bustle, the misdiagnosis of endometriosis as other medical issues (including PCOS) is due in large part to the fact that many of the symptoms of endometriosis are also present in other conditions. And the conflation of the two conditions can even be made by health professionals, which can lead to misdiagnosis when doctors see cysts on a womens ovary (something all women havemore on this later) and surmise that the pain theyre experiencing must be a byproduct of PCOS. Women might show up [in the emergency room] because they have extreme pain and they might have endometriosis, but you cant see that on an ultrasound, Kirkham says. But they happen to have an ovarian cyst at that time because theyre about to release an egg, and then they get diagnosed, [with a Dr. saying] Well you have an ovarian cyst, theres the problem and thats why you have pain, but it isnt.

When it comes to determining whether or not you have PCOS, Kirkham says doctors look to the Rotterdam criteria for diagnosis. This criteria mandates two of the three symptoms be present.The first one would be infrequent or missing periods, Kirkham says of one possible PCOS indicator (this means fewer than eight periods in a year). This is probably what usually would bring a woman or a person with ovaries to a doctors office, is that they start skipping their periods or they may be a teenager who is 15 or 16 and has never had a period, or anybody of reproductive age who starts missing three periods in a row. The second symptom is acne or unwanted hair (otherwise known as hyperandrogenism or high male hormones); meaning that you may have unusual hair on your chin, side of the face, chest, back or stomach. And the third [symptom], Kirkham says, is polycystic-looking ovaries on an ultrasound.

One common misconception associated with PCOS is that *anyone* who has cysts on their ovaries has PCOS. Which isnt true, because, in fact, everyone has cysts on their ovaries and they arent always cause for concern. This is why I dont like the terminology of PCOS. Kirkham says. As she explains it, anyone who has ovaries stores their eggs in cysts (a little fluid filled ballon). So we have cysts every month and then they pop or ovulate and then two weeks later we have a period if were not pregnant. Sometimes, these cysts can rupturewhich can be very painful and may take someone to the emergency room, she saysbut this popping happens every month and is not indicative of PCOS.

When it comes to PCOS, Kirkham says the main gynaecological basis for the period problems is due to an-ovulation, meaning people stop ovulating and cysts dont pop. And so thats why you end up with a lot of cysts on the ovary, she says (a.k.a polycystic). As opposed to your typical ovaries, when they do an ultrasound, it almost looks like a pearl necklace, where all of the little cysts are around the edge of the ovary.

Read this next: Everything to Know About STIs and the Pap Smear Test

One thing to be aware of is the fact that a lot of teens can have polycystic-looking ovaries and not suffer from PCOS. Theyre very hormonally active at that time, Kirkham says, so their ovaries are really ramped up and theres a lot of eggs there. Which is why its important to refer to the Rotterdam criteria, and not base assumptions or diagnoses of PCOS off of one symptom alone.

While doctors havent identified any specific genes that would indicate PCOS is hereditary (ie: passed along through familial lines), there are PCOS-specific susceptibility genes that are being investigated, Kirkham says.

If youve heard anyone talk about PCOS, chances are youve probably heard them talk about infertility. PCOS is often connected to infertility, because people with PCOS may have difficulty releasing eggs (thanks to an excess of androgen hormones). About25 to 30% of PCOS patients have fertility issues, Kirkham says. (In fact, she continues, some places say even up to 80% of individuals with PCOS can struggle with fertility). But, the good news is thatas opposed to other syndromes like untreated endometriosisthe rate for infertility is much lower and can be more easily corrected. Also, we definitely shouldnt refer to it as infertility.

I wish we would stop using the term infertility because it is usually subfertility, Kirkham says, meaning a lot of people with PCOS still get pregnant. In fact, Kirkham says, the type of subfertility with PCOS is probably the easiest one to treat, because its caused by an-ovulation. So usually all you need is a medication to trigger the release of the egg, she says. So people may not need IVF and all of the whole gamut and the expenses of fertility treatment. In fact, celebs who have PCOSlike model Romee Strijdhave spoken openly about their experiences with subfertility due to the syndrome. In a May 28 Instagram post, Strijd announced that two years after revealing her PCOS diagnosis, she was pregnant after making lifestyle changes. To the women trying to conceive, believe in yourself and be nice for yourself and your body and dont let those thoughts get to you too much, Strijd encouraged her followers in her post. (And FYI, according to Kirkham,70% of women with endometriosis do get pregnant).

While treatment for PCOS should be individualizedfor example, Kirkham says, for a teenager or a young person, they may be most affected by self esteem issues that they have with acne or unwanted hair; so in that case, that would be where we want to balance the higher androgens that cause those symptoms. So something as simple as a birth control pill that has female hormones in it will help balance out the antigen side effectsKirkham also says that lifestyle changes; eating well, exercising and weight loss is treatment number-one for PCOS. In fact, according to her, 10% weight loss has been shown to lead to spontaneous ovulation, which is why she advises that anyone looking to make lifestyle changes work in conjunction with a nutritionist.

Nutrition and lifestyle modifications are the primary treatment approaches for [people] with PCOS, says Trista Chan, a registered dietician and founder of The Good Life Dietician, who works with clients who have PCOS. While Chan says that theres nooptimal or gold-standard diet for PCOS treatment, and treatment varies greatly depending on the individual, she places a strong emphasison minimally processed, whole foods. This means whole grains, legumes, nuts, leafy greens, berries and fruit, seeds, fish and chicken, she says. As peoplewith PCOS typically have higher insulin and inflammatory markers, Chan advises incorporating more anti-inflammatory foods like fish, legumes, green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds and low-fat dairy, which she says have been shown to reduce inflammation and potentially regulate menstruation. All of these interventions also usually lead to weight loss and improvement in metabolic and reproductive health, Chan says. Another important note from Chan? Exercise!

Its important to emphasize that advocating for a healthy lifestyle and exercise doesnt mean that you need to become thinner or look a certain way. PCOS can affect anyone at any body size. Its about figuring out what works best and is healthiest for your body.

And while theres no foolproof way to ensure you wont be diagnosed with PCOS, the only thing that you can do to decrease the chance of being diagnosed with it is living a healthy lifestyle, Kirkham says. Making sure that you keep your weight stable (with the help and advice of a doctor) and then also knowing your family history, because if its in your family and there is some predisposition to it, you would want to track your periods and make sure theyre happening regularly.

Its not something you can prevent, per se, Kirkham continues. You may be predisposed to it just like some people are predisposed to other diseases.

Read this next: STI Rates Are on the Rise, So Why Arent Dental Dams a Thing?

While PCOS can never be 100% completely cured, nutrition andlifestyle modifications can be very effective in balancing hormones and relieving symptoms, Chan says. And, its important to get diagnosed early so that you can increase fertility for those looking to conceive and prevent more long-term effects likediabetes, high blood pressure, cholesterol problems, sleep apnea, depression and anxiety, and uterine cancer.

And for anyone looking to keep their ovaries healthy and in tip-top shape, whether or not you have PCOS, Chan has some recommendations: Filling your plate with inflammation-fighting foods is always a good idea, she advises. Berries are an antioxidant-rich, low-sugar fruit. (She recommends eating them three times a week.) In addition, low-fat yogurt, three to five times a week is also great source of calcium and probiotics to keep a healthy gut; fatty fishlike salmon or mackerelare rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which play large role in reducing inflammation, boosting heart health, and there is increasing research linking it to hormone balance.

Regardless of which route you take in treating PCOSor general reproductive healththe most important thing is to consult a doctor and do whats best for you and your body.

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Everything You Need to Know About PCOS - FLARE

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The physical, mental and emotional benefits of meditation have been studied extensively in recent years. While theres still much to uncover about its potential, the practice has proven to be an effective tool that can help to improve our quality of life reducing stress, improving attention, enhancing self-awareness and more.

We asked Dr Elena Touroni, consultant psychologist and co-founder of The Chelsea Psychology Clinic; Richard Reid, psychologist, author and founder of Pinnacle Therapy; and Valerie Teh, yoga, breathwork and meditation instructor at the House of Wisdom, to share advice about establishing a regular practice to enjoy the benefits of meditation:

Research into the benefits of meditation has been promising so far, with clinical studies reporting outcomes like improved memory, greater emotional intelligence, increased creativity, better stress management, improved listening skills and increased focus, says Reid.

