Charles Hoskinson, the famous founder of Cardano, explains how people can find out who Satoshi Nakamoto is, and speaks on the future of our world, new religions and the possibility of immortality. Lets dive into the third part of our exclusive interview!

U.Today: John McAfee recently told me that he knows who Satoshi Nakamoto is, do you think that's possible? Do you have your own guesses who it could be?

Charles Hoskinson: Well, I'll tell you how to find out if you're really interested. So, what you can do is use stylometry. This is a term for the analysis of handwriting or analysis of writing. Code Stylometry is the analysis of actual source code. So, the original Bitcoin code was 100% written by Satoshi.

What you can do is you can apply stylometric techniques to that code and apply it to all the open-source projects that have ever been written and there's a very high probability you're going to find a match between that code and other code and then transitively you can follow it. You probably can get a really good idea of who that person could be.

If you have to speculate on age range and speculate on skill sets, you're looking at somebody in their forties to fifties at the time of the publication Bitcoin. So, theyre now in their fifties or sixties, were educated in the 1980s or early nineties, and brought up in a very particular school of computer science. Bitcoin script, alone, gives you a lot of indication of where that person was trained because it was based on a language called Forth, which is a very uncommon language, but it was used mostly in computer science pedagogy, especially in England and in the Eastern United States during that time period.

So, that's somebody who probably has an academic background. Somebody who has a lot of knowledge of cryptography, especially because of the choice of the elliptic curve and the fact that he was able to create things like Base 58 and things like that. It's clearly a person who had computer science training. The overly academic C++ code was a good indication of somebody trained to know how to code but not be a professional engineer. Cause there was a lot of cleaning and optimization and technical debt reduction that would have happened. And then Code Stylometry willprobably give you a pretty good idea of the candidates for that.

I've never done that exercise but I know people who have and they have a pretty good idea of who Satoshi is, given facts and circumstances. But it's never been an interest to me because, frankly, that person left the ecosystem and doesn't want to be doxed and Bitcoin has operated just fine since 2012. It's been eight years now and we haven't had any issues. So why do we need to bring the founder back?

I think the power here is that certain people want to say theyre Satoshi or say they know Satoshi because it gives them a special prestige. It's almost like you're the Pope and you speak for God, right? You can then use that pulpit to influence people to use your product, like Bitcoin SV for example, or, at the very least, make yourself seem cooler or more interesting.

I mean, the reality is, as great as Satoshis contributions were to cryptocurrencies, just what we've done at IOHK is significantly more meaningful. We formalized everything from what a ledger is to showing that proof of work can be resistant to quantum computers. We solved the proof of stake problem. We designed significantly better programming languages. We extended the UTXO model, approved by simulation with a special type of state machine. I mean this is foundational work done by dozens of academics and the totality of it is unbelievably better than anything Satoshi can construct. At the peak, our system could probably perform at a million transactions per second. Satoshis can do it at seven. I mean, these are just facts.

So, as much as we venerate the founder and recognize the brilliance there, its important to understand that the space, as a whole, has moved on, from a scientific and technological viewpoint. It's important also to understand that that was just one person or a collection of people. And now there are millions of people in this industry. And the whole point of the vision was to say that no one was more special than anyone else.

We're all equal and we all have the same voice. Get rid of the leaders, get rid of the centralization. So it'd be very counterproductive for a Satoshi to return to this space at this stage because it would just centralize a big chunk of the movement around an individual.

The point is to get rid of those individuals and empower everybody at the edges. So, I have the most respect, not for the science, but the most respect for the fact that he knew when to leave and retire and get out of the way of his invention and allow that invention to grow to where it's grown to, and decentralize it naturally.

U.Today: Thats very interesting. I never thought about it from that angle, you know. I've got only one question left and Im really eager to hear your thoughts on it because its kind of your thing. What do you think the web will look like 50 years from now?

Charles Hoskinson: Actually, this exercise was done by Arthur C. Clarke. I believe, back in the 1950s, he was a science fiction writer and he got most of it right. He predicted the internet and a litany of other things. So, I guess you ask a science fiction writer if you want an accurate estimate.

The challenge 50 years from now is that we see the seeds of a lot of very earth-shattering, earth-changing technologies being laid today that will be fully realized at that time period. It's incredibly hard to know how we're going to use those seeds. So the graphene revolution is right now underway and in 50 years graphene will be everywhere in every product. That means indestructible homes and batteries that last five times longer. There was a whole class of metamaterials as well, which means that sensors are becoming orders of magnitude cheaper. Everything from new types of solid-state radar to new types of optics. So, functionally, you're now talking about smart materials.

Wireless power transmission is getting really good. It's something people are thinking about. So, all your surfaces will be potentially electrified. Battery-powered cars will become predominant within probably the next 20 years. So, in 50 years, there will be probably no internal combustion engines anymore. They'll be gone and you'll have cars that go 4,000 or 5,000 miles on a single charge. All those things will be there. Probably, battery-powered planes, also because of graphene, will be commonplace.

So, the backbone of our energy grid will probably be no fossil fuels and 100% alternative or nuclear fusion, probably combined with some fourth-generation nuclear plants which will have been built in the 2030s and 2040s. The smart materials will be so smart that everything will be VR and AR.

Your glasses and surfaces will be able to just present information that's contextual. We're also seeing an enormous amount of growth in biotechnology and so there's a very strong possibility that implantable consumer-grade medical devices will become commonplace. For example, that company Neuralink, that Elon Musk funded. He created the first brain-computer interface. It's implantable. Within 10 years that's going to be consumer-grade. Within 50 years that'll be commonplace and highly competitive. which functionally means that human beings can just think and connect to computers and computers can go back to them.

So, all those interfaces will be completely built. When you walk into a room, the room knows who we are and we can just think to control the room and all the surfaces will be smart surfaces and so you can see anything, hear anything, do anything. It also means that we'll change the way we communicate with each other. If we have brain-computer interfaces, we can think to each other.

Telepathy can be something that could exist within a 50-year timeframe. So you just think to talk to somebody. Not just in the same room but, because of the internet, everywhere.

There's going to be huge innovations in physics. We have things like time crystals. Now we have things like quantum teleportation. These are theoretical constructs. We're going to continue seeing enormous advancements in them, especially in quantum cryptography. So, we'll have completely new ways of handling communication.

What's really cool is communication without a medium. Right now, when you want to send a signal, it goes from point A to point B over a medium like air or wire. Well, you could technically just entangle things far away so you can't intercept messages anymore. It's pretty crazy stuff. Ahuge amount of advancements in quantum physics, but then also quantum computing as well, especially given that quantum computers can emulate a lot of these quantum physics so we can get a dramatically better understanding of how the universe works.

Consumer-grade quantum computers are probably coming in 20-30 years. So all that stuff is going to be there. And then the thing about quantum computers is that that computing model allows us to think about problems that humanity has never been able to solve because they can't be solved within the lifespan of a human or the lifespan of the universe.

So all these, like NP complete style problems could somehow be reduced to polynomial time, meaning that you can now analyze gargantuan sets of data or find patterns we never thought were possible. So that means all kinds of new questions can be asked and all kinds of knowledge can be gained as a result of the quantum revolution. A corollary to that is that there's probably going to be the emergence of a semi-strong or strong AI within that timeframe because the economic incentives are so great to construct these things. So, a lot of people call this a singularity.

Whatever connotations you want to put on it, it's likely going to occur within that timeframe in my view. And what that functionally means is that we, again, have a new realm of thinking that we didn't have before. And there's a very strong possibility that we will use these modes of thinking to tackle ethical problems, governance problems and resource allocation problems by collective consensus.

What that functionally means is that we'll probably see new forms of government be created where we start dividing the things you can trust humans to do and the things historically humans are very bad at dealing with. For example, this quarantine response to this global pandemic. Imagine 50 years in the future, if you had a strong AI that had control over quarantine protocols. If we had this back in December it would have done all the models and realized that, naturally, we couldn't stop this, and ordered a global quarantine for all countries for a month. Then just by doing that, the coronavirus pandemic would have been over. We would have no more growth. Like in China where they did the most draconian of a shutdown, there are no domestic cases. All the new cases are imported.

So had every country just shut down for a month and enforced a strict quarantine protocol and had proper governance for that, the entire virus would be gone. We wouldn't have to watch 20 million people die, economic calamity and so forth.

It could have actually done things to mitigate the economic calamity like institute for that time period of universal basic income and make sure that certain supply chains were in place and so forth. You can't do that with human skill coordination, but you could do that with strong AI coordination. So, these tools will be in our tool bag and there'll be things that are definitely there.

We'll also see tremendous strides in life extension. There's a huge market for that. Theres a massive amount of funding going into that. And we're getting a deeper understanding of why things age. Nature tells you everything. There are, actually, creatures that live forever. For example, there's a breed of jellyfish that every time it gets old, it'll just form, assist, regenerate itself and become young again. So they technically are biologically immortal. They kind of just float around like trash bags, but theyre immortal jellyfish. And so you think about that and you say, Okay, well what does that mean? It means that if we can kind of master those techniques, we can port them to humans.

So, there's probably going to be a considerable amount of improvement in regenerative biology and an improvement in human lifespan extension and new therapies and medicines to keep us healthy into our deep old age. So then, what does that mean? It means you have a human race that doesn't recycle every 80 years. They may last a lot longer. So there's probably going to be a higher priority put on sustainability and a higher priority, socially speaking, put on wisdom and so forth.

We see a huge surge of secularism occurring. The religiosity of people is diminishing and that's probably going to be a trend that continues. So, there's going to be far fewer Christians and Muslims and religious Jews and so forth in the 2060s, or the 2070s, as there are today.

What will likely happen is new religions will be formed. You kind of already see the seeds of that. For example, the singularity movement. Yuval Harari feels that it is a religion. I think he's right. They have a savior. The strong AI is coming. It will make peace on earth and solve all of our problems and people believe in it, not even with scientific basis. They just have blind faith that progress will get us there.

There was another religion called Dataism, saying all data should be free and open. So, there are these full new philosophies and concepts that exist and they will continue to percolate and change humanity's outlook and perspective and will allow us to deal with the problems of the time.

In the past, three things that really dragged humanity down were war, famine and disease. So, most religions were constructed to allow us to address those problems. Now, moving into the 21st century, we're going to live in a time of unlimited plenty. We will grow more food than we need at some point. We'll cure the diseases that tend to kill us. And war is really becoming a thing of the past. We still have them, but they're not like World War Two, where the whole globe falls into conflict, they're more like a superpower goes and beats up on a small group of rebels or something like that. Or a small nation-state gets taken over by a larger nation-state. So, we might still have large conflicts, but they're more unlikely because of the weapons that we have today.

What does that mean? It means that the religions we constructed to deal with those problems are no longer relevant or necessary. So, in the 2060s and 2070s, there'll be religions that deal with the consequences of a lack of meaning in life, consequences of overabundance and the consequences of living a lot longer. Also, they will deal with the consequences of social relationships being a bit weird, considering we have internet and telepathy and all these other cool things going on.

So, the way you interact and think about people will be fundamentally different. Those are going to be new social challenges that priors constructs were incapable of dealing with. So it's going to be a pretty interesting time. And that's just a small sample of the things that I think are going to come in the next 50 years.

U.Today: This was incredibly interesting and, now I know much more about what's happening in that realm. Thanks so much. Thank you for your time.

Charles Hoskinson: Thank you for having me. I really appreciate it.

If you like this interview, you can find parts one and two here and here.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created a unique challenge for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia, creating many questions that experts tried to answer in a recent webinar from The Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation.

The Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF) recently hosted a webinar to address the questions of this patient population by connecting them with Dr. Gail J. Roboz, professor of medicine and director of the clinical and translational leukemia program at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University in the New York Presbyterian Hospital in New York City.

Over the course of the webinar, Dr. Roboz, also a member of the AAMDSIF Medical Advisory Board, answered questions from the audience about the various ways that COVID-19 is impacting patients, from treatment delays to transplant and beyond.

Audience: If a patient with MDS were to be diagnosed with COVID-19, what are the most important things that they should let their medical team know, as they may not be familiar with MDS?Roboz: I think that it's important that if you're being seen in a facility where they don't know you very well or they don't know much about MDS, you can tell them that MDS is a is a bone marrow failure problem. You can tell them about your own blood counts, do I usually run low neutrophils or low hemoglobin or low platelets or all three, so you can tell them about what your specific experience is. But with respect to therapy, it is not completely clear that the underlying diagnosis, in this case MDS, is going to change what they do.

I think one of the questions is going to be about potential interactions with any medications that you're taking for MDS. And that's, of course, something that would be discussed if you're hospitalized.

If you are not getting hospitalized and you are patient with MDS, I certainly think it's reasonable to have, if at all possible, a daily or every other day telemedicine visit, either by video or by phone or by email, or however you're communicating with your doctor as a check in to just see how you're doing, see how your symptoms are evolving.

Should I continue with routine blood tests under the conditions or should I hunker down and not leave the house? If the previous blood test that the patient has had is looking absolutely perfect, and if there is a track record over a period of time that we know that this patient is tolerating the drug well and hasn't had any issues, I would be willing to consider skipping a routine blood test.

That said, I think it's really important to discuss this individually with the physician. First of all, depending on where you are, I'm hearing that in some parts of the country, you can actually drive to the doctor's office and they have a check in system that's allowing you to check in from your car, so that you could actually get into the office, get a lab check and get out without seeing really anybody.

Is there a change in patient protocol for when patient should be concerned about a fever?That is a really important question, especially for neutropenic patients. I think that if you are neutropenic and running a fever, neutropenic fevers do have to be evaluated, especially in hematologic malignancy patients.

If you don't feel too bad, and you're not having shaking chills and you think you can get your doctor's office on the phone quickly, it's not unreasonable to try that. That said, most of the time, it's really tough to get seen urgently in an office at this point. Again, it depends on where you are.

If you're going into the ER, you have to be very specific with them and say, hey, listen, I have leukemia, or I have MDS. This is my doctor. I'm neutropenic. I'm coming in with neutropenic fever, and they will evaluate you simultaneously for all of the routine things for neutropenic fever, as well as for coronavirus.

What are the recommendations regarding patients moving forward with transplant?I think that the issue is that the intensive care units in many areas, and the infectious disease doctors and many of the pulmonary specialists and other supportive specialties that are so critical to get patients safely through transplant, are very occupied at the moment.

But we want to make sure that when you come in for a procedure with curative intent, that all of the backup that we need to get you through the procedure safely is 100% available. So, it is definitely the case that patients are being delayed in their transplant. However, there are situations in which people might proceed. And I think again, this has to be a very individual discussion with the physician.

In the New York area, we are anticipating a surge in mid-April. So we definitely have been making decisions for our transplant patients that we don't want to bring you in here literally at the moment when they're predicting that things are going to get much worse, because maybe things will be better at the end of the month or at the beginning of the next month. And then we can hopefully start breathing a sigh of relief and bring you in much more safely.

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COVID-19 Tips for Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Acute Myeloid Leukemia - Curetoday.com

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Since the coronavirus outbreak hit Italy, Francesca Masi has felt her life has been hanging by a thread. She was diagnosed with myelofibrosis, a rare bone marrow cancer, in 2016 and was due to have a transplant this month, but now fears it will be postponed as the country deals with the pandemic.

Access for thousands of cancer patients in need of chemotherapy, scans, transplants and surgery has become difficult, if not impossible, in Italys Covid-19 emergency.

Across the country, dozens of specialist cancer wards and hospitals have been transformed to treat coronavirus, while others have closed after medical staff and patients were infected. There are now fewer beds in intensive care units for cancer patients.