Not only does a regular meditation practice help us become healthier, happier, and more self-aware as individuals, its also beneficial in terms of our productivity, relationships and ability to connect and support other people, he says. And who doesnt want that?

As the benefits of meditation reveal, fostering a regular practice can be nothing short of life-changing. And best of all, its accessible to everyone and totally free.

Here, we talk you through the science behind 13 proven benefits of meditation:

When stress strikes, your body releases stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, causing a cascade of physiological effects. Chronic stress can have a catastrophic impact on your health, causing disrupted sleep, high blood pressure and impaired concentration. Practicing meditation affects the body in the direct opposite way that stress does, by triggering the bodys relaxation response. A brief mindfulness meditation practice just 25 minutes for three consecutive days is enough to alleviate stress, according to research.

Meditation is a powerful form of anxiety management that works by quieting the mind and reducing tension in your body. In a study of 89 patients with generalised anxiety disorder characterised by chronic and excessive worrying those who had undertaken a mindfulness meditation course exhibited sharply reduced stress-hormone and inflammatory responses to a stressful situation. Meanwhile, patients who took a non-meditation stress management course recorded worsened responses.

Meditation can lead to better emotional health by boosting your self-esteem and confidence. One study observed the brain activity of participants using an MRI scanner before and after completing a two-month meditation course. The participants showed increased self-esteem, increased positive and decreased negative self-endorsement, increased activity in a brain network related to regulating attention, and reduced activity in brain systems related to self-image.

Meditation can help you develop a greater understanding of yourself and how you relate to people around you. This mindful self-awareness also allows you to recognise self-defeating thought patterns, and is associated with decreased activation of brain regions linked to rumination, according to research.

Meditation heightens your attention and concentration span, and you dont have to practice for hours upon hours to enjoy the effects. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania reported that small doses of daily meditation enhanced performance and the ability to focus attention, even for those new to the practice. Meditation may even reverse patterns in the brain that contribute to mind-wandering and poor attention, according to one review.

Mindfulness meditation acts on core brain networks that play a key role in many cognitive tasks. This includes working memory, which allows the brain to hold onto information temporarily just ten minutes a day can improve working memory by 9 per cent, one study found. It can also help to fight age-related memory loss a review of 12 scientific studies examining the potential effects of meditation on age-related cognitive decline found that the practice increased attention, memory and mental quickness in older participants.

As well as altering brain chemistry to promote positive thinking and optimism, meditation teaches you to pay attention to thoughts and feelings and observe them without passing judgment. For this reason, it can help to ease symptoms of depression, which include low mood, sadness and low self-esteem. Meditation therapies have been shown to reduce symptoms in patients with clinical depressive disorders, according to one analysis.

A short meditation in the evening can relax your body and mind, preparing you for a better nights sleep. In a study that assessed the value of mindfulness meditation in the treatment of insomnia, participants who meditated fell asleep sooner and stayed asleep longer than those who didnt.

Meditation regulates the functioning of the lateral prefrontal cortex, which is the part of the brain that is responsible for logic, reasoning and rational thinking. By cultivating awareness of the present moment and clearing the mind of other thoughts, the practice helps us feel more in control. Just one 15-minute breathing meditation may help people make smarter choices, according to research.

Meditation has been shown to both reduce pain sensations in the body and build resilience to it, resulting in a greater ability to cope with pain. In fact, just ten minutes of mindfulness meditation could be used as an alternative to painkillers, according to research by Leeds Beckett University, which found the practice improved pain tolerance and threshold and decreased anxiety towards pain in participants. Another study, which assessed how meditation could be used to comfort the terminally ill, found that practising may help mitigate chronic pain at the end of life.

Meditation can help people who are undergoing treatment for addiction by improving self-regulation and willpower, cultivating better awareness and understanding of triggers, and alleviating withdrawal symptoms. A small study of 19 recovering alcoholics found that participants who received meditation training reported a reduction in the severity of relapse triggers, which included depression, anxiety, stress, and cravings.

High blood pressure puts stress on your heart, forcing it to work harder to pump blood around your body. It can also cause hardening and thickening of the arteries, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Meditating lowers blood pressure by altering the expression of genes particularly immune system-linked genes in a select set of biological pathways, according to research by Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre.

Many of the benefits of meditation go hand-in-hand with exercise, but the practice can also benefit your workout in a variety of ways. Not only does it help to clear limiting thoughts and self-beliefs thus boosting motivation but research has shown that people who intentionally focus on the feeling of moving and consciously take in their surroundings report enjoying exercise more than those who dont.

Choosing between a guided and unguided meditation is often the first step in starting a meditation practice. Guided meditations use various techniques to anchor your wandering mind to a chosen point of focus, Teh explains.

These include, but are not limited to:

By contrast, unguided meditation also known as resting awareness asks that you let go of focus and return to a state of pure awareness, she says. Try these different methods of meditation and see which ones resonate most our minds all wander differently, and we carry different stresses, so I believe there is no one correct or best way for all to meditate.

The benefits of meditation are not pertinent to a specific time of the day, so the best time to meditate will be different for everyone. Starting the day with a short meditation is great, says Dr Touroni, because it gives you a sense of what emotional state youre in so you can plan a day that is sensitive to that. Meanwhile, meditating at the end of the day gives you a chance to wind down, she says. A short three-minute breathing exercise can also be really beneficial in moments of stress, helping you create distance from the situation.

While a daily practice is optimal, it doesnt need to be a structured meditation, explains Dr Touroni. It can be as simple as a five-minute meditation exercise to start your day he says. A daily practice is the kind of frequency where youll start to see the benefits of staying in the present moment, and the consistency will also make it easier to turn into a habit.

A short breathing exercise can be really beneficial in moments of stress, helping you create distance from the situation.

Feel free to experiment with different durations, depending on your schedule. Not only is short meditation better than none at all, but once you get started, you might decide that youd like to continue meditating for longer.

Start with an amount of time that feels easy to incorporate into your current routine and commitments I like to say take 10 slow breaths and start there as a baseline, says Teh. Build your way up to at least 10 minutes a day, or 15 to 30 minutes a few times each week, depending on your level of stress and reactivity when you arrive at your meditation.

Its different for different people, says Dr Touroni. Some people see results very quickly within a week, for instance others take longer, she says. It largely comes down to whether youre able to relax into it, and engage with the practice in a non-judgmental way. Some people find themselves making judgements on whether theyre doing it right. In these cases, it can take a bit longer to see results.

Additionally, different types of practices work for different people, so theres as aspect of finding your groove. Some people prefer an external focus e.g. bringing their attention to sounds in the room, Dr Touroni continues. Other people find focusing on the breath the most grounding. Its about working out what works for you.

Commit to meditating each day for a week, says Teh. This could be guided, unguided or a bit of both, for an amount of time that feels easily achievable to you, she says, one minute, 10 breaths or whatever is right. It can help to add it into your daily morning routine every day, or take this time for yourself during your lunch break each day.

And if you miss a day, carry on without guilting or shaming yourself, Teh continues. Life is busy! When you do manage to commit to a short daily practice, and feel the benefits it brings, you are more likely to make time for meditation for the rest of the month, year, or your life.

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Pregnancy ByGardy ChachaHaving a supportive spouse would greatly minimise the negative experiences of pregnancy (Shutterstock)

Pregnancy reorganises every aspect of a womans body, says Dr Njoki Fernandez, an obstetrician and gynaecologist and a wellness practitioner.

ALSO READ: Why you should avoid excess sugar while pregnant

Pregnancy changes a womans body due to hormones, Dr Fernandez explains.

When you become pregnant, progesterone and oestrogen hormones rise dramatically. A new hormone one thats special to pregnancy called human chorionic gonadotropin, begins to be produced.

As the foetus develops, new hormones are secreted (while others fizzle out) and concentrations of hundreds others fluctuate to aid the process of pregnancy.

In short, pregnancy is one elongated hormone fest. As a result, pregnant women are predisposed to physiological, psychological and behavioural changes.

Physiologically, Dr Fernandez says, the woman might suffer swollen legs, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia (hypertension) and a myriad of other afflictions.

Psychologically she might go through major anxiety and mood swings; all of which will affect how she behaves around people.

Having a supportive spouse, says Lucy Muchiri, a nurse and a doula at Evesmama Birth Centre, would greatly minimise the negative experiences of pregnancy.