At the beginning of my diagnosis I underwent other treatments with success, but since my conditions worsened, transplant became my only option. So to be stuck in this situation make me living in a constant state of anxiety, says Masi, who lives and works in Pontedera, in the province of Pisa. She is 46 and the mother of a 10-year-old boy. I now run the risk of dying, which isnt fair, because my doctors had finally located two foreign donors whose marrow was 100% compatible with mine. International flight restrictions to halt the spread ofcoronavirus mean marrow from overseas donors risks not arriving in Italy.

Research led by Codice Viola, a charity that supports pancreatic cancer patients, and seen exclusively by the Guardian, found that of 500 mostly breast or pancreatic patients appointments for chemotherapy or radiotherapy were postponed for 24% (11% with no arranged date), while 64% of surgical procedures were postponed indefinitely. More than half have had follow-up appointments rescheduled.

Dozens of patients and doctors who spoke to the Guardian fear that the restrictive measures to contain the virus are limiting access to proper medical care for cancer patients, who also represent 17% of Italian coronavirus fatalities, according to a recent study.

Francesca Pesce, 54, a professional translator and member of Codice Viola, has been living with metastatic pancreatic cancer for almost three years. This week she will leave Rome for a follow-up in Milan, one of the cities worst affected by the virus.

At least I have this option, which others dont, she said. On the one hand, cancer patients are afraid of contracting the virus in hospitals, so they forgo their treatments; on the other, hospitals have been forced to cancel their appointments as many oncologists and anaesthetists have been moved to other wards to assist in the Covid-19 emergency.

Paolo Ascierto, an oncologist at Naples Pascale hospital now treating coronavirus patients, said converting cancer wards to Covid-19 units could be risky. I understand the state of emergency, but we mustnt forget that cancer patients require dedicated and specialised treatments. There are special conditions, like patients in follow-up, that can be managed safely using online consultations to monitor the patients progress.

But there are other conditions, such as metastatic patients, that must be prioritised, because a lack of constant attention can mean the difference between life and death.

In Ortona, Abruzzo, protests erupted following the announcement by local authorities that the only hospital in the region specialised in womens cancer treatments was to be entirely converted to treat Covid-19 patients.

Where cancer wards are functioning, certain diagnostic procedures, such as endescopies, may be limited, and a decrease in blood donations is limiting surgical options. At the moment, only urgent surgical procedures are being performed, says Pesce. And even urgent procedures are now stymied, because of a shortage of blood due to the coronavirus emergency.

The closure of air routes to and from Italy has also made it virtually impossible for thousands of cancer patients to access treatment in other European hospitals.

Alessandra Capone, 47, a dancer, feminist and human rights activist, has been living with breast cancer for 10 years. In 2015 it spread to her liver and lymph nodes and last year she began a series of treatments at University Hospital in Frankfurt with just 5% of her liver cancer-free. She is now facing enormous difficulties travelling to Germany.

I contacted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation but the line is always busy and I couldnt speak to anybody. Then I contacted the Italian consulate in Frankfurt. They told me I need a number of certifications for travelling to another country, even for health reasons. Not to mention that in Germany very few hotels are accepting reservations, especially from Italians, during this emergency. Its very stressful.

For the first time, however, the Italian government last week authorised an air force flight to Turkey to secure haemopoietic stem cells from a donor for a two-year-old boy whose condition had worsened.

Travel is also limited within Italy, where patients from Sicily, Puglia and Calabria often undergo treatments and operations in richer Veneto and Lombardy, which are among the worst affected regions in the country for Covid-19.

Grazia De Michele, 39, a blogger and researcher in the history of medicine, lives in Foggia, in Puglia, and has been living with breast cancer since 2010. A few months ago, her mother was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. My mother was supposed to have a CT scan in March to see if the chemo shes on is working, but the scan was postponed, she says. I was supposed to undergo an oophorectomy, and my operation was postponed as well.

You have to imagine what its like for cancer patients, says Capone. Many live in a constant state of anxiety, with the fear of dying. The situation caused by the coronavirus emergency has put them under enormous psychological and physical distress. You see, you can protect yourself from coronavirus by staying at home, but its not the same with cancer. Cancer doesnt follow the diktat of quarantines or decrees. It keeps going, in war and in peace.

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Life 'hanging by a thread' for Italian cancer patients in coronavirus crisis - The Guardian

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THERES a 70 per cent chance youre going to get a mum without MS for the first time.

Those were the words Amanda Weyman-Jones told her daughter before they hopped on a plane, in a last ditch-attempt for Amanda to take her future back.

In January, Amanda and daughter Chloe travelled halfway across the globe to Moscow, Russia for a life changing and experimental treatment in hopes it would effectively stop her three decade battle with multiple sclerosis in its tracks.

The trip was made possible with the support from the Roma community who banded together to help Amanda raise $80,000 to pay for the treatment only available in the Russian capital.

And according to Amanda, she has already seen a massive improvement with her condition.

Im walking and I would say I have improved 70 per cent already, and its only expected to get better as time goes on, the 58-year-old mother of six said.

They say that the treatment gives you an 80 per cent (chance) of curing your MS and at the moment, I feel like Im in that 80 per cent Im feeling really good about my chances.

Amanda underwent an experimental procedure called Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT) treatment, which rebuilds the patients immune system.

Seven weeks on and Amanda says she feels like a new person, and has been walking around the football field everyday, which she states is a miracle as she couldnt even walk to the field before the treatment.

Ever since returning to Roma from Russia in February, all she has wanted to do is shout from the rooftops that others living with MS can also have their lives changed.

I heard about a man on a property in Blackall with MS and hes young so I want him to know he doesnt have to have this disease, you can get better, Mrs Weyman-Jones said.

This treatment gives you that infinity with people. Its life saving stuff.

Amandas brother Hayward and sister Diana were both diagnosed with MS too; Hayward died last year, and Diana is now in a wheelchair.

All too familiar with the devastating effects of MS, Amanda is determined to not become a burden on her loved ones.

Amanda who has Primary Progressive MS was given an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 4.5 which notes a limited walking mobility to approximately 300m without aide prior to treatment. With no action taken, she would probably have continued to progress until she was wheelchair bound. The EDSS is scored zero to 10, with 10 marking a person has died from MS.

Now, with more improvements expected to continue in the next six to 12 months, Amanda is hopeful her quality of life will improve and once her immunity has built up, to continue working at the family-owned-and-run Overlander Motel.

I will be forever grateful to Dr Frederinco, the brilliant medical team in Russia, Roma, its local businesses and the wider community for blessing me with a new life, Amanda said.

Through the generosity and support by all, I have realised how lucky I am to be surrounded by such a caring community.

Amanda said she knew that while there is a long road ahead of her, every passing day she is more feeling more hopeful.

I was told that recovery can be like a rollercoaster, so I will accept the bad days and make sure I remember the good, she said.

My walking is slowly getting safer and less hazardous to myself . and to all other pedestrians. Every morning I wake up, knowing that every days a better day.

I am a new person, it is just a miracle.

Stats about MS

With MS Queensland aware of nearly 4000 people living with Multiple Sclerosis in Queensland and over 25,600 people in Australia living with the neurological condition.

Most people with MS in Australia experience their first symptoms between 20 and 40 years of age, with about three quarters of people living with MS, female.

MS is not considered a classic genetic disease in that there is not one single gene that causes the condition. Rather, there are more than 200 different known genetic factors which contribute to the risk of developing MS. It has been estimated that genes may account for around half of the risk for MS, and those with a family history of MS are at greater risk than the general population. Even so, the majority of people with a family member with MS will not develop the disease so genes on their own are not enough.

MS is caused by a complex interaction between a persons genetics and environment factors.

Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT) is an immunosuppressive chemotherapy treatment combined with reinfusion of blood stem cells to help rebuild the immune system.

AHSCT has been used for decades for the treatment of blood cancers. However in the past ten or so years a number of international observational studies of several hundred patients have been published with some patients being followed for five to eight years.

The treatment consisted of four days of stimulation before the stem cells were collected and then Amanda was pumped full of high dose chemotherapy.

Amanda then had a rest day, and on January 29, her harvested stem cells were returned to her MS ravaged body, signalling the rebirth of her immune system with no memory of MS.

After that she was given daily steroid infusions and was put into isolation for six nights before one final dose of chemotherapy.

Response from MS Queensland about the treatment

CEO of MS Queensland Zane Ali said MS Queensland and MS Research Australia are continuing to support Australian research in the use of AHSCT to treat multiple sclerosis.

Rigorous evidence for the efficacy and safety of AHSCT in relation to other MS therapies, and the most appropriate circumstances for its use, is required for Australian hospitals and clinicians to provide this intervention with equity and with greater confidence in the potential outcomes, he said.

Australian hospitals and doctors are likely to recommend AHSCT as a possible treatment only if the other approved MS therapies are not working for an individual with MS or cannot be used in an individual for other reasons.

Despite Amandas MRI revealing her Central Nervous System was so progressed (with 35 lesions or more on the spine), she met the criteria for the treatment because of her mobility.

You have to be at a very healthy besides having MS, patients are tested from head to toe when they first arrive in hospital to ensure that they dont have any cancers or illnesses that could effect the viability of the treatment, said daughter Chloe.

The doctor was surprised after he saw how mobile mum still was considering the damage that he saw in her brain.

People arent accepted all of the time, some are told before they go and some are only told after all of the testing is completed in Moscow, then they are then sent home. International studies also suggest AHSCT does not halt or reverse progressive forms of the disease, and is therefore unlikely that

AHSCT would be recommended as a treatment for patients with secondary progressive or primary progressive MS.

Currently the treatment is provided in Australia through two observational clinical trials, at St Vincents, Sydney and Austin Health, Melbourne and by a small number of other centres on a case-by-case basis.

These centres have strict eligibility requirements that have been set by the hospital ethics committees and may only apply to limited numbers of patients with MS, Mr Ali said.

It is for this reason patients need to be referred to these centres by a neurologist, who can provide a detailed clinical history and MRI findings, Mr Ali said.

Mr Ali said that data from the large European Bone Marrow Transplant Registry suggests that in approximately 55 per cent of people with MS, treated with a range of different chemotherapy regimens, at three years of follow-up, inflammatory disease is halted with no evidence during the follow-up period of relapses, active brain lesions or disability progression.

After five years approximately 45 per cent of people remain progression free.

This case series included patients with both relapsing remitting and progressive disease, he said.

Other smaller studies have shown similar results, with remission of disease seen in these studies in at least 63 per cent of patients followed for a minimum of three years.

Most studies also show that the risk of disease activity returning gradually increases over longer periods of follow-up.

Mr Ali said in some but not all, of the people with MS who respond to AHSCT, some reversal of disability has been noted in some studies.

Other patients may continue to experience disease activity and disability progression (worsening) despite treatment with AHSCT, he said.

In people with progressive forms of MS or relapsing remitting MS of longer duration, the benefits of the procedure have been much less clear and accumulation of disability usually continues.

Amanda said they chose Moscow for the treatment because despite other countries offering the experimental procedure, after thorough research they found Russia had the highest rate of treatment success.

They accept advanced progressive MS where most of the other clinics offering it only treat relapsing remitting MS, she said.

I was still on my feet (only just) but people went over in wheelchairs, walkers, walking sticks and many were older than me.

For Chloe, who is training to become a nurse and who spent every spare moment researching AHSCT treatment said while they mostly compared the options available in Mexico and Russia, Russia stood out to them because it was cheaper and they had more experience.

One of the major influencing factors was that in Mexico patients stayed in a complex with they carer and in Russia patients stayed in a hospital, so we felt more reassured knowing that mum would have 24 hour care provided to her at the touch of a buzzer, she said.

Great lengths of a loving daughter

Although Amanda has lived with MS for 34 years, she feels like she is one of the lucky ones.

None of this would have been possible without Chloe. Her drive and determination surprises me every day, she said.

Researching, booking, fundraising and organising the whole trip, proves to me that I am the luckiest mum on earth.

Chloe was the driving force behind the push for treatment and the GoFundMe campaign which raised over half the $80,000 goal was with her mum every step of the journey.

I have found spending a month in Russia very interesting, the first couple of weeks for easy, but after that I just wanted to come home to Australia, the 19-year-old said.

Every day I would go and visit Mum in the morning and stay there with her until dark and then head on back to the hotel, I basically just did that every day.

I made some great friends with some other patients carers and so often we would catch up at the end of the day to recuperate and support each other.

Although the month spent away from her loved ones began to take its toll, Chloe has high hopes for the future.

It was very draining being over there, I felt like I wasnt doing much but I was just always so tired, she said.

Its amazing to see how quickly mum is healing after the treatment, but it will take some time to see what the true outcome for her is going to be.

In the end, we dont know what the future holds for mum and her MS, we are just thinking positively and hope that we see improvements over the next 12 months.

We feel very lucky that we had the opportunity to go over and are now advocating for other people to have the treatment as well.

Chloe and Amanda Weyman-Jones sightseeing in Moscow before the treatment began.

During the treatment.

Amanda Weyman-Jones with Greta and Theresa who were also going through the treatment.

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Roma woman tells of her 'life-changing' MS treatment - Balonne Beacon

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Stempeutics Research, a group company of Manipal Education and Medical Group (MEMG), announced today that it has partnered with Global Consortium of cell therapy companies seeking European Commission Funding to Fight Against Corona! (FAC!). Under this partnership, Stempeutics will export its stem cell product Stempeucel (subject to regulatory approvals) for treating critically ill COVID-19 patients with lung disease. First the product will be clinically tested and upon successful outcomes, it intends to export the product on a regular basis. In this connection it is signing up an alliance with Educell Ltd, Slovenia.

Currently, no specific drugs or vaccines are available to cure the patients with COVID-19 infection. Mortality in COVID-19 infected patients with the inflammatory lung condition ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)is reported to approach 50%, and is associated with older age, co-morbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), higher disease severity, and elevated markers of inflammation. Current therapeutic interventions (with the exception of ventilators/respirators which are in very short supply) do not appear to be improving in-hospital survival. Hence, there is a large unmet need for a safe and effective treatment for COVID-19 infected patients, especially in severe cases. A promising new therapy for the ARDS, the terminal stage of COVID-19, using MSCs can quickly (2-4 days) reduce inflammation of the lung tissue, and allow patients to more quickly come off of the ventilatory support and hopefully fully recover with less significant lung damage.

Stempeucel is an allogeneic, off the shelf, pooled mesenchymal stromal cells having anti- inflammatory and immune-modulatory properties which prevents the over activation of the immune system. Stempeucel product exhibits a wide range of potent therapeutic properties. The product exhibits potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties which could help in reducing the inflammation caused due to the cytokine storm elicited by the bodys immune cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) related infection in the lungs. Also, the growth factor, Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is effective in reducing alveolar epithelium permeability in the lung. Hence it is envisaged, Stempeucel will reduce the fatal symptoms of COVID 19 induced pneumonia and its progression to ARDS.

Commenting on this initiative, Dr. Miomir Knezevic, Leader of the Global Consortium and Founder of Educell said, We are happy to partner with Stempeutics since its product Stempeucel is already designated as an ATMP1 in Europe and also Stempeucel technology has been patented in many countries in Europe. Stempeutics manufacturing process is scalable and the product is affordable which are key to meet the demands of COVID-19 patients

Mr. BN Manohar, CEO of Stempeutics said, From the clinical data using Stempeucel in different clinical trials in other indications it may be postulated that Stempeucel has the potential capability for treating COVID-19 infection. Together with the safety profile observed from DCGI approved clinical trials involving more than 350 patients injected with Stempeucel by different routes of injection, this therapy may help in mitigating the lung tissue damaging effects of COVID-19 infection.

Dr. Stephen Minger, Scientific Advisor for the Global Consortium and ex Global Director of R&D, Cell Technologies GE Healthcare added The most severely affected CV-2 infected patients will often go on to develop ARDS which necessitates assisted ventilation to preserve breathing and lung function. Moreover, many ARDS patients will also experience an acute but severe life-threatening inflammatory response (cytokine storm) which can result in long-term damage to lung tissue and lung function. Treating ARDS patients with allogeneic expanded bone marrow derived MSCs could alleviate and ameliorate lung inflammation and compromised lung function and significantly reduce the time required for patients to be ventilated.

Dr. Raviraja N S, Sr. Director Business Development and Innovation, Stempeutics, said, Given the severe shortage of ventilators in the world, and the high mortality rate of patients who develop ARDS (approx. 50%), the clinical use of MSCs in COVID-19 ADRS patients could drastically impact on the healthcare burden currently occurring due to very large patient numbers, limited equipment and overworked medical personnel.

Mr. B N Manohar MD & CEO, Stempeutics Research

Manohar is the MD & CEO of Stempeutics Research a leading stem cell research and product development company in India. He earned his B.E. degree in Electronics & Communication from REC Trichy in 1977. Post that he did M.E. in Computer Science from College of Engineering, Guindy. Manohar has transformed Stempeutics a life science start-up from R&D to Commercialization stage with Global recognition. Stempeutics has developed an innovative drug called Stempeucel for addressing major unmet medical needs in India and Globally.

This drug developed by an Indian company has received many Global Recognitions. Fourteen countries including US & Japan has granted patent for the novelty and inventiveness of the drug. Europe has recognized this drug by granting Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product classification and Orphan Drug Designation. Recently it became the FIRST stem cell product to be approved by DCGI for conditional marketing for treating patients suffering from life threatening disease call Buergers Disease. Stempeutics has put India on the World map of Regenerative Medicine. Under Manohars leadership Stempeutics has been recognized as Indias hottest start-ups by Business Today in 2008 and Karnataka Government bestowed Emerging Company of the Year award in 2011 and 2013. In 2017 Manohar was awarded Biotechnologist of the Year award by Wockhardt Foundation, India. He raised US$ 10M in 2009 by establishing business alliance with major pharma company Cipla. Recently Stempeutics has tied up with Alkem Labs for Osteoarthritis indication. Prior to Joining Manipal Group, Manohar has had 12 years successful stints at Wipro GE Medical Systems. At GE Medical he has handled multiple senior assignments including Vice President Customer Service where he received GE Asia Service Award for highest revenue growth in 1998. Currently Manohar serves in the Boards of Stempeutics and MentisSoft.

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India Based Stem Cell Research Firm To Test Its Stem Cell Product For Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS) COVID-19 - IndianWeb2.com

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Market research report covers the existing situation and the development predictions of the industry for 2020. This report has prepared mainly on the basis of a common market assessment with input from industry experts. This estimated report consists of all have observed element about marketplace evaluation, increase Demand and forecast analysis in all over the world. This record gives a few edged examine and solution within the complicated international of polymer-based totally thermal interface materials market.

Report Covers Following Key Players:-

U.S. STEM CELL, INC., Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics, Cytori, Dendreon Corporation, Fibrocell, Lion Biotechnologies, Caladrius Biosciences, Opexa Therapeutics, Orgenesis, Regenexx, Genzyme, Antria, Regeneus, Mesoblast, Pluristem Therapeutics Inc, Tigenix, Med cell Europe, Holostem, Miltenyi Biotec.

For Better Understanding Go With This Free Sample Report Enabled With Respective Tables and Figures @ https://www.eonmarketresearch.com/sample/55837

>> [ Conjointly enclosed free report contains a quick introduction to the abstract, table of contents, list of tables and figures, competitive landscape and geographic segmentation, innovation and future developments supported the methodology of investigation.] <<

The market report defines the growth of the industry by upstream and downstream, by the industry as a whole and by production, by key companies as well as by product segment and application, and so on, and makes a scientific forecast for the technology industry on the basis of an analysis.

Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Market research report quantifies opportunities and Challenges to prioritize with the revenue. The report describes each aspect in depth, such as Business Strategies, Market Trends, Regional Growth, Quality Matrix. This vital data about Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies industry will help to improve market growth in terms of manufacturing capacity, Sales during the Forecast period of 2020.

Market Segment by Regions:-

USAEuropeJapanChinaIndiaSoutheast Asia

Scope of the Report:

This study focuses on the global market for Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies especially in Europe, North America and Asia-Pacific, the Middle East and Africa, and South America. The report defines the market based on regions, size, manufacturers and applications.

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Market Segment On The Basis Of Product Type Includes:-

Embryonic Stem CellResident Cardiac Stem CellsAdult Bone MarrowDerived Stem CellsUmbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells

Applications Mentioned In This Report:-

Neurodegenerative DisordersAutoimmune DiseasesCancer and TumorsCardiovascular Diseases

The report then estimates 2020 market development trends of Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies market. Outline of upstream raw materials, downstream trade and prevailing market dynamics is also carried out. In the end, the report makes some important proposals for a new project of Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies market before evaluating its feasibility.

This report presents an extensive analysis of the current Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies trends and emerging estimations & dynamics of the global Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies industry. Likewise, explains the comprehensive analysis of factors that drive and restrict the growth of the Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies market. Further covers a detailed analysis of the Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies industry based on type and application help in understanding the Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies trending products across geographies. Then highlights the potency of buyers and suppliers to understand the Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies market potency. Finally, an extensive analysis of the Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies market is conducted by key product positioning and monitoring of top players within the Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies market framework.

Table of Contents:

1 Industry Overview of Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies.2 Global Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Competition Analysis by Players.3 Company (Top Players) Profiles.4 Global Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Market Size by Type and Application (2020-2025).5 United States Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Development Status and Outlook.6 EU Ophthalmology DiagnosticsDevelopment Status and Outlook.7 Japan Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Development Status and Outlook.8 China Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Development Status and Outlook.9 India Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Development Status and Outlook.10 Southeast Asia Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Development Status and Outlook.11 Market Forecast by Regions, Type, and Application (2020-2025).12 Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Market Dynamics.13 Market Effect Factors Analysis.14 Research Finding/Conclusion.15 Appendix.

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Global Autologous Stem Cell and Non-Stem Cell Based Therapies Market [News 2020] Intelligence and Future Prospects 2025 - Fashion Trends News

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

NEW YORK, April 01, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Mesoblast Limited (Nasdaq: MESO; ASX:MSB), global leader in cellular medicines for inflammatory diseases, today announced that the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted for priority review the Companys Biologics License Application (BLA) filing for RYONCILTM (remestemcel-L), its allogeneic cell therapy for the treatment of children with steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease (SR-aGVHD). The FDA has set a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) action date of September 30, 2020, and if approved, Mesoblast will make RYONCIL immediately available in the United States.

A Priority Review designation will direct overall attention and resources to the evaluation of applications for drugs that, if approved, would be significant improvements in the safety or effectiveness of the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of serious conditions when compared to standard applications. The FDA has advised that they are planning to hold an Advisory Committee Meeting to discuss this application.

Mesoblast Chief Executive Dr Silviu Itescu stated: There is a critical need to improve survival outcomes in children suffering from the more advanced stages of this devastating disease. The acceptance of the BLA represents an important milestone for the Company. Mesoblast is on track in its preparation for the potential launch of RYONCIL, including meeting its target inventory build and commercial team roll-out.

About Acute GVHD Acute GVHD occurs in approximately 50% of patients who receive an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT). Over 30,000 patients worldwide undergo an allogeneic BMT annually, primarily during treatment for blood cancers, and these numbers are increasing.1 In patients with the most severe form of acute GVHD (Grade C/D or III/IV) mortality is as high as 90% despite optimal institutional standard of care.2,3. There are currently no FDA-approved treatments in the US for children under 12 with SR-aGVHD.

About RYONCILTM Mesoblasts lead product candidate, RYONCIL (remestemcel-L), is an investigational therapy comprising culture- expanded mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow of an unrelated donor. It is administered to patients in a series of intravenous infusions. RYONCIL is believed to have immunomodulatory properties to counteract the inflammatory processes that are implicated in SR- aGVHD by down-regulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increasing production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and enabling recruitment of naturally occurring anti-inflammatory cells to involved tissues.

References

About Mesoblast Mesoblast Limited(Nasdaq: MESO; ASX:MSB) is a world leader in developing allogeneic (off-the-shelf) cellular medicines. The Company has leveraged its proprietary mesenchymal lineage cell therapy technology platform to establish a broad portfolio of commercial products and late-stage product candidates. Mesoblasts proprietary manufacturing processes yield industrial-scale, cryopreserved, off-the-shelf, cellular medicines. These cell therapies, with defined pharmaceutical release criteria, are planned to be readily available to patients worldwide.

Mesoblast has filed a Biologics License Application to theUnited States Food and Drug Administration(FDA) to seek approval of its product candidate RYONCIL (remestemcel-L) for steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease (acute GvHD). Remestemcel-L is also being developed for other rare diseases. Mesoblast is completing Phase 3 trials for its product candidates for advanced heart failure and chronic low back pain. If approved, RYONCIL is expected to be launched inthe United Statesin 2020 for pediatric steroid-refractory acute GVHD. Two products have been commercialized inJapanandEuropeby Mesoblasts licensees, and the Company has established commercial partnerships inEuropeandChinafor certain Phase 3 assets.

Mesoblast has a strong and extensive global intellectual property (IP) portfolio with protection extending through to at least 2040 in all major markets. This IP position is expected to provide the Company with substantial commercial advantages as it develops its product candidates for these conditions.

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Mesoblast has locations inAustralia,the United StatesandSingaporeand is listed on theAustralian Securities Exchange(MSB) and on the Nasdaq (MESO). For more information, please seewww.mesoblast.com, LinkedIn:Mesoblast Limitedand Twitter: @Mesoblast

Forward-Looking Statements This announcement includes forward-looking statements that relate to future events or our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. We make such forward-looking statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other federal securities laws. Forward- looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results, and actual results may differ from the results anticipated in these forward-looking statements, and the differences may be material and adverse. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about the timing, progress and results of Mesoblasts preclinical and clinical studies; Mesoblasts ability to advance product candidates into, enroll and successfully complete, clinical studies; the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals; and the pricing and reimbursement of Mesoblasts product candidates, if approved. You should read this press release together with our risk factors, in our most recently filed reports with the SEC or on our website. Uncertainties and risks that may cause Mesoblasts actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those which may be expressed or implied by such statements, and accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We do not undertake any obligations to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

Release authorized by the Chief Executive.

For further information, please contact: Julie Meldrum Corporate Communications T: +61 3 9639 6036 E: julie.meldrum@mesoblast.com

Schond Greenway Investor RelationsT: +1 212 880 2060E: schond.greenway@mesoblast.com

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FDA ACCEPTS MESOBLASTS BIOLOGICS LICENCE APPLICATION FOR RYONCIL AND AGREES TO PRIORITY REVIEW - Yahoo Finance

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

VANCOUVER, Washington, April 07, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- CytoDyn Inc. (OTC.QB: CYDY), ("CytoDyn" or the "Company"), a late-stage biotechnology company developing leronlimab (PRO 140), a CCR5 antagonist with the potential for multiple therapeutic indications, announced today that it is collaborating with the U.K.'s Department of Health to provide emergency access to leronlimab, the Company's investigational medicine for COVID-19. The submission to Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), an executive agency of the U.K. government sponsored by the Department of Health and Social Care, is expected to be made soon to include clinical trial sites in the U.K. Representatives from the U.K. are coordinating with CytoDyn's full-service international clinical research organization, Amarex Clinical Research, to prepare the requisite clinical agreements and to prepare for timely delivery of leronlimab.

The FDA recently cleared the Company to initiate a Phase 2b/3 clinical trial for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients for which enrollment is now underway. The Phase 2b/3 trial for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients is for 390 patients, double blinded with 2:1 ratio (active drug to placebo ratio). Patients enrolled in this trial are expected to be administered leronlimab for two weeks with the primary endpoint being the mortality rate at 28 days and a secondary endpoint of mortality rate at 14 days. The Company will perform an interim analysis on the data from 50 patients.

CytoDyn has initiated enrollment in a Phase 2 randomized clinical trial for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 population in the U.S. and is enrolling in a Phase 2b/3 randomized clinical trial for severe and critically ill COVID-19 population.

Nader Pourhassan, Ph.D., President and Chief Executive Officer of CytoDyn said, "We are humbled by the outpouring of inquiries and requests for access to leronlimab and are working around the clock with our many partners to facilitate access to a potential therapeutic benefit for COVID-19 patients." Pourhassan concluded that, "We are working with our CRO partner, Amarex Clinical Research, to establish similar expanded access (emergency use) programs for leronlimab for the treatment of COVID-19 with other governmental regulatory authorities. The Amarex team is leading the clinical trial management and conduct of both Phase 2 and Phase 2b/3 projects and has done an exceptional job leading our clinical development initiative for leronlimab for the treatment of COVID-19."

Separately, Dr. Pourhassan will appear on Fox Business Network on April 7 at 11:00 am PT to provide a full update on the CytoDyn's two clinical trials for COVID-19, a Phase 2 trial for those patients with mild-to-moderate indications and a Phase 2b/3 trial for severe and critically ill patients.

About Coronavirus Disease 2019SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China. The origin of SARS-CoV-2 causing the COVID-19 disease is uncertain, and the virus is highly contagious. COVID-19 typically transmits person to person through respiratory droplets, commonly resulting from coughing, sneezing, and close personal contact. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses, some causing illness in people and others that circulate among animals. For confirmed COVID-19 infections, symptoms have included fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The symptoms of COVID-19 may appear in as few as two days or as long as 14 days after exposure. Clinical manifestations in patients have ranged from non-existent to severe and fatal. At this time, there are minimal treatment options for COVID-19.

About Leronlimab (PRO 140) The FDA has granted a "Fast Track" designation to CytoDyn for two potential indications of leronlimab for deadly diseases. The first as a combination therapy with HAART for HIV-infected patients and the second is for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.Leronlimab is an investigational humanized IgG4 mAb that blocks CCR5, a cellular receptor that is important in HIV infection, tumor metastases, and other diseases, including NASH.Leronlimab has completed nine clinical trials in over 800 people, including meeting its primary endpoints in a pivotal Phase 3 trial (leronlimab in combination with standard antiretroviral therapies in HIV-infected treatment-experienced patients).

In the setting of HIV/AIDS, leronlimab is a viral-entry inhibitor; it masks CCR5, thus protecting healthy T cells from viral infection by blocking the predominant HIV (R5) subtype from entering those cells. Leronlimab has been the subject of nine clinical trials, each of which demonstrated that leronlimab could significantly reduce or control HIV viral load in humans. The leronlimab antibody appears to be a powerful antiviral agent leading to potentially fewer side effects and less frequent dosing requirements compared with daily drug therapies currently in use.

In the setting of cancer, research has shown that CCR5 may play a role in tumor invasion, metastases, and tumor microenvironment control. Increased CCR5 expression is an indicator of disease status in several cancers. Published studies have shown that blocking CCR5 can reduce tumor metastases in laboratory and animal models of aggressive breast and prostate cancer. Leronlimab reduced human breast cancer metastasis by more than 98% in a murine xenograft model. CytoDyn is, therefore, conducting aPhase 1b/2 human clinical trial in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and was granted Fast Track designation in May 2019.

The CCR5 receptor appears to play a central role in modulating immune cell trafficking to sites of inflammation. It may be crucial in the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and other inflammatory conditions. Clinical studies by others further support the concept that blocking CCR5 using a chemical inhibitor can reduce the clinical impact of acute GvHD without significantly affecting the engraftment of transplanted bone marrow stem cells. CytoDyn is currently conducting a Phase 2 clinical study with leronlimab to support further the concept that the CCR5 receptor on engrafted cells is critical for the development of acute GvHD, blocking the CCR5 receptor from recognizing specific immune signaling molecules is a viable approach to mitigating acute GvHD. The FDA has granted "orphan drug" designation to leronlimab for the prevention of GvHD.