ALSO READ: Pregnancy made me hate my husband's voice, cooking Chef Alis wife on her journey

What can men do to be supportive during pregnancy?

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What men can do to brighten the pregnancy experience for their partners? - The Standard

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Any one who has ever tried to drop some unwanted weight over the years has probably tried and heard of countless tips and strange weight loss advice from drinking celery juice to replacing meals with so-called weight loss cookies, and most often these pointers are promoted by those without any actual health expertise.

It is true that there are pages and pages full of misguided weight loss advice out there that one really should avoid, but there are also a ton of legitimate tips that are science backed and expert approved suggestions such as picking a time to exercise and sticking with it as a study published in the journal Obesity found that exercising at a certain time every day consistently may help successful weight loss.

Another helpful tip is to choose nuts over heavily processed snacks as a report published in BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health found that eating up to one ounce of nuts each day is linked with less weight gain and lower odds of obesity.

JAMA Internal Medicine published a report suggesting that a weight loss counselor may be helpful in helping to trim waistlines, showing that those with type 2 diabetes utilizing such counseling sessions with group medical visits helped them to lose weight and lower their blood sugar levels.

Losing weight can be challenging and even though it may be daunting every effort made is worth the benefits when it comes to improving health. The Journal of the National Cancer Institute published a study showing that overweight women who lost weight after turning 50 years old lowered their risks of developing breast cancer.

Diabetic Medicine published a report suggesting that it may be possible to potentially put type 2 diabetes into remission, finding that among those with type 2 diabetes losing 10% or more of their body weight within the first 5 years of diagnosis was associated with better odds of putting the disease into remission. Additionally, according to the American Heart Association carrying extra weight increases the odds of heart disease and stroke.

Whether you only have a few pounds to drop or a lot to lose experts can offer science backed tips and pointers to effectively help you on your weight loss journey such as eating slowly, portion control, keeping a food diary, totally body movement, keeping a gratitude journal, meal prep, getting enough sleep, not skipping meals, staying hydrated, cutting calories, eating more whole foods, avoiding sweetened beverages, removing unhealthy food from your home, and eating breakfast among others.

Janet Zinn, a licensed clinical social worker and psychotherapist says: I have my clients learn how to choose foods they like, really taste each morsel going into their mouths, and chew deliberately. I advise them to chew slowly, swallow only when the food is all chewed up, and repeat. It takes time to know we're full. Eating slowly allows us to not only enjoy our food more, but gives us better cues of satiety.

Christine King, the founder and CEO of the health and wellness company YourBestFit suggests that if You bite it, you write it! Thats my rule, and numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of food journaling for weight loss. One of my clients went out of town for one week. She stopped journaling and gained 13 pounds. I promise that keeping a food journal helps!

Exercise anything that moves.Thats my mantra and I started this after I broke my back and was paralyzed from the waist down. Do it in bed, while seated, standing, or walking. Just move. People have a misconception that five minutes doesnt make a difference, but every minute makes a difference. (And research published in January 2014 in the journal Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases showed that physical activity is critical when it comes to actually keeping lost weight off.) King

Lauren Manganiello, RD, a nutrition counselor and fitness coach suggests that Our eating habits are usually connected to our emotions whether we realize it or not. When we're stressed, we tend to reach for sweets. I tell clients that by keeping a daily journal of things you're grateful for, youre better able to cope with the stress by acknowledging it rather than reaching for dessert.

According to Angela Lemond, RDN, a registered dietitian nutritionist: A lack of sleep increases your hunger hormone ghrelin and decreases your satisfaction hormone, leptin, which can contribute to weight gain. When we are sleep deprived, we crave more salty and sweet foods. Why? Because anytime you feel more intense hunger, your cravings for higher energy aka higher calorie foods intensify. We also know that the way we think and process our emotions is affected by inadequate sleep, so its easy to connect this with an impaired ability to make sound choices in many areas of life, including with food. If we flip the coin, we can safely assume that when we are well rested, we will make better choices. When it comes to eating, that would mean that we would eat when we are truly hungry, and eat just until satisfied. Our hormones are also going to be better balanced because our bodies got the time needed to sleep, repair, and refresh.

Dont skip meals. You may think that this is helping you to burn calories, but you may be damaging your metabolism. The proper way to skip a meal is to begin an intermittent fasting schedule, but skipping a meal and intermittent fasting are not the same thing. In general forgoing eating can have negative consequences for the body, while intermittent fasting helps to get cravings under control and is a scheduled mindful eating practice. Intermittent fasting may not be best for everyone. When a person skips a meal they tend to overeat at some point to make up for it. When you split up your meals to be consumed throughout the day, the body will use the nutrients from the food more efficiently. Most experts agree that you should be eating three balanced meals a day and a healthy snack.

Megan Casper, RDN, a nutrition counselor and the founder and CEO of Nourished Bite points out that: Research has found that people who drank two glasses of water before a meal lost more weight than people who didnt drink water before meals and they kept it off. This simple tip works in two ways. Thirst can mask itself as hunger, causing you to eat more. And water makes you feel fuller, causing you to eat less during a meal.

According to the USDA ChooseMyPlate.gov half of your plate at any given meal should be nutrient dense fruits/veggies. Perhaps aim to make a balanced plate consisting of half vegetables, a quarter whole grains, and a quarter lean protein. Additionally, the Cleveland Clinic suggests not to eat until you are full rather to the 80% point to help tame overeating. There is no need to be part of the finish the plate club, instead pack any extra food away. This is good advice for over eaters who are just learning how to fill their stomach without going overboard, aiming for 80% is a good gauge to help with this as it instructs you to stop eating when you are beginning to feel slightly full. Slowing down helps with overeating because it takes around 20 minutes for the stomach to digest food.

Theres a strong relationship between sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in adults. If you regularly have a sip of something sweet, consider this: Research has shown that reducing intake of sugar-sweetened beverages can result in meaningful weight loss, even if it's the only change you make. Replacing a 20-ounce soda with sparkling water every day would save more than 20,000 calories over a few months, which could translate into more than five pounds of weight loss! Brittany Markides, RDN, the founder of Choose Food in Austin, Texas.

Meals consumed away from home tend to be higher in calories and lower in nutrients. A study published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics found that the average restaurant entre contains over 1,000 calories, and an entire days worth of sodium and fat. When dining out to save on those calories, try splitting the entre or asking to substitute extra green veggies or a salad for the starchy potato or rice.

When looking for a snack and in doubt, reach for a low calorie, fiber rich and nutrient dense vegetable or fruit. You can even make fruits/veggies the star of your meal, for example rather than a main dish of pasta, lessen the pasta amount and add in some broccoli, cauliflower, and zucchini, with some small amount of chicken, garlic and lemon zest. Try considering a few squares of organic dark chocolate with an orange for a sweet dessert. This way you can still enjoy a small amount of pasta and a sweet treat while still being satisfied without depriving yourself.

Most people eat with their eyes and like to see that full plate; using smaller plates, bowls, and cups will reduce the amount of food you consume, while at the same time allowing yourself to fill your dish up and keep you from feeling deprived. For example, an observational study showed that people who used a 9-inch plate versus a 10- or 12-inch plate ate up to 22 percent less. Size matters, research consistently shows that people will consume more food when they are offered larger portions, according to the Mayo Clinic. There are many apps that offer visual cues that can help you to gauge what a portion size is to help you get a better handle on what you are eating.

Don't feel like you need to overhaul your entire life starting immediately. Assess where you are currently and then figure out where youd like to be in the future. A great starting point for mostly sedentary people is to get a step counter and see how much you walk on a normal day. Then set a step goal slightly higher than the norm and strive for that, working your way up slowly to a goal of 10,000 steps per day. Esther Avant, an ACE-certified personal trainer in Kapolei, Hawaii.

Try to avoid if not eliminate highly processed foods from your diet. That does not mean your meals will now be bland, healthy whole food options are far from being boring. There are many exciting colours from the rainbow and flavours to experiment with that come in a variety of textures and tastes ranging from naturally sweet to savory which can easily be enhanced with a wide selection of herbs and spices.

At some point in your weight loss journey you may experience some setbacks, but please keep in mind that this is not failure. Rather think of these minor speed bumps as an opportunity to learn and grow from. Pick yourself up and start over. The only true failure is if you give up.

So you say that you cant exercise for very long. That will change, your endurance, coordination and flexibility will gradually improve. You say its taking too long. Well unfortunately, there is no magic pill, you will need to work for it, and it may take some time. Stick to the healthy lifestyle path to achieve your goals. Most importantly remember that you are well worth every effort and the benefits that you will experience with improved health. You CAN do it!

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Weight Loss Tips That Work - Anti Aging News

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In late January, when hospitals in the United States confirmed the presence of the novel coronavirus, health workers knew to watch for precisely three symptoms: fever, cough, and shortness of breath. But as the number of infections climbed, the symptom list began to grow.

Some patients lost their sense of smell and taste. Some had nausea or diarrhea. Some had arrhythmias or even heart attacks. Some had damaged kidneys or livers. Some had headaches, blood clots, rashes, swelling, or strokes. Many had no symptoms at all.

By June, clinicians were swapping journal papers, news stories, and tweets describing more than three dozen ways that COVID-19, the disease the coronavirus causes, appears to manifest itself. Now researchers at UC San Francisco and around the world have begun taking a closer look at this dizzying array of symptoms to get at the diseases root causes. They are learning from people inside the hospital and out; people on the brink of death and only mildly sick; people newly exposed and recovered; people young and old, Black, brown, and white. And they are beginning to piece together the story of a virus unlike any known before.

Viruses lead a curious purgatorial existence of being neither fully alive nor dead. Enveloped in a protein cloak, a virus consists almost entirely of genetic material DNA or RNA, the blueprints for all of life. But it cant reproduce on its own. To survive, it must break into a cell and co-opt the cells gene-copying machinery.

The novel coronavirus, an RNA virus named SARS-CoV-2, has become notorious for its skill at breaking and entering human cells. Its tools of choice are the protein spikes protruding from its surface a feature that distinguishes all coronaviruses. The spikes of SARS-CoV-2 are the crme de la crme: By the luck of the evolutionary draw, they are able to easily grab hold of protein gates on human cells known as ACE2 receptors and, like jackknives, pry these gates open.

You can think of an ACE2 receptor like a docking site, says Faranak Fattahi, Ph.D., a UCSF Sandler Fellow. When the coronavirus pandemic hit San Francisco, Fattahi repurposed her laboratory to study this key receptor, which normally plays a role in regulating blood pressure. When the virus lands on it, she says, it initiates a molecular process that brings the virus inside the cell.

If youre exposed to SARS-CoV-2 say, from a cough or sneeze the virus will likely first encounter ACE2 receptors on cells in your nose or throat. But these receptors also populate your heart, gut, and other organs. Fattahis team has found evidence suggesting that male sex hormones such as testosterone may increase the number of ACE2 receptors that cells produce, which could help explainwhy SARS-CoV-2 seems to wreak greater havoc on men than on womenand why kids rarely get sick. The fewer ACE2 receptors, the less risk of infection thats the idea, she says, adding that this hypothesis for the diseases gender gap is only one of several.

Once inside a few initial host cells, the virus sets them to work churning out copies of itself. Within hours, thousands of new virus particles begin bursting forth, ready to infect more cells. Although SARS-CoV-2 is less deadly than the original SARS virus, which emerged in 2002, it replicates more rapidly. Also unlike SARS, which primarily infects the lungs, SARS-CoV-2 replicates throughout the airway, including in the nose and throat, making it highly contagious like the common cold.

However, infection with SARS-CoV-2 usually doesnt feel like a cold. Fewer than 20 percent of infected people who eventually show up at a hospital report having had a sore throat or runny nose. During the first few days of being infected, youre more likely to have a fever, dry cough or, peculiarly, lose your sense of smell or taste.

Most likely, though, you wont feel sick at all. When UCSF researchers tested people for SARS-CoV-2 in San Franciscos Mission District,53 percentof those infected never had any symptoms. Thats much higher than expected, saysMonica Gandhi, M.D., MPH, a UCSF professor of medicine with expertise in HIV. Surveys of outbreaks in nursing homes and prisons show similar or even higher numbers. If we did a mass testing campaign on 300 million Americans right now, I think the rate of asymptomatic infection would be somewhere between 50 percentand 80 percentof cases, Gandhi says. Millions of people may be spreading the virus without knowing it, she points out, making asymptomatic transmission theAchilles heelof efforts to control the pandemic and highlighting theimportance of universal masking.

The majority of people who have COVID-19 are out in the community, and they are either asymptomatic or only mildly ill, saysSulggi Lee, M.D., Ph.D., a UCSF assistant professor of medicine. When the coronavirus pandemic hit San Francisco in early March, Lee conceived a study to investigate why. She scrambled to assemble a team andprocure fundingand equipment. She borrowed a colleaguesmobile clinic a van outfitted with an exam table and a phlebotomy chair so that her team could drive around the city, collecting samples from infected people. Lee hopes data from the study, called CHIRP (COVID-19 Host Immune Response Pathogenesis), will show how peoples immune systems respond as SARS-CoV-2 starts to gain a foothold in their bodies.

A lot is riding on that initial response, she says. If Lee and her collaborators can figure out the biological processes that allow some infected people to stay relatively well, they can perhaps use that knowledge to prevent others from falling severely ill.

True to its name, SARS-CoV-2 (which stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is first and foremost a bad respiratory virus. If your immune system doesnt defeat it at its landing site in your nose or throat, it will advance down your windpipe, infiltrating the cells lining your lungs branching air tubes. At the tubes ends, tiny air sacs called alveoli pass oxygen to your blood. As the virus multiplies, the alveoli may fill with fluid, shutting down this critical gas exchange. Your blood-oxygen level may drop and, typically about six days into an infection, you may start feeling short of breath.

What causes this mayhem? Some of it is definitely caused by the virus itself, saysMichael Matthay, M.D., a UCSF professor of medicine who has studied acute respiratory diseases for more than 30 years. Inevitably, a fast-replicating virus will kill or injure many of the lung cells it infects; the more cells it infects, the more ruin it will leave in its wake.

But SARS-CoV-2 doesnt appear to be a savage destroyer of cells. Although its too early to know for sure, the viruss fatality rate seems to be roughly 10 times that of the flu. You would think thats because its just a killing machine, saysMax Krummel, Ph.D., UCSFs Smith Professor of Experimental Pathology and chair of the Bakar ImmunoX initiative. So far, however, the science suggests otherwise.

One of the weirder things about this new coronavirus is it doesnt seem to be incredibly cytopathic, by which we mean cell-killing, Krummel says. Flu is really cytopathic; if you add it to human cells in a petri dish, the cells burst within 18 hours. But when UCSF researchers subjected human cells to SARS-CoV-2, many of the infected cells never perished. Its pretty compelling data that maybe were not dealing with a hugely aggressive virus, Krummel says.

The bigger provocation, he suspects, may be your own immune system. Like any pathogen, SARS-CoV-2 will trigger an immune attack within minutes of entering your body. This counterstrike is extraordinarily complex, involving many tactics, cells, and molecules. In a UCSF study called COMET (COVID-19 Multi-Phenotyping for Effective Therapies), Krummel and other scientists have been observing this immune warfare in more than 30 people admitted to UCSF hospitals with COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. What were doing is looking at patients blood, their genes, and the secretions from their noses and lungs, and were asking, Whats your army? Whats your response strategy?

Its pretty compelling data that maybe were not dealing with a hugely aggressive virus.Max Krummel, Ph.D.

An early analysis of COMET data, Krummel says, suggests that the immune systems of many hospitalized patients mobilize differently and more aggressively against SARS-CoV-2 than against influenza viruses, which cause the flu. Their lungs are ravaged, these data suggest, not by the virus alone but by the detritus of an immunological battle gone awry. This rogue immune response could explain why, around day 11 of a COVID-19 infection, patients often develop a severe pneumonia known as acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS.

Ultimately, COMET seeks to find COVID-19 therapies that can rein in an overeager immune system in order to prevent or treat ARDS. But that feat wont be easy, saysCarolyn Calfee, M.D., MAS 09, an ARDS expert, UCSF professor of medicine, and co-leader of the study. Too much or the wrong kind of intervention, she explains, could cripple a persons immune system to the point where it cant clear an infection. Its a fine line between therapeutic and deleterious, Calfee says. Were trying to find that balance.

Typically, people who die from COVID-19 ARDS die around day 19. Reported rates of mortality have varied widely, with the highest rates being where the pandemic has hit hardest, overwhelming hospital resources and staff. At UCSF hospitals likely due to the citys early shelter-in-place orders, which prevented an initial surge of COVID-19 cases so far only 10 of 85critically ill patients have died.