About CytoDynCytoDyn is a late-stage biotechnology company developing innovative treatments for multiple therapeutic indications based on leronlimab, a novel humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the CCR5 receptor. CCR5 appears to play a critical role in the ability of HIV to enter and infect healthy T-cells.The CCR5 receptor also appears to be implicated in tumor metastasis and immune-mediated illnesses, such as GvHD and NASH. CytoDyn has successfully completed a Phase 3 pivotal trial with leronlimab in combination with standard antiretroviral therapies in HIV-infected treatment-experienced patients. CytoDyn plans to seek FDA approval for leronlimab in combination therapy and plans to complete the filing of a Biologics License Application (BLA) in April of 2020 for that indication. CytoDyn is also conducting a Phase 3 investigative trial with leronlimab as a once-weekly monotherapy for HIV-infected patients. CytoDyn plans to initiate a registration-directed study of leronlimab monotherapy indication. If successful, it could support a label extension. Clinical results to date from multiple trials have shown that leronlimab can significantly reduce viral burden in people infected with HIV with no reported drug-related serious adverse events (SAEs). Moreover, a Phase 2b clinical trial demonstrated that leronlimab monotherapy can prevent viral escape in HIV-infected patients; some patients on leronlimab monotherapy have remained virally suppressed for more than five years. CytoDyn is also conducting a Phase 2 trial to evaluate leronlimab for the prevention of GvHD and a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial with leronlimab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. More information is atwww.cytodyn.com.

Forward-Looking StatementsThis press releasecontains certain forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Words and expressions reflecting optimism, satisfaction or disappointment with current prospects, as well as words such as "believes," "hopes," "intends," "estimates," "expects," "projects," "plans," "anticipates" and variations thereof, or the use of future tense, identify forward-looking statements, but their absence does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. The Company's forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance, and actual results could vary materially from those contained in or expressed by such statements due to risks and uncertainties including: (i)the sufficiency of the Company's cash position, (ii)the Company's ability to raise additional capital to fund its operations, (iii) the Company's ability to meet its debt obligations, if any, (iv)the Company's ability to enter into partnership or licensing arrangements with third parties, (v)the Company's ability to identify patients to enroll in its clinical trials in a timely fashion, (vi)the Company's ability to achieve approval of a marketable product, (vii)the design, implementation and conduct of the Company's clinical trials, (viii)the results of the Company's clinical trials, including the possibility of unfavorable clinical trial results, (ix)the market for, and marketability of, any product that is approved, (x)the existence or development of vaccines, drugs, or other treatments that are viewed by medical professionals or patients as superior to the Company's products, (xi)regulatory initiatives, compliance with governmental regulations and the regulatory approval process, (xii)general economic and business conditions, (xiii)changes in foreign, political, and social conditions, and (xiv)various other matters, many of which are beyond the Company's control. The Company urges investors to consider specifically the various risk factors identified in its most recent Form10-K, and any risk factors or cautionary statements included in any subsequent Form10-Q or Form8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as required by law, the Company does not undertake any responsibility to update any forward-looking statements to take into account events or circumstances that occur after the date of this press release.

CYTODYN CONTACTSInvestors: Dave Gentry, CEORedChip CompaniesOffice: 1.800.RED.CHIP (733.2447)Cell: 407.491.4498dave@redchip.com

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CytoDyn Collaborating with U.K.'s Department of Health to Provide Emergency Access to Leronlimab for Severe and Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients -...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. BMRN announced that it is planning to file regulatory applications in the third quarter of 2020, seeking approval for achondroplasia candidate, vosoritide, in the United States and Europe following its meetings with health authorities.

The regulatory applications will be filed based on data from successfully completed phase III study, which evaluated vosoritide as a treatment for achondroplasia, the most common form of disproportionate short stature in humans or dwarfism, in children aged 5 to 14 for 52 weeks. In December 2019, BioMarin announced positive top-line data from the study, which showed that patients treated with the candidate achieved placebo-adjusted change from baseline in growth velocity of 1.6 cm/year after treatment duration of one year.

The filings will be further supported by long-term safety and efficacy from a phase II study and ongoing extension studies on vosoritide in dwarf children.

A potential approval will make the drug the first and only approved treatment for achondroplasia in the United States and Europe. BioMarin estimates that around 25,000 children suffer from this disorder in its commercial territories, which represents decent sales growth opportunity.

Meanwhile, Ascendis Pharma ASND is developing an achondroplasia candidate in a phase II study.

BioMarins shares have declined 2.1% so far this year compared with the industrys decrease of 11.6%.

The companys key drugs, Vimizim and Kuvan, enjoy strong demand trends, which drove its revenues higher in 2019. Its newest product, Palynziq is also witnessing strong commercial uptake in the United States.

Apart from vosoritide, the company has a strong rare disease pipeline with focus on developing gene therapies.

BioMarins lead gene therapy candidate, valoctocogeneroxaparvovec (valrox) is under review in the United States and Europe as a treatment for severe hemophilia A. Decisions from the concerned regulatory authorities are expected in the second half of 2020.

A phase I/II study is evaluating another gene therapy candidate, BMN-307, as a treatment for phenylketonuria (PKU). Please note that Kuvan and Palynziq are also approved for treating PKU.

The companys PKU franchise generates the majority of the companys revenues. Another drug will likely boost the sales of this franchise.

Meanwhile, Kuvan is set to face generic competition as early as October 2020. This will likely dent the companys revenues in 2021. A few other companies are also developing treatments for PKU in early-stage studies, which include Synlogics SYBX small molecule candidate, SYNB1618; Homology Medicines FIXX gene therapy, HMI-102; and Rubius Therapeutics red cell therapeutic candidate, RTX-134. Potential approval to vosoritide may partially offset loss in Kuvan sales.

BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. Price

BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. Price

BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. price | BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. Quote

Zacks Rank

BioMarin currently has a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold).

You can see the complete list of todays Zacks #1 Rank (Strong Buy) stocks here.

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Biomarin to File Regulatory Applications for Vosoritide in Q3 - Yahoo Finance

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

WESTBURY, N.Y., April 6, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --BioIVT, a leading provider of research models and services for drug and diagnostic development, today announced the opening of its new blood donor center on the Tufts University campus in Medford, MA to support academic and pharmaceutical researchers involved in COVID-19, cell and gene therapy research.

"BioIVT wants to play a leading role in supporting COVID-19 research efforts and blood donations are a vital resource for the research and development of new therapies, vaccines, and diagnostics. We have many years' experience developing blood products, including blood-derived immune cells for cell and gene therapy research, and we want to make that expertise count," said BioIVT CEO Jeff Gatz. "Researchers recognize and appreciate BioIVT's rapid response and commitment to high quality, fresh blood products and this new donor center will allow us to offer those attributes and services to additional US clients."

BioIVT's new Boston blood donor center is its seventh. The company has similar facilities located in California, Tennessee and Pennsylvania to serve US clients and in London, UK for EU-based clients.

"While the initial focus at our Boston donor center will be on delivering fresh blood, leukopaks and buffy coats within hours of collection, we plan to add more capabilities and donors over time," said Jeff Widdoss, Vice President of Donor Center Operations at BioIVT.

Leukopaks, which contain concentrated white blood cells, are used to help identify promising new drug candidates, assess toxicity levels, and conduct stem cell and gene therapy research. They are particularly useful for researchers who need to obtain large numbers of leukocytes from a single donor.

BioIVT blood products can be supplied with specific clinical data, such as the donor age, ethnicity, gender, BMI and smoking status. Its leukopaks are also human leukocyte antigen (HLA), FC receptor and cytomegalovirus typed. HLA typing is used to match patients and donors for bone marrow or cord blood transplants. FC receptors play an important role in antibody-dependent immune responses.

COVID-19-related Precautions Blood donor centers are considered essential businesses and will remain open during the COVID-19 quarantine. BioIVT is taking additional safety measures to protect both blood donors and its staff during this difficult time. It has instituted several social distancing measures, including increasing the space between chairs in the waiting room and between donor beds, and limiting the entrance of non-essential personnel. The screening rooms are disinfected between donors and all areas of the center continue to be cleaned at regular intervals.

As soon as each blood donor signs their informed consent form, their temperature is taken. If they have a fever, their appointment is postponed, and they are referred to their physician. Any donor who develops COVID-19 symptoms after donating blood is required to inform the center immediately.

All BioIVT blood collections are conducted under institutional review board (IRB) oversight and according to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) guidelines.

Those who would like to donate blood at BioIVT's new Boston-area donor center should call 1-833-GO-4-CURE or visit http://www.biospecialty.com to make an appointment.

Further information about the products available from BioIVT's new donor center can be found at https://info.bioivt.com/ma-donor-ctr-req.

About BioIVTBioIVT is a leading global provider of research models and value-added research services for drug discovery and development. We specialize in control and disease-state biospecimens including human and animal tissues, cell products, blood and other biofluids. Our unmatched portfolio of clinical specimens directly supports precision medicine research and the effort to improve patient outcomes by coupling comprehensive clinical data with donor samples. Our PHASEZERO Research Services team works collaboratively with clients to provide target and biomarker validation, phenotypic assays to characterize novel therapeutics, clinical assay development and in vitro hepatic modeling solutions. And as the premier supplier of hepatic products, including hepatocytes and subcellular fractions, BioIVT enables scientists to better understand the pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism of newly-discovered compounds and their effects on disease processes. By combining our technical expertise, exceptional customer service, and unparalleled access to biological specimens, BioIVT serves the research community as a trusted partner in elevating science. For more information, please visit http://www.bioivt.com or follow the company on Twitter @BioIVT.

BioIVT Contact: Courtney Noah, SVP, Marketing & Client Services, 516-483-1196Media Contact: Lisa Osborne, Rana Healthcare Solutions, 206-992-5245, [emailprotected]

SOURCE BioIVT

http://www.bioivt.com

Read more here:
BioIVT Opens New Blood Donor Center to Support Boston-area Research into COVID-19 Therapies, Vaccines and Diagnostics - PRNewswire

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Cancer Gene Therapy Market size is expected to exceed USD 2.5 billion by 2025. Rising cancer prevalence across the globe will positively impact the cancer gene therapy market growth.

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Some of the major industry players include: Sirion Biotech, Vigene Biosciences, bluebird bio, Ziopharm, Cellectis, Cobra, Finvector, Uniqure, Sarepta Therapeutics, Caribou among others. These industry players adopt several strategic initiatives to maintain their market position.

Technological advancements in the biotechnology sector have led to developments and innovations in cancer gene therapy. Recently developed cancer therapies have been incorporated with genetically modified genes that blocks the growth of tumor. Moreover, efficient PCR technology and isothermal amplification technologies have been introduced that transformed the way of detecting mutations in the genes. Moreover, introduction of CRISPR gene editing tools have modified the process of developing gene therapy. Hence, advancements in technology has ensured availability of advanced cancer gene therapy that will boost the industry growth. However, high cost of cancer gene therapy may impede its demand, thereby restraining the industry growth to certain extent.

Type segment of cancer gene therapy market includes ex-vivo and in-vivo. In-vivo segment is projected to experience around 22% growth throughout the analysis timeframe owing to various advantages associated with it. In-vivo gene therapy involves direct delivery of therapeutic gene into the target cell and has shown effective results in treatment of cancer. The viral vectors that are delivered utilizing in-vivo gene therapy help in inhibiting the activity of tumor inducing genes and has also shown positive results during clinical trials. Aforementioned factors will elevate the segmental growth.

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Products of cancer gene therapy include viral vectors and non-viral vectors. Viral vectors segment was valued over USD 310 million in 2018. Viral vectors are highly preferred during gene transfer process as they have showcased high transfection efficiency. Viral vectors possess safety profile as compared to other vectors. Moreover, viral vectors expresses the desired antigen in accurate conformation enhancing the immune system.

End-users of cancer gene therapy are biopharmaceutical companies, research institutes and others. Biopharmaceutical companies segment accounted for around 48% revenue share in 2018 and is expected to experience exceptional growth in the forthcoming years. Companies such as Novartis and Roche are developing cancer gene therapies that have high adoption of viral as well as non-viral vectors, thereby proving beneficial for the segmental growth. These companies also conduct clinical trials that raises the demand for vectors, hence fostering the segmental growth.

China cancer gene therapy market will experience over 26% CAGR throughout the forecast years. Significant country growth can be attributed to the rising awareness regarding the availability of advanced therapies for treating cancer. Furthermore, increasing government initiatives and funds motivate the researchers and scientists for carrying out extensive research activities associated with cancer gene therapy that will positively influence the country growth. Above mentioned factors coupled with increasing prevalence of cancer will further stimulate the industry growth.

Cancer gene therapy industry is dominated by few major players. Cancer gene therapy industry is still in the developing phase, therefore, players involved in thie market focus on integrating advanced technology to promote developments in the therapies. The players also implement certain strategic initiatives such as merger, acquisitions and product launches for acquiring competitive advantage. For instance, in 2013, Celgene and bluebird bio collaborated to introduce innovations in gene therapies. Such collaborations will provide both the companies to gain competitive advantage over others.

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Cancer Gene Therapy Market trends research and projections - GroundAlerts.com

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Below, we look at 14 stocks and partnerships that are trying to produce a vaccine, treatment or diagnostic test for the COVID-19. All of them have seen their share prices experience sharp and volatile movements as the coronavirus has grown into a pandemic.

Although investors have got excited by the prospect of investing in a game-changing breakthrough, not all of them will succeed and will see their price fall back down as their valuations become over-stretched.

For example, London-listed Synairgen has risen over 750% since the start of the year, while Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Novavax, Vaxart and Vir Biotechnology have all more than doubled in value. On the other hand, some big-name stocks fighting the coronavirus have seen their share prices slump as the outbreak worsens, such as Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline and Johnson & Johnson, all of which could rise if they are successful in their efforts.

You can invest or trade these stocks.

When you invest in a business, you own the underlying shares in the company outright and are entitled to any dividends that are paid and hope that the share price appreciates.

This can be done using an IG share dealing account. Right now, you can invest in US shares commission free on our newly launched, best-ever platform.

Trading a stock allows you to speculate on the future share price movement of a stock, allowing you to take a position on whether you believe it will fall (going short) or will rise (going long). You do not own the underlying shares and wont receive any dividends, but you can use leverage. This can be done using either an IG CFD or spread betting account.

Practice trading with a demo account, or open a live account to get started.

You can read more on how to measure and trade coronavirus volatility here.

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What stocks are trying to make a coronavirus vaccine? - IG

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The global CRISPR and CAS Gene Market research report thoroughly explains each and every aspect related to the CRISPR and CAS Gene Market, which facilitates the reports reader to study and evaluate the upcoming market trend and execute the analytical data to promote the business. The growth trend forecasted on account of thorough examination offers in-depth information regarding the global CRISPR and CAS Gene Market. A pathway of development is offered by the market to the several connected networks of businesses under it, which include different firms, industries, organizations, vendors, distributors, and local manufacturers too. All the key CRISPR and CAS Gene Market players compete with each other by offering better products and services at a reasonable price in order to grab significant share at the regional and global level market.

CRISPR technology is a simple yet powerful nucleic acid-targeting editing tools for genome. It allows researchers to easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function. It has many potential applications, which include correcting genetic defects, treating and preventing the spread of diseases, and improving crops

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The report incorporates an estimated impact of strict standards and regulations set by the government over the market in the upcoming years. The market report also comprises exhaustive research done using several analytical tools such as SWOT analysis to identify the market growth pattern.

Top Manufactures in GlobalCRISPR and CAS GeneMarket Includes:Caribou Biosciences Inc., CRISPR Therapeutics, Mirus Bio LLC, Editas Medicine, Takara Bio Inc., Synthego, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., GenScript, Addgene, Merck KGaA (Sigma-Aldrich), Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Transposagen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., OriGene Technologies, Inc., New England Biolabs, Dharmacon, Cellecta, Inc., Agilent Technologies, and Applied StemCell, Inc.

Regions & Countries Mentioned In The CRISPR and CAS Gene Market Report:

North America ( United States)

Europe ( Germany, France, UK)

Asia-Pacific ( China, Japan, India)

Latin America ( Brazil)

The Middle East & Africa

Key Highlights of the Table of Contents:

CRISPR and CAS Gene Market Study Coverage: It includes key manufacturers covered, key market segments, the scope of products offered in the global market, years considered, and study objectives. Furthermore, it tuches the segmentation study provided in the report on the basis of the type of product and applications.

CRISPR and CAS Gene Market Executive Summary: This section emphasizes on the key studies, market growth rate,Competitive landscape, market drivers, trends, and issues.

CRISPR and CAS Gene Market Production by Region: The report provides information related to import and export, production, revenue, and key players of all regional markets studied are covered in this section.

CRISPR and CAS Gene Market Profile of Manufacturers: Analysis of each market player profiled is detailed in this section. This also provides SWOT analysis, products, production, value, capacity, and other vital factors of the individual player.

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Table of Contents

Report Overview:It includes the CRISPR and CAS Gene market study scope, players covered, key market segments, market analysis by application, market analysis by type, and other chapters that give an overview of the research study.

Executive Summary:This section of the report gives information about CRISPR and CAS Gene market trends and shares, market size analysis by region and analysis of global market size. Under market size analysis by region, analysis of market share and growth rate by region is provided.

Profiles of International Players:Here, key players of the CRISPR and CAS Gene market are studied on the basis of gross margin, price, revenue, corporate sales, and production. This section gives a business overview of the players and shares their important company details.

Regional Study:All of the regions and countries analyzed in the CRISPR and CAS Gene market report is studied on the basis of market size by application, the market size by product, key players, and market forecast.

An Overview of the Impact of COVID-19 on this Market:

The pandemic of COVID-19 continues to expand and impact over 175 countries and territories. Although the outbreak appears to have slowed in China, COVID-19 has impacted globally. The pandemic could affect three main aspects of the global economy: production, supply chain, and firms and financial markets. National governments have announced largely uncoordinated, country-specific responses to the virus. As authorities encourage social distancing and consumers stay indoors, several businesses are hit. However, coherent, coordinated, and credible policy responses are expected to offer the best chance at limiting the economic fallout.

National governments and international bodies are focused on adopting collaborative efforts to encourage financial institutions to meet the financial needs of customers and members affected by the coronavirus. However, there are some sectors that have remained unscathed from the impact of the pandemic and there are some that are hit the hardest.

We, at Coherent Market Insights, understand the economic impact on various sectors and markets. Using our holistic market research methodology, we are focused on aiding your business sustain and grow during COVID-19 pandemics. With deep expertise across various industries-no matter how large or small- and with a team of highly experienced and dedicated analysts, Coherent Market Insights will offer you an impact analysis of coronavirus outbreak across industries to help you prepare for the future.

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About CMI:

Coherent Market Insights is a prominent market research and consulting firm offering action-ready syndicated research reports, custom market analysis, consulting services, and competitive analysis through various recommendations related to emerging market trends, technologies, and potential absolute dollar opportunity.

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Latest Update 2020: CRISPR and CAS Gene Market By Covid19 Impact Analysis And Top Manufacturers: Caribou Biosciences Inc., CRISPR Therapeutics, Mirus...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

CRISPR Therapeutics AG (CRSP) stock traded 746576 shares in most recent trading session as compared to an average volume of 1.05M shares. It shows that the shares were traded in the recent trading session and traders shown interest in CRSP stock. Shares of the CRISPR Therapeutics AG (CRSP) moved up 7.08% to trade at $42.17 in Monday trading session. It has a market capitalization of $2.57B. Knowing about the market capitalization of a company helps investor to determine the company size, market value and the risk. The stock P/E & is 43.43 & EPS is $0.97 against its recent stock value of $42.17 per share.

First we will be looking for the boiling points and excitability of CRISPR Therapeutics AG (CRSP) stock, it purposes common trait for traders and value investors.

Volatility Indicators for CRISPR Therapeutics AG:

Volatility of the CRISPR Therapeutics AG remained at 6.73% over last week and shows 10.18% volatility in last month. In addition to number of shares traded in last few trading sessions volatility also tells about the fluctuation level of the stock price, commonly a high volatility is the friend of day traders. Volatility is also measured by ATR an exponential moving average (14-days) of the True Ranges. Currently, the ATR value of companys stock is situated at 3.94. Beta value is also an important factor that helps to know how much the Market risk lies with the trading of subjective stock. Beta indicator of this stock lies at 2.52. In case you dont know, when beta is higher than 1 then risk is higher and if beta is lower than 1, then risk will be low.

Now entering into the performance part of the article on CRISPR Therapeutics AG stock we should check the stocks actual performance in the past.

Performance of the CRSP Stock:

CRISPR Therapeutics AG revealed performance of -4.79% during the period of last 5 trading days and shown last 12 months performance of 9.76%. The stock moved to 6.38% in last six months and it maintained for the month at -17.09%. The stock noted year to date 2020 performance at -30.76% and changed about -29.66% over the last three months. The stock is now standing at -43.01% from 52 week-high and is situated at 30.56% above from 52-week low price.

Technical Indicators of CRISPR Therapeutics AG Stock:

RSI momentum oscillator is the most common technical indicator of a stock to determine about the momentum of the shares price and whether the stock trading at normal range or its becoming oversold or overbought. It also helps to measure Speed and change of stock price movement. RSI reading varies between 0 and 100. Commonly when RSI goes below 30 then stock is oversold and stock is overbought when it goes above 70. So as currently the Relative Strength Index (RSI-14) reading of CRISPR Therapeutics AG stock is 47.61.

Although it is important to look for trades in a direction of bigger trends when stocks are indicating an opposite short-term movement. Like looking for overbought conditions when bigger trend remained down and oversold conditions when bigger trend is up. In order to check a bigger trend for CRSP a 14-day RSI can fell short and considered as a short-term indicator. So in that situation a Simple moving average of a stock can also be an important element to look in addition to RSI.

The share price of CRSP is currently higher 4.18% from its 20 days moving average and trading -13.09% down the 50 days moving average. The stock price has been seen performing along below drift from its 200 days moving average with -17.19%. Moving averages are an important analytical tool used to identify current price trends and the potential for a change in an established trend. The simplest form of using a simple moving average in analysis is using it to quickly identify if a security is in an uptrend or downtrend.

CRISPR Therapeutics AG:

Operating Margin which tells about what proportion of a companys revenue is left over after paying for variable costs of production such as wages & raw materials is noted at 16.10%. Net profit margin of the company is 23.10% that shows how much the company is actually earning by every dollar of sales.

Return on Investment (ROI) of stock is 4.90%. ROI ratio tells about the efficiency of a number of investments in a company. Return on Assets (ROA) which shows how much the company is profitable as compared to its total assets is observed at 9.60%. Return on Equity (ROE), which tells about the profitability of the corporation by evaluating the profit it generates in ratio to the money shareholders have invested, is noted at 11.70%.

The price-to-earnings ratio or P/E is one of the most widely-used stock analysis tools to determine a stocks valuation that also shows whether a companys stock price is overvalued/overbought or undervalued/oversold. If P/E is lower, then stock can be considered undervalued and if its higher then the stock is overvalued. Price to earnings P/E of the stock is 43.43.

Analysts Estimation on Stock:

The current analyst consensus rating stood at 2.2 on shares (where according to data provided by FINVIZ, 1.0 Strong Buy, 2.0 Buy, 3.0 Hold, 4.0 Sell, 5.0 Strong Sell). Analysts opinion is also an important factor to conclude a stocks trend. Many individual analysts and firms give their ratings on a stock. While Looking ahead of 52-week period, the mean Target Price set by analysts is $74.25.

Excerpt from:
CRISPR Therapeutics AG (CRSP) Stock, What You Won't Miss? - News Welcome

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The genetic code to alllife on Earth, both simple and complex, comes down to four basic letters: A, C,T and G.

Untangling the role thatthese letters play in lifes blueprint has allowed scientists to understandwhat makes everything from bacteria to people the way they are. But as researchershave learned more, they have also sought ways to tinker with this blueprint,bringing ethical dilemmas into the spotlight. The Gene, a two-part PBS documentary from executive producer Ken Burnsairing April 7 and 14, explores the benefits and risks that come withdeciphering lifes code.

The film begins with oneof those ethical challenges. The opening moments describe how biophysicist HeJiankui used the gene-editing tool CRISPR/Cas9 to alter the embryos of twin girls who were born in China in 2018 (SN: 12/17/18). Worldwide, criticscondemned the move, claiming it was irresponsible to change the girls DNA, asexperts dont yet fully understand the consequences.

This moment heraldedthe arrival of a new era, narrator David Costabile says. An era in whichhumans are no longer at the mercy of their genes, but can control and evenchange them.

Headlines and summaries of the latest Science News articles, delivered to your inbox

The story sets the stagefor a prominent theme throughout the documentary: While genetics holdsincredible potential to improve the lives of people with genetic diseases,there are always those who will push science to its ethical limits. But thedriving force in the film is the inquisitive nature of the scientistsdetermined to uncover what makes us human.

The Gene, based on the book of the same name by Siddhartha Mukherjee (SN:12/18/16), one of the documentarys executive producers, highlights many ofthe most famous discoveries in genetics. The film chronicles Gregor Mendels classicpea experiments describing inheritance and how experts ultimately revealed inthe 1940s that DNA a so-called stupid molecule composed of just four chemicalbases, adenine (A), thymine (T),cytosine (C) and guanine (G) is responsible for storing geneticinformation. Historical footage, inBurns typical style, brings to life stories describing the discovery of DNAshelical structure in the 1950s and the success of the Human Genome Project indecoding the human genetic blueprint in 2003.

The film also touches ona few of the ethical violations that came from these discoveries. The eugenicsmovement in both Nazi Germany and the United States in the early 20th century aswell as the story of the first person to die in a clinical trial for genetherapy, in 1999, cast a morbid shadow on the narrative.

Interwoven into thistimeline are personal stories from people who suffer from genetic diseases.These vignettes help viewers grasp the hope new advances can give patients asexperts continue to wrangle with DNA in efforts to make those cures.

In the documentarysfirst installment, which focuses on the early days of genetics, viewers meet a family whose daughter is grappling with arare genetic mutation that causes her nerve cells to die. The family searchesfor a cure alongside geneticist Wendy Chung of Columbia University. The secondpart follows efforts to master the human genome and focuses on AudreyWinkelsas, a molecular biologist at the National Institutes of Health studyingspinal muscular atrophy, a disease she herself has, and a family fighting tosave their son from a severe form of the condition.

For science-interested viewers, the documentary does not disappoint. The Gene covers what seems to be every angle of genetics history from the ancient belief that sperm absorbed mystical vapors to pass traits down to offspring to the discovery of DNAs structure to modern gene editing. But the stories of the scientists and patients invested in overcoming diseases like Huntingtons and cancer make the film all the more captivating.

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The PBS documentary The Gene showcases genetics promise and pitfalls - Science News

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

New Jersey, United States: Market Research Intellect has added a new research report titled, Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market Professional Survey Report 2020 to its vast collection of research reports. The Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes market is expected to grow positively for the next five years 2020-2026.

The Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes market report studies past factors that helped the market to grow as well as, the ones hampering the market potential. This report also presents facts on historical data from 2011 to 2019 and forecasts until 2026, which makes it a valuable source of information for all the individuals and industries around the world. This report gives relevant market information in readily accessible documents with clearly presented graphs and statistics. This report also includes views of various industry executives, analysts, consultants, and marketing, sales, and product managers.

Key Players Mentioned in the Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market Research Report:

Market Segment as follows:

The global Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market report highly focuses on key industry players to identify the potential growth opportunities, along with the increased marketing activities is projected to accelerate market growth throughout the forecast period. Additionally, the market is expected to grow immensely throughout the forecast period owing to some primary factors fuelling the growth of this global market. Finally, the report provides detailed profile and data information analysis of leading Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes company.

Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market by Regional Segments:

The chapter on regional segmentation describes the regional aspects of the Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes market. This chapter explains the regulatory framework that is expected to affect the entire market. It illuminates the political scenario of the market and anticipates its impact on the market for Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes .

The Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market research presents a study by combining primary as well as secondary research. The report gives insights on the key factors concerned with generating and limiting Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes market growth. Additionally, the report also studies competitive developments, such as mergers and acquisitions, new partnerships, new contracts, and new product developments in the global Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes market. The past trends and future prospects included in this report makes it highly comprehensible for the analysis of the market. Moreover, The latest trends, product portfolio, demographics, geographical segmentation, and regulatory framework of the Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes market have also been included in the study.

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Table of Content

1 Introduction of Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market1.1 Overview of the Market1.2 Scope of Report1.3 Assumptions

2 Executive Summary

3 Research Methodology3.1 Data Mining3.2 Validation3.3 Primary Interviews3.4 List of Data Sources

4 Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market Outlook4.1 Overview4.2 Market Dynamics4.2.1 Drivers4.2.2 Restraints4.2.3 Opportunities4.3 Porters Five Force Model4.4 Value Chain Analysis

5 Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market, By Deployment Model5.1 Overview

6 Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market, By Solution6.1 Overview

7 Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market, By Vertical7.1 Overview

8 Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market, By Geography8.1 Overview8.2 North America8.2.1 U.S.8.2.2 Canada8.2.3 Mexico8.3 Europe8.3.1 Germany8.3.2 U.K.8.3.3 France8.3.4 Rest of Europe8.4 Asia Pacific8.4.1 China8.4.2 Japan8.4.3 India8.4.4 Rest of Asia Pacific8.5 Rest of the World8.5.1 Latin America8.5.2 Middle East

9 Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market Competitive Landscape9.1 Overview9.2 Company Market Ranking9.3 Key Development Strategies

10 Company Profiles10.1.1 Overview10.1.2 Financial Performance10.1.3 Product Outlook10.1.4 Key Developments

11 Appendix11.1 Related Research

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Tags: Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market Size, Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market Growth, Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market Forecast, Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market Analysis, Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market Trends, Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market

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Crispr And Crispr Associated Genes Market Size Analysis, Top Manufacturers, Shares, Growth Opportunities and Forecast to 2026 - Science In Me

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

DetailsCategory: More NewsPublished on Thursday, 02 April 2020 14:06Hits: 406

HAMBURG, Germany, and TORONTO, Canada I April 02, 2020 I Evotec SE (Frankfurt Stock Exchange: EVT, MDAX/TecDAX, ISIN: DE0005664809) and the innovative biotechnology company panCELLa Inc. announced today that the companies have entered into a licensing and investment agreement.

Under the terms of the agreement, Evotec will receive a non-exclusive licence to access panCELLas proprietary iPS cell lines iACT Stealth Cells, which are genetically modified to prevent immune rejection of derived cell therapy products (cloaking). Furthermore, Evotec will also have access to a new-generation cloaking technology known as hypoimmunogenic cells. In addition, the FailSafe mechanism effectively addresses a key challenge in iPSC-based cell therapy, potential tumour formation by residual undifferentiated cells.

Using the cell lines, Evotec will be able to develop iPSC-based, off-the-shelf cell therapies with long-lasting efficacy that can be safely administered to a broad population of patients without the use of medication to supress the patients immune system. With a growing portfolio of iPSC-based cell therapy projects at Evotec, access to research as well as GMP-grade iPSC lines modified with one or both of the panCELLa technologies significantly accelerates Evotecs cell therapy discovery and development efforts. Modified iPSC lines will be available for the development of cell therapy approaches across a broad range of indications by Evotec and potential partners. Furthermore, Evotec has made an investment to take a minority stake in panCELLa and has nominated Dr Andreas Scheel to join panCELLas supervisory board.