The good news is that weve been doing clinical trials of best-care practices for ARDS since 1998, Matthay says. Thanks toresearch by him and others, for example, clinicians have long known which ventilator settings result in the fewest deaths and how to flip patients onto their stomachs a technique known as proning to best help them breathe. If public health measures can keep hospital admissions low so that frontline providers can make good use of the skills and knowledge they already have, we may find that we have less to fear from SARS-CoV-2 than we thought.

On the other hand, the virus behaves in ways that are still mysterious.

In April, Susan Parson, M.D., a Bay Area medical examiner, made a startling discovery. For nearly two months, officials had believed that the first people in the U.S. to die from COVID-19 had died of respiratory failure in Washington state in late February. At the time, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention limited testing to people who had respiratory symptoms and had recently traveled to China or otherwise been exposed to the virus. Those restrictions, however, turned out to be misguided.

As a medical examiner for Californias Santa Clara County, Parson had done a routine autopsy on a 57-year-old woman named Patricia Dowd, who had died suddenly at home on February 6. In Dowds tissues, Parson found the cause of her death: SARS-CoV-2. But the virus hadnt wrecked Dowds lungs. In fact, she had only mild pneumonia. Instead, SARS-CoV-2 had ruptured her heart.

Meanwhile, epidemiologists began learning that preexisting heart disease and related conditions put people at greater risk of suffering and dying from COVID-19. Were finding that many patients who have more severe forms of the illness are obese, they are diabetic, they are hypertensive, says cardiologistNisha Parikh, M.D., a UCSF associate professor who specializes in population health research. Such risk factors, she says, are unusual. Theyre not ones that really stood out in prior epidemics.

Clinicians, too, were seeing surprising numbers of COVID-19 patients develop heart problems muscle weakness, inflammation, arrhythmias, even heart attacks. Were not used to respiratory viruses having such dire consequences on the heart in such apparently high numbers, says cardiologistGregory Marcus, M.D., MAS 08, UCSFs Endowed Professor of Atrial Fibrillation Research. Many patients whose hearts acted up also had failing lungs. But others had no other symptoms or, like Dowd, only mild ones.

Since March, Marcus has co-led one of the largest community surveys to better understand the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its myriad effects. The study, dubbed COVID-19 Citizen Science, has so far enrolled more than 27,000 people; anyone with a smartphonecan participate. Marcus plans to also start collecting data from wearable devices, including Fitbits and Zio patches, which wirelessly monitor heart rhythms. There may be large numbers of people who are suffering from cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 in the absence of other symptoms, Marcus says. Im worried were missing those cases.

It stands to reason that SARS-CoV-2 affects the heart. After all, heart cells are flush with ACE2 receptors, the viruss vital port of entry. And, indeed, laboratory experiments suggest that the virus can enter and replicate in cultured human heart cells, saysBruce Conklin, M.D., a professor of medicine and an expert in heart-disease genetics at UCSF and the Gladstone Institutes.

But Conklin doesnt think SARS-CoV-2 necessarily kills heart cells outright. Rather, in the process of copying itself, the virus steals pieces of the genetic instructions that tell the heart cells how to do their job. Its hauling away and hijacking stuff thats necessary for the heart to beat, he says. He is currently testing this hypothesis using human heart cells grown in cup-sized vesselsin the lab ofTodd McDevitt, Ph.D., a bioengineer at UCSF and the Gladstone Institutes.

Its also possible, however, that an infected persons own immune system may do the majority of the damage in the heart, as it appears to do in the lungs. The heart probably gets infected by a lot of other viruses, and they dont have a lethal effect, Conklin says. What makes this one different?

Graph with three bars. Bar at left has 80 percentat top and Non-Severe at bottom. Bar in middle has 15 percentat top and Severe at bottom Bar at right has 5 percentat top and Critical at bottom. Text below graph reads: Most symptomatic cases of COVID-19 are mild. To left of graph, small circle with the letter i in the middle opens to text reading: Graph Data: Wu et al., JAMA 2020. Livingston et al., JAMA 2020. Garg et al, MMWR 2020. Stoke et al., MMWR 2020. Left of graph: illustration of a coronavirus.

Toward the end of March, as San Francisco began to warm up, Sonia got cold feet. She put on wool socks and turned up her heater. Still, her feet felt frozen. Three days later, her soles turned splotchy purple. Red dots appeared on her toes. At night, her cold feet itched and burned. Walking hurt. And she was exhausted, napping through afternoon Zoom meetings. It was so bizarre, says Sonia, a San Francisco resident. A week later, her symptoms were gone.

Yes, COVID, wroteLindy Fox, M.D., a UCSF professor of dermatology, replying to an email describing Sonias case. Sonia wasnt surprised. Anyone, like her, whos been following news of the pandemic has probably heard about COVID toes, a painful or itchy skin rash that sometimes pops up in young adults with otherwise mild or asymptomatic cases of COVID-19. It looks like what we call pernio, or chilblains, Fox says, which is a pretty common phenomenon when somebody goes out in cold weather they start to get purple or pink bumps on their fingers or toes.

Many people with rashes like Sonias dont test positive for COVID-19, Fox says, which has made some clinicians skeptical of the connection; when patients have both, its just a coincidence, they believe. But Fox doesnt think so. For one thing, the time of year is wrong, she says. Pernio usually shows up in the dead of winter. Even more compelling, dermatologists around the world are getting crazy numbers of calls about it, Fox says. In the last three weeks, Ive had somewhere between 10 and 12 patients.Normally, I have four a year.

And its not just dermatologists who are adding their observations to COVID-19s ever-expanding symptom list. Gut specialists are finding that 20 percentto 40 percentof people with the disease experience diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting before other symptoms, says gastroenterologistMichael Kattah, M.D., Ph.D., a UCSF assistant professor. If you swallow virus particles, he says, theres a good chance they will infect cells lining your stomach, small intestine, or colon. As in the lungs and heart, these cells are studded with vulnerable ACE2 portals.

Especially disconcerting, Kattah says, is how long the virus seems to persist in the gut. About 50 percentof patients with COVID-19 have virus particles in their stools, often for weeks after their nose swabs test negative, he points out. Laboratory studies show that these particles are often still alive and can infect cells in a petri dish. Whether fecal transmission occurs between people, however, is an open question. If the answer is yes, people recovering from COVID-19 may need to stay quarantined even after they feel well, and the rest of us will need to be as meticulous about bathroom hygiene as weve become about handwashing and mask-wearing.

Other specialists are also raising flags. Neurologists worry about reports of COVID-19 patients with headaches, brain fog, loss of the sense of smell, dizziness, delirium, and, in rare cases, stroke. Nephrologists worry about kidney stress and failure. Hepatologists worry about liver injuries. Ophthalmologists worry about pink eye. Pediatricians, meanwhile, worry about a peculiarCOVID-related inflammatory syndrome thats showing up in kidsand young adults.

Theres a lot of smoke. We need to figure out where the fire is coming from.Michael Wilson, M.D.

Researchers are still sorting out the causes for this constellation of effects. If you come down with a particular symptom, is it because the virus is attacking your cells? Because your immune system is overreacting? Or just because youre very sick? In any severe illness, for example, the kidneys must work extra hard to filter waste and control nutrients and fluid; if overtaxed, they may begin to fail. Similarly, cognitive problems can result from increased blood toxins due to stressed kidneys or from low oxygen due to respiratory distress. Theres a lot of smoke, saysMichael Wilson, M.D. 07, MAS 16, the Rachleff Distinguished Professor at UCSFs Weill Institute for Neurosciences. We need to figure out where the fire is coming from.

Recently, theres been speculation that some of COVID-19s seemingly disparate symptoms may stem from trouble in the blood. Blood clots, for example, are showing up in cases of COVID-19 frequently enough for clinicians to take notice. Theres something unique about the coagulation system in these patients, says nephrologistKathleen Liu, M.D. 99, Ph.D. 97, MAS 07, a UCSF professor of medicine. In caring for COVID-19 patients on dialysis machines, shes been surprised to see blood clots block dialysis tubes more than usual. Clotted tubes are common, she says, but this is extreme.