Dr Cord Dohrmann, Chief Scientific Officer of Evotec, commented: Cell therapies hold enormous potential as truly regenerative or curative approaches for a broad range of different diseases with significant medical need. Integrating panCELLas technology and cell lines into our ongoing proprietary research and development efforts strengthens Evotecs position in cell therapy. It is our goal to provide safe highly-effective cell therapy products to as many patients as possible. In addition to small molecules and biologics, cell therapy will become yet another major pillar of Evotecs multimodality discovery and development platform.

Mahendra Rao, MD, PhD, CEO at panCELLa, added: We welcome the partnership with Evotec. Evotecs widely recognised expertise and existing portfolio of iPSC-related technology platforms will allow panCELLa to rapidly advance its own therapeutic interests in NK cell therapy, pancreatic islet production and iPSC-derived MSC platform, in addition to enabling panCELLa to make its platform technologies widely available. I believe that the investment by Evotec in our company is a strong validation of the leading role of panCELLa in the field of regenerative medicine and in the utility of its platform technologies. We welcome Dr Andreas Scheel to our Board.

No financial details of the agreement were disclosed.

About Evotec and iPSC

Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells. The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanakas lab in Kyoto, Japan, who showed in 2006 that the introduction of four specific genes encoding transcription factors could convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. He was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. Pluripotent stem cells hold great promise in the field of regenerative medicine. Because they can propagate indefinitely, as well as give rise to every other cell type in the body (such as neurons, heart, pancreatic and liver cells), they represent a single source of cells that could be used to replace those lost to damage or disease.

Evotec has built an industrialised iPSC infrastructure that represents one of the largest and most sophisticated iPSC platforms in the industry. Evotecs iPSC platform has been developed over the last years with the goal to industrialise iPSC-based drug screening in terms of throughput, reproducibility and robustness to reach the highest industrial standards, and to use iPSC-based cells in cell therapy approaches via the Companys proprietary EVOcells platform.

About cell therapy and panCELLas FailSafe iPSC technology

Cell therapy, one of the most promising regenerative medicine approaches, replaces a patients missing or broken cells with functioning cells from a range of different sources, either from a donor, from the patients own material, or from stem cells. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has opened up stem cells as an almost unlimited source of consistent-quality material for such cell therapies. At the same time, differentiating cell therapies from a single validated source circumvents critical risks of contamination associated with administering both donor and patient cell material.

However, the patients immune system will treat such iPSC-based transplants as foreign and use the bodys immune system to counteract the therapy, thus undermining its long-term efficacy. While organ transplants require an often lifelong regimen of immunosuppressants, iPSC-derived cells used for cell therapies can be cloaked to make them undetectable by the patients immune system, thus avoiding rejection and enabling effective long-term relief of the patients symptoms.

To increase the safety of such iPSC-derived cell products, panCELLas proprietary FailSafe technology is able to inactivate any iPSC-derived proliferating cell before and after transplantation through the use of a readily available anti-infective medication. FailSafe is the only quantifiable safety switch on the market which is expected to be critical for regulators, clinicians and patients to make informed decisions when evaluating treatment options.

ABOUT PANCELLA INC.

Incorporated in August 2015, panCELLa (www.pancella.com) was founded by Dr Andras Nagy and Dr Armand Keating based on Dr Nagys ground-breaking work in the area of stem cell research. Through panCELLa, Drs Keating and Nagy are seeking to create an effective cell therapy derived from stem cells, which are modified to provide a sufficient and very high level of safety before and after the cells are introduced to the patient. panCELLa serves those companies developing products from stem cells. panCELLa seeks to create universal off the shelf FailSafe Cells and to assist pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors to achieve such with their own cell lines. Targeted medical applications include deadly, debilitating, or aggressive diseases requiring immediate treatment where there is no time to cultivate a customized stem cell treatment from the patient (i.e. cancer, cardiac infarct, diabetes, stroke and spinal cord injury).

SOURCE: Evotec

Originally posted here:
Evotec Expands its iPSC-Based Cell Therapy Platform EVOcells Through Licensing Agreement with panCELLa | More News | News Channels -...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Evotec SE- a Germany based biotechnology firm has reportedly signed a licensing and investment agreement with panCELLa Inc. a Canadian innovative biotechnology company.

Reportedly, as per the deal, Evotec is expected to receive a non-exclusive license to use panCELLas patented iPS cell lines known as- iACT Stealth Cells that is genetically enhanced to stop immune rejection of derived cell therapy products. Evotec has also invested in panCELLa to own a minority stake in the company, appointing a member to its supervisory board as well.

In addition to the above, the German biotech giant will also be able to access hypoimmunogenic cells, a next generation cloaking technology. The FailSafe solution meets the challenge in iPSC based cell therapy, which is the probable formation of tumors by remaining undifferentiated cells.

Apparently, with the help of the cell lines, Evotec will gain the ability to develop iPSC-based cell therapies that have long term effectiveness and may be safely administered to a wide base of patients without the use of medicines to need to suppress their immune system.

Notably, with an increase in the number of iPSC- based cell therapy technologies at Evotec, access to research and GMP-grade iPSC lines altered with one or both of the technologies offered by PanCELLa will be available to facilitate the development of novel cell therapy approaches across a wide range of indications by the German company and its potential partners.

In a statement by Dr Cord Dohrmann, Chief Scientific Officer, Evotec, cell therapies carry the potential to cure a wide range of different diseases with considerable unmet medical needs. Integrating the advanced technology of PanCELLa and cell lines into the current research and development will boost Evotecs cell therapy offerings. The company primarily aims at rendering safe and reliable cell therapy solutions to a large number of patients, he further added.

According to Mahendra Rao, MD, PhD and panCELLa CEO, Evotecs product expertise and current range of iPSC-based technology will permit panCELLa to advance its own therapeutic interest in NK cell therapy, iPSC-derived MSC platform and pancreatic islet production at a faster rate along with allowing the company to make its technology widely available.

Source Credits: https://www.evotec.com/en/invest/news--announcements/p/evotec-expands-its-ipsc-based-cell-therapy-platform-evocells-through-licensing-agreement-with-pancella-5921

Originally posted here:
Evotec partners with panCELLa to enhance cell therapy plaform - ITResearchBrief.com

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

IRVINE, Calif., April 1, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- In a joint research effort studying the genetics of the androgen receptor in androgenetic alopecia, scientists discover a possible genetic variation that pre-disposes COVID-19 patients to develop severe symptoms. The team led by Andy Goren, MD Chief Medical Officer at Applied Biology and Medical Advisor to the Department of Dermatology of the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Carlos G. Wambier, MD, PhD Director of Cosmetic Research at the Department of Dermatology of the Alpert Medical School of Brown University and John McCoy, PhD Vice President of R&D at Applied Biology along with a team of collaborators from other institutions submitted their discovery to publication in the medical journal Dermatologic Therapy. The manuscript titled "WHAT DOES ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA HAVE TO DO WITH COVID-19? AN INSIGHT INTO A POTENTIAL NEW THERAPY" (DOI: 10.1111/dth.13365) elucidates the possible role of androgens in controlling the infectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells. According to Dr. Wambier: "we believe that androgens are required for the expression of the serine protease TMPRSS2. This proteolytic priming of the spikes of the coronavirus is the first step required for binding to the ACE2 receptor in cells. Male hormones might also affect ACE2 receptor expression in lung cells. To the best of our knowledge these are required for the novel coronavirus to infect humans." According to Dr. Goren: "men and women are known to have different levels of androgens as well as androgen receptor expression patterns which may explain the differential mortality rate between the genders." The team is now exploring a diagnostic test to identify COVID-19 patients at high risk for developing severe symptoms or mortality. In addition, the group is embarking on a clinical study to explore the use of anti-androgen therapy in COVID-19 patients.

ABOUT APPLIED BIOLOGYFounded in 2002, Applied Biology, Inc. (www.appliedbiology.com), headquartered in Irvine, California, is a biotechnology company specializing in hair and skin science. Applied Biology develops breakthrough drugs and medical devices for the treatment of androgen mediated dermatological conditions. Applied Biology's R&D pipeline includes a topically applied prophylactic treatment for chemotherapy induced alopecia; a novel diagnostic device that can aid dermatologists in identifying non-responders to topical minoxidil; an adjuvant therapy for non-responders to topical minoxidil; and a novel therapy for female pattern hair loss.

Contact:Monica Naegle(949) 387-4526[emailprotected]www.appliedbiology.com

SOURCE Applied Biology, Inc.

http://www.appliedbiology.com

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Applied Biology in Collaboration with Brown Researchers Announce the Discovery of a Possible Association Between the Genetic Cause of Hair Loss and...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Cryonics Technology Market 2020 Report comprises of strong research of global business which empowers the consumer to look at the possible requirement as well as foresee the implementation. The restraints and drivers have been assembled following a deep study of the global Cryonics Technology Market proficiency. The development ratio thats requested from the viewpoint of the rational analysis offers detailed info of the global Cryonics Technology industry. Cryonics Technology Market Research report has analyzed all current trends and previous status of business under the supervision of business specialists. By which report supplies impending assessment of Cryonics Technology Market that includes market size in value and volume by region, manufacturers, kind and application.

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Top Companies in the Cryonics Technology Market Report:PraxairCustom Biogenic SystemsCryothermCellulisThermo Fisher ScientificCryologicsAlcor Life Extension FoundationVWRKrioRusOregon CryonicsOsiris CryonicsSigma-AldrichSouthern Cryonics

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Cryonics Technology Market on the basis of Usability, Technology, Procedure, Application, and Region by (2020-2026) - Science In Me

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

TORONTO, April 06, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Marathon Gold Corporation (Marathon or the Company) (MOZ.TO) is pleased to report the results of the Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS) for the Valentine Gold Project in Central Newfoundland (the Project). The PFS supports an open pit mining operation with low initial capital cost and high rate of return over a 12-year mine life. Highlights of the PFS are as follows (all figures are in Canadian dollars unless otherwise noted):

Matt Manson, President & CEO commented: The Valentine Pre-Feasibility Study released today presents a high value, low capex project with a strong gold production profile and high operating margins. We have taken the approach of identifying the optimum starting point for mining at Valentine, emphasising highest rate of return and lowest risk, while recognising that the large resource inventory and extensive exploration potential along strike and at depth offers plenty of opportunity for mine life extension. Our mill expansion strategy is supported by internal cash flow using a conservative gold price assumption, and the project carries strong project financing attributes, including a fast payback. Mr. Manson continued: The Valentine Project is expected to be Atlantic Canadas largest gold producer. Notwithstanding the current COVID-19 challenges, it represents the future of responsible resource development in Central Newfoundland. With a strong treasury in hand ($28M as of Dec 31, 2019) our attention now turns to the submission of our Environmental Impact Statement, expected later this year, and the commencement of Feasibility-level studies.

The PFS was completed by Ausenco Engineering Canada Inc. as Lead Consultant. Moose Mountain Technical Services acted as Mining Consultant, APEX Geoscience Ltd. as Geological Consultant, Golder Associates Ltd. as Tailings Consultant, Stantec Consulting Ltd. as Environmental Consultant and Terrane Geoscience Inc. as Geotechnical Consultant. The Valentine Gold Project Mineral Resource Estimate (see Marathon Gold news release dated January 20, 2020) was prepared by John T. Boyd Company. The Mineral Reserve Estimate was prepared by Moose Mountain Technical Services. Key results and assumptions used in the Valentine Gold Project PFS are summarized in Table (1) below.

The PFS contemplates open pit mining from the Marathon and Leprechaun deposits only. Ore with a cut-off grade of 0.70 g/t Au will be prioritized for mill processing, initially at 6,800 tonnes per day (tpd), or 2.5 Million tonnes per annum (Mtpa), and then at 11,000 tpd, or 4.0 Mtpa, following mill expansion. Ore between 0.70 g/t and 0.33 g/t Au will be stockpiled for processing at the end of the mine life.

The open pits have been designed and scheduled to maximise project rate of return. Each deposit will be developed in three phases, with the Marathon pit achieving a maximum dimension of 1,250 m x 700 m by 294 m deep, and the Leprechaun pit achieving 1,050 m x 650 m by 306 m deep. LOM strip ratios will be 6.7 at Marathon, 9.1 at Leprechaun, and 7.6 overall. Benches will be mined by conventional drill/blast/load/haul methods on 6 m bench heights with 8 m wide berms every third bench. Dual-lane haul road allowances will support a diesel-powered mining fleet that will include thirty two 90-tonne payload trucks operating between the two open pits.

Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves are derived from the Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources utilizing Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves (2014).

Total Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves (Table 2) are estimated at 1.87 Moz (41.05 Mt at 1.41 g/t Au) utilizing a cut-off of 0.33 g/t Au. Mineral Reserves with a 0.70 g/t Au cut-off, at 1.61 Moz (25.29 Mt at 1.98 g/t Au), are scheduled for priority processing in the mine plan.

Mine planning and Mineral Reserves use block dimensions of 6 m x 6 m x 6 m with whole block dilution after re-blocking the Mineral Resource model, which has been sub-blocked at a 2 m x 2 m x 2 m minimum block size. Mining dilution of 22% and loss of 3% is introduced. Ore blocks surrounded by waste on all sides, and blocks surrounded by waste on three sides with a grade of less than 0.5 g/t Au are also treated as waste. This yields an additional mining recovery loss of 5% by tonnage and 2% by gold content. Inferred Mineral Resources of 0.27 Moz (8.07 Mt at 1.05 g/t Au) that are within the open pits are treated as waste and excluded from the economic analysis.

Processing and Recovery

The PFS contemplates an initial milling strategy based on grinding to 75 m followed by gravity concentration and cyanidation of gravity concentrates and tails (Gravity-Leaching). Grinding will be by way of a SAG and a ball mill. Processing capacity in Phase 1 will be 6,800 tpd (2.5 Mtpa).

The mill will be expanded in Year 4 by coarsening the initial grind to 150 m and adding flotation and regrinding of the flotation concentrates, followed by cyanidation (Gravity-Flotation-Leaching). No additional grinding equipment will be required for this expansion phase. Processing capacity in Phase 2 will be 11,000 tpd (4 Mtpa). The PFS incorporates scheduled ramp-ups to 1.9 Mtpa in Year 1 and 3.3 Mtpa in Year 4.

Process design has been supported by a metallurgical testwork program conducted by the Company under the supervision of Mr. John Goode, including studies in mineralogy, comminution, gravity concentration, flotation, leaching and cyanide destruction. This work has been performed by a variety of third-party laboratories starting in 2010 and with a focus on the specific PFS scope since 2018.

Overall gold recovery is estimated at 93% at an average grade of 1.41 g/t Au (85% at cut-off grade and capped at 97%). Phase 1 Gravity-Leaching has the advantage of a lower initial capital cost but at an average $3/t higher operating cost and an estimated 0.6% lower recoveries. Phase 2 Gravity-Flotation-Leaching allows for higher throughput, with an estimated $42M of expansion capital, at a lower average operating cost and higher recovery.

Capital and Operating Costs

Capital costs (Table 3) have a basis of estimate at Class 4 (FEL2) with a stated +/-25% accuracy (after the Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering International) and are stated in Q1 2020 Canadian dollars. All capital items are estimated with a uniform 15% contingency. More than 80% of equipment costs and bulk materials are estimated with budget quotes from vendors, with smaller items priced from precedent projects. Certain commodity estimates are derived from material take-offs. Growth factors of up to 10% have been applied on an item by item basis. Mobile equipment is assumed to be lease financed with associated costs contained within sustaining capital estimates.

Capital costs of $42M for the Phase 2 (Gravity-Flotation-Leaching) expansion of the mill are expected to be financed internally out of cash flow at the base case gold price assumption of US$1,350/oz.

Mine operating costs (Table 4) are estimated at $2.51/t mined or $20.88/t milled (LOM) based on an annual average mining rate of 38.0 Mt. Mining costs reflect the relatively high strip ratios of 6.7 and 9.1 in the Marathon and Leprechaun pits respectively, and short haul distances for waste. Process-related costs are estimated at $11.26/t milled, G&A at $2.27/t milled, for total site costs of $34.40/t milled. Bullion transport and refinery charges are estimated at $2.57/oz. Overall, the unit costs are consistent with similar scale projects elsewhere in Canada. Diesel costs are estimated at $1.09/litre and power at $0.059/kWh.

Table 3: Capital Costs

Table 4: Operating Costs

Financial Analysis

At a US$1,350 gold price and a US$:C$ exchange of 0.75 the Project generates an after-tax Net Present Value (NPV) of $472M, at a 5% discount rate, and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 36.2% based on an effective cash tax rate of 29%. Payback on initial capital is 1.8 years. Before taxes, NPV5% is $752M, IRR is 45.1%, and payback is 1.6 years. The Projects valuation is discounted to December 31, 2021.

A 1.5% Net Smelter Royalty (NSR) is applied to all gold production. In February 2019 the Company sold a 2% net smelter returns royalty on the Valentine Gold Project to Franco-Nevada Corp. The PFS assumes the exercise of a right in favour of the Company to repurchase 0.5% of the NSR for US$7M prior to December 31, 2022, the cost of which is excluded from the Project-level economic analysis.

The Project is most sensitive to revenue attributes such as gold price, head grade and exchange rate, followed by operating cost and capital cost (Table 5). At US$1,550/oz gold the Project generates an after-tax IRR of 49% (Table 6). Importantly, in a downside scenario, the Project generates a 15% after-tax IRR at a gold price of US$1,075/oz, more than US$500/oz below the current spot price.

Table 5: After-Tax Valuation Sensitivity to Certain Operating Parameters (NPV5%, C$M)

Table 6: After-Tax Valuation Sensitivities to the Gold Price at a US$:C$ exchange of 0.75

Infrastructure and Facilities

In addition to the mill and Tailings Management Facility (TMF), on-site infrastructure includes maintenance and office facilities, a 300-person accommodation camp, a wastewater treatment plant, ditching and sedimentation ponds for water management, and site roads. Cost provision has been made for the upgrading and widening of the current 80 km long access road from Millertown via Red Indian Lake. Electrical power to site is to be supplied by NL Hydro with a 30 km long 66 kV transmission line from the Star Lake Hydroelectric Generating Station with back-up on-site diesel generators. Peak power demand for Phase 1 mill processing at the Project (Gravity-Leach) is estimated at 18 MW, increasing to 22 MW following the Phase 2 mill expansion (Gravity-Flotation-Leaching).

Environment, Permitting and Social Acceptability

The Valentine Gold Project is subject to regulation under the environmental protection regimes of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and the Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) Environmental Protection Act. Marathon filed a project description with both the Impact Assessment Agency (IAA, formerly the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency) and the NL Department of Municipal Affairs and Environment (NLDMAE) on April 5, 2019, which was accepted into the formal Environmental Assessment (EA) process on April 16, 2019. Both the IAA and the NLDMAE issued a determination requiring a project Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and EIS guidelines have now been published by both parties.

The EIS is expected to be filed with the regulators in the 3rd quarter of 2020, and will describe the environmental, social and economic impacts of the scope of project outlined in the PFS. The site layout allows for waste rock storage facilities adjacent to the Marathon and Leprechaun open pits, and a TMF that avoid areas of known fish habitat. The TMF will employ a thickened tailings deposition strategy with a water treatment plant and polishing pond, following a trade-off study of alternate deposition techniques. The TMF has also been successfully located in an area downstream of the Victoria Reservoir and the associated Victoria Dam. Waste rock and tailings geochemical characterization studies indicate very low likelihood for acid rock drainage or metal leaching from either the waste rock storage facilities or tailings. The TMF will receive thickened tailings from the mill between Years 1 and 9, with the mined-out Leprechaun open pit scheduled to receive tailings starting in Year 10. Effluent and contact water from the TMF, waste rock piles and open pits will be collected and, if necessary, treated prior to release. A mitigation strategy will be developed for seasonal Caribou migration which occurs in the spring and fall within the eastern area of the property.

In support of the EA process and the future development and operation of the Project, Marathon has also initiated formal stakeholder engagement with the communities of Buchans, Buchans Junction, Millertown, Badger, Bishops Falls and Grand Falls-Windsor, the Qalipu and Miawpukek (Conne River) First Nations and other interested parties. The PFS estimates maximum employment of 404 persons during construction and 426 persons during operations, and over $100 million of annual average purchasing of goods and services.

Project Schedule

The Valentine Gold Project PFS contemplates completion of a Feasibility Study in the first half of 2021, completion of the EA and Ministerial Approval by mid-2021, and the commencement of site-specific permitting thereafter. Ground-breaking for site construction is scheduled for January 1, 2022, with a total 18-month construction period and first gold production by mid-2023. The reader is cautioned that the timeframes contained within the PFS have been estimated without consideration of potential impacts from the ongoing COVID-19 challenges, such as disruption to supply chains, labour markets, work practices and permitting, amongst other factors.

Mineral Resource Estimate, Effective January 10, 2020

The updated Mineral Resource Estimate was authored by John T. Boyd Company utilizing Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves (2014). Peer review and risk analysis was completed by RPA Inc., who determined that the Mineral Resource models as presented for both the Leprechaun and Marathon Deposits were reasonable overall.

Total Project Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources, which are inclusive of the Mineral Reserves, are 3.09 Moz (54.9 Mt at 1.75 g/t Au). Additional Inferred Mineral Resources are 0.96 Moz (16.77 Mt at 1.78 g/t Au).

Table 7: Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources by Deposit

Table 8: Inferred Mineral Resources by Deposit

NI 43-101 Technical Report

Marathon will file an updated Technical Report prepared in accordance with the requirements of National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101) for the Valentine Gold Project PFS including a description of the updated Mineral Resource Estimate.

Marathon has prepared a presentation with further technical information regarding the Pre-Feasibility Study results which is available on the companys website at http://www.marathon-gold.com.

Qualified Persons

Disclosure of a scientific or technical nature in this news release has been approved by Robbert Borst, C.Eng, Chief Operating Officer of Marathon Gold Corporation. Mr. Borst has verified the data disclosed including sampling, analytical and test data underlying the information contained in this news release. This included a site inspection, drill database verification, and independent analytical testwork.

The Qualified Person responsible for the preparation of the January 2020 Valentine Gold Project Mineral Resource Estimate is Robert Farmer, P.Eng. of John T Boyd Company. The Qualified Person responsible for the preparation of the Mineral Reserves and mine planning is Marc Schulte, P.Eng., of Moose Mountain Technical Services. Roy Eccles, P.Geol., of APEX Geoscience Ltd. is the Qualified Person responsible for geological technical information including a QA/QC review of drilling and sampling data used in the Mineral Resource Estimate. Paul Staples P.Eng., of Ausenco Engineering Canada Inc. is the Qualified Person responsible for the design of the process plant and infrastructure, and financial modelling. Peter Merry, P.Eng., of Golder Associates Ltd. is the Qualified Person responsible for design of the TMF and water management infrastructure. Sheldon Smith, P.Geo., of Stantec Consulting Ltd. is the Qualified Person responsible for site water balance and surface water management. Each of Mr. Farmer, Mr. Eccles, Mr. Staples, Mr. Schulte, Mr. Merry and Mr. Smith are considered to be independent of Marathon and the Valentine Gold Project for purposes of NI 43-101.

Non-IFRS Financial Measures

The Company has included certain non-IFRS financial measures in this news release, such as Initial Capital Cost, Total Cash Cost, All-In Sustaining Cost, Expansion Capital, Capital Intensity, and Effective Cash Tax Rate which are not measures recognized under IFRS and do not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS. As a result, these measures may not be comparable to similar measures reported by other corporations. Each of these measures used are intended to provide additional information to the user and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures prepared in accordance with IFRS.

Non-IFRS financial measures used in this news release and common to the gold mining industry are defined below.

Total Cash Costs and Total Cash Costs per Ounce

Total Cash Costs are reflective of the cost of production. Total Cash Costs reported in the PFS include mining costs, processing & water treatment costs, general and administrative costs of the mine, off-site costs, refining costs, transportation costs and royalties. Total Cash Costs per Ounce is calculated as Total Cash Costs divided by payable gold ounces.

All-in Sustaining Costs (AISC) and AISC per Ounce

AISC is reflective of all of the expenditures that are required to produce an ounce of gold from operations. AISC reported in the PFS includes total cash costs, sustaining capital, expansion capital and closure costs, but excludes corporate general and administrative costs and salvage. AISC per Ounce is calculated as AISC divided by payable gold ounces.

Acknowledgments

Marathon acknowledges the financial support of the Junior Exploration Assistance Program, Department of Natural Resources, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

About Marathon

Marathon (MOZ.TO) is a Toronto based gold company advancing its 100%-owned Valentine Gold Project located in central Newfoundland, one of the top mining jurisdictions in the world.The Project comprises a series of four mineralized deposits along a 20-kilometre system. The Pre-Feasibility Study announced in this news release outlines an open pit mining and conventional milling operation over a twelve-year mine life with a 36% after-tax rate of return. The Project has estimated Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves of 1.87 Moz (41.05 Mt at 1.41 g/t Au) and Total Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources (inclusive of the Mineral Reserves) of 3.09 Moz (54.9 Mt at 1.75 g/t Au). Additional Inferred Mineral Resources are 0.96 Moz (16.77 Mt at 1.78 g/t Au). An updated Technical Report prepared in accordance with the requirements of NI 43-101 will be filed on SEDAR shortly including further details and assumptions relating to the Valentine Gold Project.

For more information, please contact:

To find out more information on Marathon Gold Corporation and the Valentine Gold Project, please visit http://www.marathon-gold.com.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information

Certain information contained in this news release constitutes forward-looking information within the meaning of Canadian securities laws ("forward-looking statements"). All statements in this news release, other than statements of historical fact, which address events, results, outcomes or developments that Marathon expects to occur are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements that are predictive in nature, depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, or include words such as "expects", "anticipates", "plans", "believes", "estimates", "considers", "intends", "targets", or negative versions thereof and other similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as "may", "will", "should", "would" and "could". More particularly and without restriction, this news release contains forward-looking statements and information about economic analyses for the Valentine Gold Project, capital and operating costs, processing and recovery estimates and strategies, future exploration and mine plans, objectives and expectations of Marathon, future feasibility studies and environmental impact statements and the timetable for completion and content thereof and statements as to management's expectations with respect to, among other things, the matters and activities contemplated in this news release.

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions and accordingly, actual results and future events could differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. You are hence cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. A mineral resource that is classified as "inferred" or "indicated" has a great amount of uncertainty as to its existence and economic and legal feasibility. It cannot be assumed that any or part of an "indicated mineral resource" or "inferred mineral resource" will ever be upgraded to a higher category of mineral resource. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of mineral deposits in these categories will ever be converted into proven and probable mineral reserves.

By its nature, this information is subject to inherent risks and uncertainties that may be general or specific and which give rise to the possibility that expectations, forecasts, predictions, projections or conclusions will not prove to be accurate, that assumptions may not be correct and that objectives, strategic goals and priorities will not be achieved. Factors that could cause future results or events to differ materially from current expectations expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements include availability of financing to fund Marathons exploration and development activities, the ability of the current exploration program to identify and expand mineral resources, operational risks in exploration and development for gold, Marathons ability to realize the pre-feasibility study, delays or changes in plans with respect to exploration or development projects or capital expenditures, uncertainty as to calculation of mineral resources, changes in commodity and power prices, changes in interest and currency exchange rates, the ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, inaccurate geological and metallurgical assumptions (including with respect to the size, grade and recoverability of mineral resources), changes in development or mining plans due to changes in logistical, technical or other factors, title defects, government approvals and permits, cost escalation, changes in general economic conditions or conditions in the financial markets, environmental regulation, operating hazards and risks, delays, taxation rules, competition, public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and other uninsurable risks, liquidity risk, share price volatility, dilution and future sales of common shares, aboriginal claims and consultation, cybersecurity threats, climate change, delays and other risks described in Marathons documents filed with Canadian securities regulatory authorities. You can find further information with respect to these and other risks in Marathons Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2019 and other filings made with Canadian securities regulatory authorities and available at http://www.sedar.com. Other than as specifically required by law, Marathon undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, whether as a result of new information, future events or results otherwise.

Read more from the original source:
Marathon Gold Announces Positive Pre-Feasibility Study for the Valentine Gold Project - Yahoo Finance

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

To this day, details about the weapons in America's nuclear arsenal, especially regarding their warheads, remain some of the most secretive, while still publically known, elements America's nuclear weapons enterprise. There is no better single example of this than a material that the U.S. Department of Energy has used to build thermonuclear warheads, also known as hydrogen bombs, that is so secret that no one knows exactly what it does or exactly what it's made of, and that is only ever referred to publicly by a codename, Fogbank.

Fogbank first gained relatively widespread public attention between 2007 and 2008 as it emerged that the material was at the root of technical delays in the life extension program for the W76 warhead. The W76 series is employed on Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missiles, also known as Trident D5s, in service with both the U.S. Navy and U.K. Royal Navy. The National Nuclear Security Administration delivered the last life-extended W76-1 warheads in 2018.

"There is a material that we currently use and its in a facility that we built at Y-12," then-NNSA director Thomas DAgostino told members of the House of Representatives in 2007, referring to the Y-12 National Security Complex, a nuclear weapons production facility located near the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. "Its a very complicated material that call it the Fogbank. Thats not classified, but its a material thats very important to, you know, our [W76] life extension activity."

"Theres another material in the [W76] its called interstage material, also known as Fogbank, but the chemical details, of course, are classified," then-NNSA director Tom DAgostino told senators later that year.

CTBTO

NNSA director Thomas DAgostino in 2009.

DAgostino's description of Fogbank as an "interstage material" has led experts to largely conclude that it sits between the primary and secondary stages of a two-stage thermonuclear weapon. When the first stage, which is a normal fission reaction, goes off, the interstage material would turn into superheated plasma and then trigger a fusion reaction in the second stage.

Experts also believe that Fogbank is an aerogel, a category of ultralight gels in which the traditionally liquid component is instead a gas. Jeffrey Lewis, an expert on missiles and nuclear weapons at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey, posted in 2008 that the codename Fogbank might be derived from nicknames for aerogels, such as "frozen smoke" and "San Franciso fog." In that same post on the Arms Control Wonk blog, he laid out a number of other known and highly likely details about the material and its production.

NASA

A clay brick, weighing 2.5 kilograms, sits on top of a block of aerogel weighing just 2 grams.

Lewis noted that, in 2007, NNSA's DAgostino had also told legislators that Fogbank's production included purifying the material in a process that "uses a cleaning agent that is extremely flammable." In a talk that same year at the Woodrow Wilson Center, the NNSA director had also "another material that requires a special solvent to be cleaned" and identified the solvent as "ACN," the abbreviation for acetonitrile, which is commonly used in aerogel production.

"That solvent is very volatile," DAgostino said at the time. "Its very dangerous. Its explosive."

A 2007 NNSA briefing slide on a program known as the Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW), which sought to develop a new warhead design to replace various existing types, further points to Fogbank's potential aerogel composition. Congress de-funded the RRW effort in 2008 and President Barack Obama formally canceled it the following year.