That may be because, as growing evidence suggests, SARS-CoV-2 can infect cells in the walls of blood vessels that help regulate blood flow and coagulation, or clotting. If true, this behavior could explain some of the viruss weirder (and rarer) manifestations, such as heart attacks, strokes, and even COVID toes.

Our vasculature is a contiguous system, says cardiologist Parikh. Thus injury in one area, such as blood vessels in the lungs, can set off clotting cascades that affect multiple organs. Some of that trouble likely results from inflammation triggered by the immune system, she points out, although another culprit may be the bodys RAAS, or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone system that controls blood pressure and fluid balance. Because RAAS involves ACE2 receptors, Parikh suspects it may become disrupted when the virus infects cells through these receptors, thus triggering coagulation and other downstream effects. Her lab is now studying this system in COVID-19 patients to better understand how SARS-CoV-2 infection affects it.

Inevitably, some ailments may turn out to be red herrings. During a pandemic, when people are flocking to hospitals with infections, clinicians will also see a rise in other health problems, simply by the rules of statistics, points outS. Andrew Josephson, M.D., the Francheschi-Mitchell Professor, chair of UCSFs neurology department, and a member of the Weill Institute for Neurosciences. If the prevalence of infection is high, then almost any condition a broken leg, if you will you might conclude is associated with COVID-19.

As clinicians, we want to get information to our medical community and to the public as quickly as possible, Josephson says, but we have to be cautious about not making too big a deal of a little blip.

As with any infection, how long a bout of COVID-19 lastsvaries from person to person. If youre ill enough to need critical care, you can expect the disease to take at least a few weeks to run its course. In some cases, symptoms persist for months. For a typical milder case, though, you should feel better within a couple weeks.

At that point, the question foremost on your mind will be: Am I immune? There are now more than a dozen antibody tests on the market, but most are unreliable,according to UCSF research. And even the best tests cant tell you whether you have enough of the right kinds of antibodies to protect you against reinfection. There is a lot of hope and belief that well have an antibody test that actually informs us of immunity, but were not quite there yet, saysChaz Langelier, M.D., Ph.D., a UCSF assistant professor of medicine who is working to improve diagnostic tools for COVID-19.

What we have in the meantime are a lot of unknowns: If you do become immune to SARS-CoV-2, when and how does that occur? Will you gain immunity from a mild or asymptomatic case, as well as a severe one? How long will that immunity last?

The answers will have huge implications for social distancing and masking and for getting the economy back up and running, saysMichael Peluso, M.D., a clinical fellow who came to UCSF three years ago to help fight HIV. Now hes co-leadinga new study called LIINC(Long-term Impact of Infection with Novel Coronavirus), which is enrolling people who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and will follow them for two years. Besides illuminating changes in immunity over time, LIINC is investigating chronic effects of infection on the immune system, lungs, heart, brain, blood, and other parts of the body.

I hope people will recover and immunity will be protective and long-lasting, and that will be that, Peluso says.

Its what we all hope. We hope we will beat an infection swiftly or, better yet, avoid the virus until there is a vaccine. We hope that if we do fall gravely ill, we will be cared for by the best providers and tended to by people we love. The reality, as we already know, is more complicated. And even if COVID-19 doesnt batter our bodies, the pandemic will surely leave scars on our psyches, our livelihoods, our institutions, and our health that we are only beginning to fathom. In truth, we dont know how our cards will fall, as individuals or as a people. Only time and data will tell.

Read more:
We thought it was just a respiratory virus. We were wrong. - University of California

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The Canadian navy has found a very creative way to keep its second-hand submarines afloat until the late 2030s and early 2040s a plan that emphasizesmaintenance over age in predicting how long the vessels can remain seaworthy.

The plan according to a newly-releasedbriefing note prepared in the run-up to the release of the Liberal government's marquee defence policy would not see HMCS Victoria decommissioned until the end of 2042, giving the warship over 45 years service in Canada.

That estimate does not include the time the boat served with Britain's Royal Navy, which would add at least a decade to its working life.

The retirements of the other submarines HMCS Chicoutimi, HMCS Windsor and HMCS Corner Brook would be staggered throughout the 2030s, with Windsor being the first to go in 2033.

"The [Victoria Class Submarines] are a well-designed and solidly constructed class of modern conventional submarines that have had an unusual life since entering service with the [Royal Navy] in the early 1990s," said the August 2016 briefinganalysis, recently obtained by Conservative Party researchers. "'While chronologically 20 years older, they have not been operated extensively during that time."

The boats were first constructed for the Royal Navy in the 1980s, but Britain decided to sell them when the government of the day made the policy decision to operate only nuclear-powered submarines.

One aspect of the Liberal defence policy, released in June 2017, that has puzzled military experts and oppositioncritics alike was its assumption that the submarines which have had a tortured technical history that includesone fatal fire will remain in serviceuntil at least the 2040s.

The briefing notespells out in detail and for the first time publicly how the navy intends to squeeze more life out ofboats it wassupposed to start retiring in four years.

It was originally envisioned, the briefing said,that the Victoria-Class submarines would retire one at a time, beginning in 2024.

The report argues it is possible to operate the submarines beyond their expected working lives if the militaryassesses the"material state" of each boat rather than following"a simplistic calendar driven" evaluation of their operational condition.

In others words, the report argues that what matters most is not how oldthe submarines are, butrather how hard have they been driven and how well have they been maintained.

The submarines operate on what's called a "6-2 schedule" six years of service at sea followed by two years of deep maintenance before returning to duty.

The briefing note proposesthat the boats do nine years of service and then go into a longer refurbishment of up to three years.The submarines would need a full life-extension overhaulin addition to the extendedmaintenance plan.

As evidence to support the plan, the briefing note to senior defence officials pointed to a 2013 study of the Victoria-Class submarines which said that "although there are numerous technical and supportability challenges, there was no single obstacle precluding a life extension of up to 12 years."

The briefing offers one note of caution, however:"It is reasonable to assume that operational availability will decrease as the submarine ages."

The briefing note predicted higher maintenance and sustainment costs as the boats get older. To save money, it said,the navy might have to lower expectations of what the boats can do.

The existing plan "assumed that there would be no relaxation of operational performance requirements, although in fact some discretion by the Operational Requirements Authority in this regard may be feasible as a cost saving measure," said the note.

Conservative defence critic James Bezansaid he was astounded by the plan to stretch out the operational life of the subs. He said he doesn't blame thenaval planners who drew up the document but he does hold the Liberal government accountable, arguing itmust have ordered the Department of National Defence to give it some justification for putting off the purchase of new submarines.

"It is ridiculous," Bezan said. "There was potential for some political direction on how this was written."

In an interview with CBC News at the end of last year, the commander of the navy, Vice-Admiral Art McDonald, defended the plan to extend the life of the boats, saying he had full confidence in the "pretty resourceful and capable"submarine engineering community.

The defence policy, he said, "directed us to operate and modernize" the submarine fleet and he's confident it can be done safely.

"We know there is still excellent life in the Victoria-class submarine," McDonald told CBC News. "I've seen that personally as an outsider who has come into the program and taken a look at it."

The focus of the subs' modernization project which was in the early stages of being developed when the pandemic hit back in latewinter will be on survivability and making the submarines more livable forcrewmembers.

"We're going to be able to operate those boats into the 2030s, but to do that we have to continue with the routine investments we've made and modernize, as was directed" by the defence policy,McDonald said.

A series of assessments was conducted between 2008 and 2014. The defence department's naval board, which is charged with planning the future shape of the fleet, met in November 2014 to study the life expectancy of the second-hand boats.

"While it is considered unrealistic to predict the material state of 40-year-old platforms, 20 years into the future, certain items such as the pressure hull and main motor will require additional monitoring and maintenance above the current regime, since unpredicted degradation in such areas may not be cost effective to repair and mitigate," said the 2016 briefing note.

And that's the problem with the life-extension plan, saidBezan: somekey partsof a submarine such as the pressure hull and the engines can't be upgraded.He also pointed to how the submarine fleet had "zero days at sea" in 2019 because all of the vessels were tied up for maintenance.

The analysis, Bezan said, shows thatthe Liberal government should immediately begin looking for a replacement for the submarines something the previous Conservative government was in the process of doing when it was defeated in 2015.

The options that werediscussed before the election, he said, included partnering with the Australians who were in the process of acquiring their own submarine replacements or buying an off-the-shelf design for inclusion in the federal shipbuilding strategy.None of those ideas got very far before the election, he added.