NNSA

The NNSA briefing slide from 2007 that offers various details about the interstage and other design features of the then-still-in-development Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW).

The NNSA slide specifically noted a desire to replace an "expensive 'specialty' material" in the interstage section. This would also have resulted in "eliminating [the] need for unique facilities."

Y-12 had closed down a top-secret and specialized site known as Facility 9404-11, which was used to produce Fogbank, following the completion of the final W76 warhead in 1989. The complex established what it called a "Purification Facility" in its place.

"It [the Purification Facility] reprocesses a material that were taking out of weapons so that we can reuse it in refurbished weapons. Thats probably all I can say," Dennis Ruddy, who served for a time as President and General Manager of BWXT Y-12, the division of the Babcock & Wilcox Company that operated Y-12 under contract to the U.S. government between 2000 and 2014, once said. "The material is classified. Its composition is classified. Its use in the weapon is classified, and the process itself is classified."

The Middlebury Institute's Jeffery Lewis noted in 2008 that it was public knowledge that the Purification Facility at Y-12 worked with ACN. "On three separate occasions in March 2006, workers evacuated the Purification Facility after alarms went off. According to DOE [Department of Energy] documents, the Purification Facility is alarmed to monitor for acetonitrile (ACN) levels," he explained.

There was also an ACN spill the forced the evacuation of the Purification Facility in December 2014, which thankfully caused no injuries. It took months to get the facility back up and running. An alert about another potential accident in March 2015 turned out to be a false alarm.

Y-12

The Purification Facility, also known as Facility 9225-3, at Y-12.

In 2009, an article had also appeared in an issue of Nuclear Weapons Journal, an official publication of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), which disclosed that the decision to re-start manufacturing Fogbank came in 2000 and confirmed that this decision was linked directly to the W76-1 warhead project. It also explained that in the intervening years, NNSA had lost virtually all of its institutional knowledge base regarding Fogbank and how to make it.

"Most personnel involved with the original production process were no longer available," the article said. As such, NNSA personnel had reconstructed the production process from historical records.

In addition, "a new facility had to be constructed, one that met modern health and safety requirements." That facility is very likely the Purification Facility at Y-12.

In a bizarre twist, the new production facility and reverse-engineered production process yielded a version of Fogbank that was of a higher purity than it had been in the past, according to the article. The problem, however, was that for Fogbank to work as intended in existing warhead designs, that previous level of impurity was actually essential. NNSA had to revise the process to ensure the final product was just as impure.

LANL

Extremely rudimentary diagrams showing the production process the NNSA initially developed to produce Fogbank in the 2000s, above, and the revised "impure" process, below.

NNSA only succeeded in recertifying the production process in 2008, the better part of a decade after first deciding to restart Fogbank production. The production of life-extended W76-1 warheads began that same year.

It's not clear how many U.S. nuclear warhead types, past and present, used Fogbank. Jeffery Lewis' has posited that the W78 and W80, used on the U.S. Air Force's LGM-30G Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missile and the AGM-86B Air-Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM), respectively, might have it based on when NNSA designed and produced those warheads.

Fogbank, or at the least the story of re-booting its production, has come up more recently amid the broad U.S. efforts to modernize America's nuclear arsenal in recent years. This has included the fielding of a controversial low-yield variant of the W76, which entered service on some U.S. Navy's Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missiles earlier this year, and the development of a new warhead, the W93, for those same missiles.

NNSA

The official program logo for the W76-2 low-yield variant.

Work on the W93, in particular, has raised concerns about whether the Department of Energy, which oversees warhead construction, has adequate facilities and other resources to avoid potentially serious delays in the production of large numbers of new nuclear weapons. In March 2020, Allison B. Bawden, a Director on the Natural Resources and Environment team at the Government Accountability Office highlighted the past difficulties with the production of Fogbank in relation to the production of new nuclear weapons.

"Future weapon programs will require newly produced explosives, including some that NNSA has not produced at scale since 1993," Bawden said during a hearing on Capitol Hill. "As we reported in March 2009, NNSA had to delay first production of the W76-1 from September 2007 to September 2008 when it encountered problems restarting production of a key material, known as Fogbank. NNSA is working to reconstitute its high explosives capabilities, as we reported in June 2019."

You can read more about the production of specialized high explosives for nuclear weapons in this past War Zone piece.

The exact origins of the W93 design are unclear. Senior Department of Energy and U.S. military officials have shied away from calling it all-new, but it is certainly set to the be the first new warhead design to enter U.S. military service since the introduction of the W88 for the Trident II in 1989.

Dan Stober and Ian Hoffman via Wikimedia

A non-official diagram showing the general arrangement and features of the W88 warhead.

The W93 is based on previously nuclear-tested designs, its not going to require any nuclear testing," a senior defense official had told reporters in February. However, U.S. Navy Admiral Charles Richard, head of U.S. Strategic Command, told legislators that same month that the W93 itself "hasnt been designed yet."

The Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW) program had raised similar questions. NNSA had picked Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to build the initial production version of the RRW, leading to speculation that it might be derived from LLNL's W89. Work on the W89, which was intended to arm the Air Force's air-launched AGM-131A Short Range Attack Missile II (SRAM II) and the Navy's RUM/UUM-125A Sea Lance anti-submarine missile, officially ended in 1991. Neither the SRAM II nor the Sea Lance entered service, either.

DOE

It is possible that the W93 project will now leverage work from the RRW program, regardless of the latter's origins. If the W93 does follow on from that earlier effort, there is also a distinct possibility that it will not use Fogbank in its interstage section.

Whatever happens, Fogbank will continue to be a prime example of both the complexity surrounding the construction of nuclear warheads, as well as the immense secrecy surrounding America's nuclear weapon enterprise.

Contact the author: joe@thedrive.com

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Fogbank Is Mysterious Material Used In Nukes That's So Secret Nobody Can Say What It Is - The Drive

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The United States Strategic National Stockpile of essential medical supplies maintained by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, seems unable to respond to the present COVID-19 crisis.

There is much discussion in todays news about who is responsible for the shortcomings. Did Trump find the shelves empty or full when he took office after President Obama? Is the stockpile meant to support local governments in dealing with shortages in such a crisis, as the DHHS website said until last Friday, or is it specifically meant for use by the federal government, ourstockpile not supposed to be states stockpiles that they then use, as White House senior advisor Jared Kushner insists, a view supported by the newly amended DHHS website?The United States maintains other strategic stockpiles, more carefully and at a far greater expense. The Strategic Petroleum Reserve is a stockpile of oil and gasoline and in 2009, President Obama announced the Stockpile Stewardship Program, pledging more than a trillion dollars to ensure the safety, security, and reliability and the life extension of the deteriorating nuclear weapons stockpile.

A common dictionary definition of the word stewardship is an ethic that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources for the future, but in 2009, President Obama was not speaking of stewardship over the fragile environment, nor over the crumbling infrastructure of roads, bridges and tunnels, nor hospitals or schools, nor even stewardship for our national parks and forests, but stewardship for a stockpile of nuclear weapons. The life extension he called for was not for the worlds elderly increasingly at risk, but for the aging arsenal of weapons of mass destruction that threaten the obliteration of all life.President Trumps determination to purge his predecessors legacy does not apply to Obamas Stockpile Stewardship Program. With unique bipartisan support, the life extension of nuclear weapons has been kept safe from Trumps budget cuts that decimated the United States ability to respond to a pandemic.On this day in 1967, one year before he was killed, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered a speech at New Yorks Riverside Church titled Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence, that speaks to the present situation where weapons of mass destruction have priority over instruments of healing. A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift, Dr. King declared, is approaching spiritual death. In this speech Dr. King labeled the triple evils of militarism, racism, and materialism and he lamented that adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic destructive suction tube while human needs, especially those of the poor, went unmet.Among the synonyms for the word stockpile, along with cache, hoard, store and lay-away is the word treasure. We stockpile what is valuable to us, the things that we treasure, what we want to keep for the future. Jesus said, For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. Judging by our budget priorities, preserving the threat of nuclear destruction is closer to our collective heart than even our health and our lives and we have arrived at the spiritual death Dr. King warned of 52 years ago.While there is life, there is hope, though, and we are at a critical moment. As horrible as the COVID-19 pandemic is, it will run its course and humanity will go on. The same cannot be said, however, of the imminent threats of nuclear destruction and climate collapse. We will not survive on this planet so long as stewardship over stockpiles of fossil fuels and nuclear weapons takes priority over ventilators and surgical masks. So long as what life extension means is keeping nuclear weaponry up to date and not healthcare, housing, education, the peace and wellbeing of all, there can be no hope.I am convinced that if we are to get on to the right side of the world revolution, we as a nation must undergo a radical revolution of values, said Dr. King. 52 years later, our very existence as a species is at risk and the radical revolution of values that he preached is our best hope.

*Brian Terrell is a co-coordinator of Voices for Creative Nonviolence and is sheltering-in-place at a Catholic Worker Farm in Maloy, Iowa

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Remembering Martin Luther King, Jr. On The Anniversary Of His Murder In A Pandemic Year OpEd - Eurasia Review

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Rare congenital condition

XX male syndrome, also known as De la Chapelle syndrome, is a rare congenital intersex condition where an individual with a 46 XX karyotype (otherwise associated with females) has phenotypically male characteristics that can vary among cases.[2] In 90 percent of these individuals, the syndrome is caused by the Y chromosome's SRY gene, which triggers male reproductive development, being included in the crossing over of genetic information that takes place between the pseudoautosomal regions of the X and Y chromosomes during meiosis in the father.[2][3] When the X with the SRY gene combines with a normal X from the mother during fertilization, the result is an XX male. Less common are SRY-negative XX males, which can be caused by a mutation in anautosomalor X chromosomal gene.[2] The masculinization of XX males is variable.

This syndrome is diagnosed through various detection methods and occurs in approximately 1:20,000 newborn males, making it much less common thanKlinefelter syndrome.[2][4][5] Treatment is medically unnecessary, although some individuals choose to undergo treatments to make them appear more male or female.[1][6]

The appearance of XX males can fall into one of three categories: 1) males that have normal internal and external genitalia, 2) males with external ambiguities, and 3) males that have both internal and external genital ambiguities (true hermaphrodites).[7] External genital ambiguities can include hypospadias, micropenis, and clitoromegaly.[7] Typically, the appearance of XX males differs from that of an XY male in that they are smaller in height and weight.[2] Most XX males have smalltestes,are sterile, and have an increase in maldescended testicles compared to XY males.[2][8] Some XX male individuals have decreased amounts of body hair and decreased libido.[8] Individuals with this condition sometimes have feminine characteristics, with varying degrees ofgynecomastiabut with no intra-abdominalMllerian tissue.[8] According to research at theUniversity of Oklahoma health science centers, despite XX males exhibiting feminine characteristics, their behaviours are usually representative of masculinity in their culture.[9]

The degree to which individuals with XX male syndrome develop the male phenotype is variable, even among SRY-positive individuals.[10] A completely male phenotype usually develops in the presence of the SRY gene but, in some cases, the presence of the SRY gene can result in internal and/or external genitalia ambiguities.[10] Normal XX females undergo X inactivation during which one copy of the X chromosome is silenced. It is thought that X inactivation in XX males may account for the genital ambiguities and incomplete masculinization seen in SRY-positive XX males.[11][10] The X chromosome with the SRY gene is preferentially chosen to be the active X chromosome 90% of the time, which explains complete male phenotype being observed often in SRY-positive XX males.[11][10] In the remaining 10%, X inactivation spreads to include a portion of the SRY gene, resulting in incomplete masculinization.[11][10]

Masculinization of SRY-negative XX males is dependent upon which genes have mutations and at what point in development these mutations occur.[12]

Males typically have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome in eachdiploidcell of their bodies. Females typically have two X chromosomes. XX males that are SRY-positive have two X chromosomes, with one of them containing genetic material from the Y chromosome, making them phenotypically male but genetically female.[2]

The SRY gene plays an important role in sex determination by initiating testicular development. In most XX males the SRY gene is present. The tip of the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene and, during recombination, a translocation occurs in which the SRY gene on the Y chromosome is moved to become part of an X chromosome.[7][13] The presence of the translocated SRY gene leads to an XX embryo developing male characteristics.

In 10% of cases, an XX male does not have the SRY gene, causing variations in their levels of masculinity.[2] The exact cause of this condition is unknown but it has been proposed that mutations in the SOX9 gene may contribute to this syndrome since SOX9 plays a role in testes differentiation during development.[14][12] Another proposed cause is mutations to the DAX1 gene which encodes a nuclear hormone receptor.[15][16] DAX1 represses masculinizing genes, therefore, if there is a loss of function of DAX1 then testes can develop in an XX individual.[16] Mutations in SF1 and WNT4 genes are also being studied in connection with SRY-negative XX male syndrome.[16]

Hypothesis that XX occurs in males because of the interaction of the testis-determining portion of the Y chromosome and part of the X chromosome, called the Xg gene, is generally supported by various data.[17] The frequency of the Xg phenotype in XX males is closer to normal males' frequency than normal females' frequency.[17] There have been at least four cases where XX males have inherited the Xg allele from their father, and at least nine cases where XX males did not inherit the allele from their father.[17]

In cases where the individual is being evaluated for ambiguous genitalia, such as a small phallus, hypospadias, or labioscrotal folds, exploratory surgery may be used to determine if male and/or female internal genitalia is present.[18]

A standard karyotype can be completed to cytogenetically determine that an individual with a partial or complete male phenotype has a XX genotype.[7][18]

FISH analysis determines the presence or absence of the SRY gene.[10]

Localization of the SRY gene can by determined using fluorescent in situ hybridization.[2]

Indicators include two testes which have not descended the inguinal canal, although this is seen in a minority of XX males, and the absence of Mllerian tissue.[8] External indicators include decreased body weight and small testes.[2]

As of 2010, only 200 cases have been reported it is estimated that 1 of every 20,000 to 30,000 males has a 46,XX karyotype.[19][20]

XX males are sterile due to no sperm content and there is currently no treatment to address this infertility.[21] Genital ambiguities, while not necessary to treat for medical reasons, can be treated through the use of hormonal therapy, surgery, or both. Since XX male syndrome is variable in its presentation, the specifics of treatment varies widely as well. In some cases gonadal surgery can be performed to remove partial or whole female genitalia. This may be followed by plastic and reconstructive surgery to make the individual appear more externally male.[22] Conversely, the individual may wish to become more feminine and feminizing genitoplasty can be performed to make the ambiguous genitalia appear more female.[23] Hormonal therapy may also aid in making an individual appear more male or female.[22][23]

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XX male syndrome - Wikipedia

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Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a condition that affects sexual development before birth and during puberty. People with this condition are genetically male, with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome in each cell. Because their bodies are unable to respond to certain male sex hormones (called androgens), they may have mostly female external sex characteristics or signs of both male and female sexual development.

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome occurs when the body cannot use androgens at all. People with this form of the condition have the external sex characteristics of females, but do not have a uterus and therefore do not menstruate and are unable to conceive a child (infertile). They are typically raised as females and have a female gender identity. Affected individuals have male internal sex organs (testes) that are undescended, which means they are abnormally located in the pelvis or abdomen. Undescended testes have a small chance of becoming cancerous later in life if they are not surgically removed. People with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome also have sparse or absent hair in the pubic area and under the arms.

The partial and mild forms of androgen insensitivity syndrome result when the body's tissues are partially sensitive to the effects of androgens. People with partial androgen insensitivity (also called Reifenstein syndrome) can have genitalia that look typically female, genitalia that have both male and female characteristics, or genitalia that look typically male. They may be raised as males or as females and may have a male or a female gender identity. People with mild androgen insensitivity are born with male sex characteristics, but they are often infertile and tend to experience breast enlargement at puberty.

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Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Genetics Home Reference ...

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