Read more:
It's the mileage, not the years: Military says it plans to keep subs afloat past retirement dates - CBC.ca

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The Czech government on 28 July signed agreements with power utility CEZ for the planned expansion of the Dukovany NPP. Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Industry and Trade Karel Havlcek and CEZ CEO Daniel Bene signed a contract in addition to the umbrella agreement, which defines the zoning permit for the location of the building and the selection of the contractor by 2024. The agreements cover the general structure of the project and its inception phase, including the holding of a tender, which will result in CEZ receiving a preferred list of suppliers of reactor technology by 2022. The contract with the supplier is expected to be signed in 2024. Construction of the new unit may begin in 2029, for commissioning in 2036.

The Czech government, which owns 70% of the CEZ shares earlier in July approved plans to provide an interest-free loan for the new unit.

The government also approved a model for buying electricity from the new unit at a specific price, with consumers paying the difference if this price is higher than the wholesale market prices. These plans will still need to be approved by the European Commission to verify that they comply with EU state aid rules.

The Czech state has long been negotiating with CEZ to expand its nuclear fleet, but costs and funding were the main obstacles. Benes had said earlier that the company would prepare a tender by June 2020, with five bidders expected in 2021. He added that market valuations for the new unit range from $5.9 billion to $6.9 billion, but the final price will be announced at auction.

Among other things, the implementation contract states that the contract with the supplier should be negotiated and ready for signing by 31 December 2022 and no later than 30 June 2024. CEZ's subsidiary CEZ Dukovany II (EDU II), which is responsible for the project, however, is expected to try to negotiate and prepare the contract for signature earlier. The budget for the preparation of the construction of the unit and the operation of EDU II for the first phase of the project until the middle of 2024 amounts to CZK3.4 billion ($153m) according to the contract.

A spokesman for CEZ confirmed that the company had consulted with potential tenderers, and they all confirmed their interest. These include China's CGN, France's EDF, South Korea's KEPCO, Russia's Rosatom and US-based Westinghouse.

Bene said that it is not in CEZ's interest to exclude some applicants from the competition for the Dukovan construction before the tender. The possible participation of Chinese and Russian companies had been criticised by opposition politicians. "It is in CEZ's interest to have as many candidates as possible in the competition, who will compete against each other, and thus force each other to improve their offers, because we need to get the best possible offer. For this reason, it is not in CEZ's interest to exclude anyone, " he said.

"On the other hand, the agreement between the state and CEZ, which we signed, describes the basic security interests of the state and ways to enforce them, and it says that the state can say during or at the end of the competition that it prefers one of the bidders for security reasons," said Bene. He added that Havlcek and Prime Minister Andrej Babi have similar views on the matter and favour keeping as many candidates in the competition as possible for as long as possible.

The Czech Republic operates six commercial nuclear power units four Soviet-built VVER-440s at the the Dukovany NPP and two Russian VVER-1000 units at the Temelin NPP, which together provided about 35% of total electricity production. The current units at Dukovany, which were commissioned in 1985-1987, will be decommissioned no later than 2045-2047, which means that the original units and the new unit will work together for up to 10 years. The government plans long-term operation of the Dukovany units for up to 60 years. CEZ recently announced an investment of about 2 billion in a life extension project, which means annual investments in the modernisation and reconstruction of the units will increase from 56 million to 93 million by 2028.In 2014, CEZ cancelled a tender for the construction of two new units of the Temelin NPP after the company did not receive government guarantees for the project.

Follow this link:
EZ and Czech government agree on Dukovany expansion - Nuclear Engineering

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

WASHINGTON Congress is establishing increased oversight of the Missile Defense Agencys plans for its homeland missile defense system designed to protect against possible intercontinental ballistic missile threats from North Korea and Iran through provisions in the House and Senate passed versions of the fiscal 2021 National Defense Authorization Act.

Displeased with the abrupt cancellation of the agencys major upgrade to interceptors in the ground at Fort Greely, Alaska, and Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, lawmakers are demanding the agency show its work on its plan to build an entirely new interceptor for the Ground-based Midcourse Defense System (GMD). It also wants more details on the agency plan to develop an underlay of additional regional missile defense systems to bolster GMD.

MDA announced in May 2019 that it would pause its plans to develop and field a Redesigned Kill Vehicle (RKV) essentially the warhead of the GMD systems interceptors due to technical issues. Then the Pentagons under-secretary of defense for research and engineering subsequently scrapped the program in August 2019 in favor of designing a brand new interceptor.

Ending the program was the responsible thing to do, Mike Griffin said at the time. He resigned from his post at the Pentagon earlier this month.

Griffins decision to abruptly cancel the RKV program without congressional notification ahead of time created a serious rift with lawmakers. And the House Armed Services Committee even recommended moving the MDA outside of Griffins control.

The agency also unveiled plans in its FY21 budget request in February to create a more layered homeland defense system that would include regional missile defense capability already resident with the Navy and Army to bolster homeland defense against ICBMs.

The plan would include establishing layers of defensive capability relying on the Aegis Weapon System, particularly the SM-3 Block IIA missiles used in the system, and a possible Aegis Ashore system in Hawaii. The underlay also would include the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system. The Army is already operating a THAAD battery in South Korea and Guam.

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Lawmakers were less than thrilled with the sudden cancellation of the RKV program and were dissatisfied with Griffins projections that a new interceptor wouldnt be ready until the 2030s. The MDA director has since said its possible to field the next generation interceptor by 2028.

The Senate Armed Services Committees version of the bill includes a provision requiring the agency to develop an interim Ground-based Interceptor (GBI) for the GMD system.

The interim interceptor would meet current proposed capabilities of the RKV and use existing technologies for the kill vehicle and the booster. It also requires 20 of the interim interceptors be delivered by 2026 after rigorous flight testing, according to the legislation.

The SASC language includes waivers to get out of development effort. These include if the technology isnt feasible, if the capability is not in the national security interest of the United States and if the NGI can be fielded faster. To seek a waiver, the defense secretary must issue a report to the relevant congressional committees explaining why the waiver is needed along with an updated schedule.

In the House version of the defense policy bill, lawmakers arent asking for an interim interceptor, but they are requiring that MDA notify congressional defense committees within a week if any changes are made to the requirements for the NGI.

The agency would also be required to brief congress within two weeks of awarding a contract for the interceptor.

House lawmakers also want a report within three months of the passage of the bill that seeks an explanation of how existing contracts for GMD could be used to improve and sustain the current kill vehicle and boosters, a plan for a service life extension program, how much it would cost and a schedule to produce boosters for 20 additional interceptors by 2026 as well as an analysis of policy implications.

The bill also requires the Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation (CAPE) office to conduct an independent cost assessment of the NGI program and have it validated by the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, which has been mulled as a future home for the MDA.

Two successful flight tests of NGI are also mandated as part of the House version of the bill and a briefing of the test results to congressional defense committees, including a rundown of how operationally realistic the tests were, should be delivered before any initial production decision for the interceptor.

The agencys FY21 budget did not lay out a clear plan for what an underlay for ballistic missile defense for the homeland might look like, so the SASC is also limiting half of the appropriated funding for the underlay until a report is submitted on a strategy to build such an architecture. The report should include analysis of requirements and capabilities and an assessment of basing and sites for the assets within the underlay.

On the House side, lawmakers want an analysis of alternatives on using THAAD and Aegis for homeland ballistic missile defense. That analysis should cover sensors that would be used, an assessment of locations to provide similar coverage to the GMD system, acquisition objectives for interceptors and what command-and-control aspects need to be improved.

The report should also include manning, training and sustainment, a schedule for establishing the underlay, lifecycle cost estimates and a comparison of capabilities with additional GMD sites.

The provision includes a requirement for another report by the Defense Intelligence Agency on reactions from adversaries and potential responses to those reactions.

Together, these half dozen legislative provisions mark a bipartisan and bicameral vote of no confidence in one persons ability to assemble and communicate a short, medium, and long-term plan for the future of homeland missile defense, Tom Karako, a missile defense analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, told Defense News. But circumstances have recently changed, and the dust is settling.

More here:
Congressional oversight of homeland missile defense plans increase in FY21 defense policy bills - DefenseNews.com

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

You might be able to do your seven-step skincare routine in your sleep, but have you given any TLC to the rest of the skin on your body lately? Your face may be glowing and nearly pore-less, but the dry, cracked skin on your elbows might be screaming out for help. Treat your parched and scaly skin to one of the best sugar body scrubs. You might hesitate when you hear the word scrub, especially if you have sensitive skin, but dont worry. Unlike other exfoliating scrubs, this one wont totally dry out your skin and leave it worse off than before. The sugar, which is much gentler than salt, is combined with oil to slough off dead dull skin cells and moisturize your healthy skin underneath at the same time.

Its basically a 2-in-1 skincare product that you bring into the shower with you. You accomplish two tasks at once. You just gently massage it into your skin when you shower and rinse it off. Its that easy. These body scrubs are must-haves. Theyll make your after-shower moisturizing that much more effective. We rounded up the top sugar body scrubs for you. You can even use a few of them on your face and lipstalk about a versatile product.

Our mission at STYLECASTER is to bring style to the people, and we only feature products we think youll love as much as we do. Please note that if you purchase something by clicking on a link within this story, we may receive a small commission of the sale and the retailer may receive certain auditable data for accounting purposes.

Made out of shea butter and a mix of seed and fruit oils, this is definitely a popular sugar scrub. You rub it on your skin as you shower and it both softens and moisturizes your skin, while hitting you with a beautiful aroma. Its a great exfoliator and removes dead skin. There are four different varieties of sugar scrub, including Tropical Mango, Pear & Chia, Mocha & Coffee Bean and Amazon Pequi.

Courtesy of Tree Hut.

The exfoliating scrub will remove any dead skin and moisturize the healthy, elastic skin underneath. Designed for sensitive skin, the scrub gives you a gentle treatment that wont leave your skin feeling dried out. This scrub isnt just for your body either. You can also use it on your face and feet. It can even be a lip scrub in a pinch. Youll feel like you just stepped out of a spa treatment.

Courtesy of Brooklyn Botany.

This brown sugar scrub has a few extra secret weapons baked incollagen and stem cells. This antioxidant rich scrub gives you healthier, more elastic skin while also getting rid of toxins. Your skin will look younger and more supple after a good scrub, because its moisturizing. In addition to getting rid of blackheads, the face and body scrub can also reduce the size of your pores.

Courtesy of M3 Naturals.

Go here to read the rest:
The Best Sugar Body Scrubs That You Can Buy on Amazon - STYLECASTER

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The Regenerative Medicine Market report 2020 covers all the significant developments which are recently being adopted across the global market. The prime objective of the Regenerative Medicine market report is to provides an in-depth analysis of all market dynamics including drivers and restraints, and trends, and opportunities. The Regenerative Medicine market report covers both the demand and supply aspects of the market. The report also highlighted the future trends in the Regenerative Medicine market that will impact the demand during the forecast period.

Scope of the Report:

As per the , regenerative medicines are used to repair, replace, and regenerate the tissues and organs affected by injury, disease, or the natural aging process. These medicines restore the functionality of cells and tissues and are used in several degenerative disorders, such as dermatology, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular, and orthopedic applications.

Get a Sample Copy of the Report https://www.industryresearch.co/enquiry/request-sample/14244620

Market Overview:

Some of the Top Key Players of Regenerative Medicine Market Report Are:

Report Highlights:

For More Information or Query or Customization Before Buying, Visit at https://www.industryresearch.co/enquiry/pre-order-enquiry/14244620

Key Market Trends:

Dermatology is the Segment by Application that is Expected to be the Largest During the Forecast Period

Dermatology is estimated to have the largest share in revenue generation, and this high contribution is attributive to the presence of easy grafting techniques for dermatological wounds and diseases. Skin, being an organ with great cell replication characteristics, provides various types of stem cells from its different layers. Therefore, there are a broad range of products present, from patches to cure small injuries to matrix and grafts for chronic wounds and burns. Thus, the segment is expected to continue to dominate the market through to the forecast period.

The increasing number of accidents and bone defects is also expected to drive the regenerative medicine market. There are also several research studies that are being conducted on tissue engineering for the development of bone graft substitutes, with the help of regenerative medicine. So, with the new advances in bone graft, the market is expected to grow over the forecast period.

North America Holds the Largest Share and is Expected to Follow the Same Trend Over the Forecast Period

North America is estimated to have the largest share, in terms of revenue, owing to the presence of major players and rapid advances in technology, along with high investments in stem cell and oncology research. There is also an increasing prevalence of diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, which can now be cured by various stem cell therapies. Additionally, the awareness regarding the available stem cell procedures and therapies among people is rising, which in turn, is increasing the demand for the overall market.

The Report Covers:

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Detailed TOC of Regenerative Medicine Market Report 2020-2024:

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Study Deliverables1.2 Study Assumptions1.3 Scope of the Study

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 MARKET DYNAMICS4.1 Market Overview4.2 Market Drivers4.2.1 Increasing Adoption of Stem Cell Technology4.2.2 Technological Advancements in Regenerative Medicine4.3 Market Restraints4.3.1 Regulatory and Ethical Issues4.3.2 High Cost of Treatments4.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis4.4.1 Threat of New Entrants4.4.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers/Consumers4.4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers4.4.4 Threat of Substitute Products4.4.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry

5 MARKET SEGMENTATION5.1 By Type of Technology5.1.1 Stem Cell Therapy5.1.2 Biomaterial5.1.3 Tissue Engineering5.1.4 Other Types of Technologies5.2 By Application5.2.1 Bone Graft Substitutes5.2.2 Osteoarticular Diseases5.2.3 Dermatology5.2.4 Cardiovascular5.2.5 Central Nervous System5.2.6 Other Applications5.3 Geography5.3.1 North America5.3.1.1 United States5.3.1.2 Canada5.3.1.3 Mexico5.3.2 Europe5.3.2.1 Germany5.3.2.2 United Kingdom5.3.2.3 France5.3.2.4 Italy5.3.2.5 Spain5.3.2.6 Rest of Europe5.3.3 Asia-Pacific5.3.3.1 China5.3.3.2 Japan5.3.3.3 India5.3.3.4 Australia5.3.3.5 South Korea5.3.3.6 Rest of Asia-Pacific5.3.4 Middle East & Africa5.3.4.1 GCC5.3.4.2 South Africa5.3.4.3 Rest of Middle East & Africa5.3.5 South America5.3.5.1 Brazil5.3.5.2 Argentina5.3.5.3 Rest of South America

6 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE6.1 Company Profiles6.1.1 Allergan6.1.2 Osiris Therapeutics6.1.3 Integra Lifesciences6.1.4 Cook Biotech Incorporated6.1.5 Organogenesis Inc.6.1.6 Baxter6.1.7 Medtronic6.1.8 Thermo Fisher Scientific6.1.9 Sigma-Aldrich Co.6.1.10 Becton Dickinson and Company

7 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND FUTURE TRENDS

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Regenerative Medicine Market 2020 | Research Objectives and Methodology, Growth Analysis, Top Manufacturers Sales, and Cost Structures Forecast 2024 -...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Consumers behind face masks pay more attention to skin problems around eyes such as eye bags, crows feet, and dark circles.

(YourDigitalWall Editorial):- New York City, Jul 30, 2020 (Issuewire.com)The new favorite in town,BEAUTYFLUFF Revive Eye+Lip, is a powerhouse product used for a healthier and instantlifting effect around the eyes and lips. BEAUTYFLUFF Revive Eye+Lip really gets the jobdone by targeting tiredness and dehydration. If you want to be Zoom ready, applyingthe cream before meetings will work wonders. The use of the active ingredient IntensylPx, a new sugar reticulation technology that forms a viscoelastic film, providesimmediate lifting and smoothing effects.

With a lot of care in mind, BEAUTYFLUFF has infused this product withL.O.V.E. (Lifting Optimal and Vitality Express) formula of peptides, stem cells, plantextracts, antioxidants, and more star ingredients like Instensyl Px, Eyeliss,Cobio-phytonic and Squalane, to help increase blood circulation and reduce puffiness,to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and to give the skin a plumper lookwhile providing the moisturizing and soothing properties as the basic necessities for thelong term benefits. It can also be used as an eye and lip mask at night.

10% OFF for first time purchase. Code: NEWBFF

Shop at https://www.beautyfluff.com/

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BEAUTYFLUFF, a rising skin care line, has launched a new eye and lip product in the midst of a pandemic. - Your Digital Wall

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith