Another busy year for clinical research has come and gone. What are the most important findings from 2019? Here is our overview of some of the most noteworthy studies of the year.

"Medicine is of all the Arts the most noble," wrote the Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates whom historians call the "father of medicine" over 2,000 years ago.

Advances in therapeutic practices have been helping people cure and manage illness since before the time of Hippocrates, and, today, researchers continue to look for ways of eradicating diseases and improving our well-being and quality of life.

Each year, specialists in all areas of medical research conduct new studies and clinical trials that bring us a better understanding of what keeps us happy and in good health, and what factors have the opposite effect.

And, while each year, experts manage to overcome many obstacles, challenges old and new keep the medical research field buzzing with initiatives.

Reflecting on how research has evolved over the past decade, the editors of the reputable journal PLOS Medicine in a recent editorial emphasize "ongoing struggles" with infectious diseases, as well as growing tensions between two approaches in medical research. These approaches are the effort of finding treatments that are consistently effective in large populations versus the notion of "precision medicine," which favors therapy that we closely tailor to an individual's very personal needs.

But how has clinical research fared in 2019? In this special feature, we look at some of the most prominent areas of study from this year and give you an overview of the most noteworthy findings.

The medication we take as long as we follow our doctors' advice is meant to help us fight off disease and improve our physical or mental well-being. But can these usually trusty allies sometimes turn into foes?

Most drugs can sometimes cause side effects, but more and more studies are now suggesting a link between common medication and a higher risk of developing different conditions.

In March this year, for instance, experts affiliated with the European Resuscitation Council whose goal is to find the best ways to prevent and respond to cardiac arrest found that a conventional drug doctors use to treat hypertension and angina may actually increase a person's risk of cardiac arrest.

By analyzing the data of more than 60,000 people, the researchers saw that a drug called nifedipine, which doctors often prescribe for cardiovascular problems, appeared to increase the risk of "sudden cardiac arrest."

Project leader Dr. Hanno Tan notes that, so far, healthcare practitioners have considered nifedipine to be perfectly safe. The current findings, however, suggest that doctors may want to consider offering people an alternative.

Another study, appearing in JAMA Internal Medicine in June, found that anticholinergic drugs which work by regulating muscle contraction and relaxation may increase a person's risk of developing dementia.

People may have to take anticholinergics if some of their muscles are not working correctly, usually as part of health issues, such as bladder or gastrointestinal conditions, and Parkinson's disease.

The research that specialists from the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom led looked at the data of 58,769 people with and 225,574 people without dementia.

It revealed that older individuals at least 55 years old who were frequent users of anticholinergics were almost 50% more likely to develop dementia than peers who had never used anticholinergics.

But, while common drugs that doctors have prescribed for years may come with hidden dangers, they are, at least, subject to trials and drug review initiatives. The same is not true for many other so-called health products that are readily available to consumers.

Such findings says the study's lead researcher, Prof. Carol Coupland, "highlight the importance of carrying out regular medication reviews."

In 2019, we have celebrated 50 years since someone first successfully sent a message using a system that would eventually become the internet. We have come a long way, and now, we have almost everything within reach of a "click and collect" order.

This, unfortunately, includes "therapeutics" that specialists may never have assessed, and which can end up putting people's health and lives in danger.

In August, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning against an allegedly therapeutic product that was available online, and which appeared to be very popular.

The product variously sold under the names Master Mineral Solution, Miracle Mineral Supplement, Chlorine Dioxide Protocol, or Water Purification Solution was supposed to be a kind of panacea, treating almost anything and everything, from cancer and HIV to the flu.

Yet the FDA had never given the product an official assessment, and when the federal agency looked into it, they saw that the "therapeutic" a liquid solution contained no less than 28% sodium chlorite, an industrial bleach.

"[I]ngesting these products is the same as drinking bleach," which can easily be life threatening, warned the FDA's Acting Commissioner Dr. Ned Sharpless, who urged people to avoid them at all costs.

Many studies this year have also been concerned with cardiovascular health, revisiting long held notions and holding them up to further scrutiny.

For instance, a study in the New England Journal of Medicine in July which involved around 1.3 million people suggested that, when it comes to predicting the state of a person's heart health, both blood pressure numbers are equally important.

When a doctor measures blood pressure, they assess two different values. One is systolic blood pressure, which refers to the pressure the contracting heart puts on the arteries when it pumps blood to the rest of the body. The other is diastolic blood pressure, which refers to the pressure between heartbeats.

So far, doctors have primarily taken only elevated systolic blood pressure into account as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

However, the new study concluded that elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure are both indicators of cardiovascular problems.

Its authors emphasize that the large amount of data they had access to painted a "convincing" picture in this respect.

"This research brings a large amount of data to bear on a basic question, and it gives such a clear answer."

Lead researcher Dr. Alexander Flint

At the same time, a slightly earlier study, appearing in the European Heart Journal in March, emphasizes that having high blood pressure may not mean the same thing for everyone, and while doctors may associate it with adverse outcomes in some, this does not hold for all populations.

The study's first author, Dr. Antonio Douros, argues that "[w]e should move away from the blanket approach of applying the recommendations of professional associations to all groups of patients."

Dr. Douros and team analyzed the data of 1,628 participants with a mean age of 81 years. The researchers found that older individuals with lower systolic blood pressures actually faced a 40% higher risk of death than peers with elevated blood pressure values.

"[A]ntihypertensive [blood pressure lowering] treatment should be adjusted based on the needs of the individual," the study's first author advises.

When it comes to protecting heart health, 2019 studies have shown that diet likely plays an important role. Thus, research in the Journal of the American Heart Association in August showed that people who adhered to plant-based diets had a 32% lower risk of death that researchers associate with cardiovascular disease than those who did not.

People who ate plant-based foods also had a 25% lower risk of all-cause mortality, according to this study.

And another study from April in the journal Nutrients warned that people who follow a ketogenic diet, which is high in fats and low in carbohydrates, and who decide to take a "day off" from this commitment every now and again, may experience blood vessel damage.

Ketogenic or keto diets work by triggering ketosis, a process in which the body starts burning fat instead of sugar (glucose) for energy. But "cheat days" mean that, for a brief interval, the body switches back to relying on glucose.

"[W]e found [...] biomarkers in the blood, suggesting that vessel walls were being damaged by the sudden spike in glucose," notes first author Cody Durrer.

In 2019, the topic of how our food choices influence our health has remained popular among researchers and readers alike.

According to Google Trends, some of the top searches in the United States this year included intermittent fasting diets, the Noom diet, and the 1,200 calorie diet.

And this year's studies have certainly reflected the widespread interest in the link between dietary choices and well-being.

One intriguing study in Nature Metabolism in May pointed out that protein shakes, which are popular among individuals who want to build muscle mass, may be a threat to health.

Fitness protein powders, the study authors explain, contain mostly whey proteins, which have high levels of the essential amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine.

The research in mice suggested that a high intake of these amino acids led to overly low levels of serotonin in the brain. This is a key hormone that plays a central role in mood regulation, but which science also implicates in various metabolic processes.

In mice, the heightened levels of leucine, valine, and isoleucine, which caused excessively low serotonin, led to obesity and a shorter life span.

So, if too much of certain types of protein can have such detrimental effects on health, what about fiber? Dietary fiber present in fruit, vegetables, and legumes is important in helping the body take up sugars little by little.

But how much fiber should we consume? This is the question that a study commissioned by the World Health Organization (WHO) and appearing in The Lancet in January sought to lay to rest.

The research took into account the findings of 185 observational studies and 58 clinical trials, covering almost 40 years.

It concluded that to lower their death risk, as well as the incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and colon cancer, a person should ideally consume 2529 grams of fiber per day.

"Fiber-rich whole foods that require chewing and retain much of their structure in the gut increase satiety and help weight control and can favorably influence lipid and glucose levels," explains one of the authors, Prof. Jim Mann.

On the other hand, several studies from this year draw attention to just how detrimental foods that are not 100% natural can be. A small trial, whose results came out in Cell Metabolism in May, showed that processed food leads to abrupt weight gain but not for the reasons we may think.

The study authors said they were surprised that when they asked participants to eat either an ultraprocessed food diet or a nonprocessed food diet whose caloric contents the researchers matched perfectly the people who ate processed foods rapidly gained more weight than the ones who ate the nonprocessed foods.

The researchers blame this on the speed with which individuals end up eating processed foods, in particular. "There may be something about the textural or sensory properties of the food that made [participants] eat more quickly," says study author Kevin Hall, Ph.D.

"If you're eating very quickly, perhaps you're not giving your gastrointestinal tract enough time to signal to your brain that you're full. When this happens, you might easily overeat," he hypothesizes.

And more research in mice from Scientific Reports in January found that emulsifiers, which are a common additive present in many products from mayonnaise to butter, could affect gut bacteria, leading to systemic inflammation.

What is more, the impact on the gut could even influence processes that occur in the brain, increasing anxiety levels. "[W]e [now] know that inflammation triggers local immune cells to produce signaling molecules that can affect tissues in other places, including the brain," explains co-lead researcher Prof. Geert de Vries.

While some of the studies that made the headlines in 2019 were conclusive, many encourage further research to confirm their findings or further investigate the underlying mechanisms.

Stepping into the next decade, this much is clear: The wheels of medical research will keep on turning for better health across the globe.

Originally posted here:
2019 in medical research: What were the top findings? - Medical News Today

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Shares of Horizon Therapeutics (NASDAQ:HZNP) closedmore than 4% higher on Monday after an U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory committee votedin support of the company's treatment for thyroid eye disease, and the stock extended gains by more than 2% over the next two trading sessions.The FDA's Dermatologic and Ophthalmic Drugs Advisory Committee concluded that potential benefits of teprotumumab outweighed possible treatment risks.

IMAGE SOURCE: GETTY IMAGES.

But a long-term rally may be limited, at least for now. The FDA has until March 8 to issue its decision on the treatment, leaving investors plenty of time to speculate, wonder, and buy or sell shares. Of course, the committee's vote for teprotumumab is a strong positive indicator, and the FDA does take such a recommendation into consideration. That said, the vote doesn't guarantee the drug's approval.

At the moment, there are more reasons to be positive about Horizon than negative. Any sign of possible approval is good news, and what's particularly interesting here is the fact that if the FDA gives the green light, teprotumumab will become the firstFDA-approved treatment for thyroid eye disease.

In its latest earnings call, the company said it estimated15,000 to 20,000 patients per year are eligible for its treatment and said initial physician feedback supports those figures. As for how that translates into sales, Horizon forecastspeak annual net sales of more than $750 million. Analysts predict peak sales could reach $500 million to $1.5 billion.

Thyroid eye disease is an autoimmune disease resulting in eye bulging, double vision, and even blindness, and often affects those who suffer from Graves' disease.In Graves' disease, the body's immune system attacks the thyroid, causing it to make more thyroid hormone than needed, while in thyroid eye disease, the body's immune system attacks tissue surrounding the eye. Teprotumumab acts by inhibiting a key receptor involved in the development of thyroid eye disease. The global Graves' disease market totaled $306.3 million last year, according to a Research and Markets report, and about 25% of people suffering from that disease can also develop thyroid eye disease, datafrom Persistence Market Research showed.

Even without teprotumumab on the market, Horizon's general financial picture is bright, with the company postingpositive earnings surprises for the past four quarters. Third-quartersales rose 3%, and Horizon increased its full-year 2019 adjusted EBITDA guidance to the range of $465 million to $475 million from the earlier forecast range of $460 million to $475 million. The company also took steps to improve its capital structure, issuing senior notes and, through proceeds and cash on hand, repaying $625 million of outstanding debt.

Now the question is: What's in store for the stock in the next few weeks? Let's have a look at the stock's performance this year. Horizon has climbedabout 61% since the start of 2019, and now, trading at close to $35, its shares are approaching the average analyst price target of $38.10. By that measure, investors can expect an upside of more than 8%. The stock clearly has further to go if indeed the FDA approves teprotumumab, but considering the stock's gains so far this year and the fact that the FDA hasn't yet issued a decision, volatility may be ahead.

That doesn't mean it's too late for investorsto bet on the Horizon story. In fact, any volatility that drives the shares down may make for the perfect buying opportunity. The FDA's March deadline to issue a decision on teprotumumab will be the next catalyst for the stock and should determine clear direction one way or the other.

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Horizon Therapeutics Rally May Be Short-Lived As Investors Wait For Key Date In March - Motley Fool

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Quality of Life Maintained With Abemaciclib Plus Trastuzumab With or Without Fulvestrant in Patients with HR-Positive, HER2-Negative Breast Cancer

The results were published as a poster session during the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium in San Antonio, TX. In the randomized, 3-arm, phase 2 study monarcHER study for HR-positive, HER2-positive ABC, abemaciclib in combination with trastuzumab and fulvestrant significantly improved investigator-assessed progression-free survival versus trastuzumab plus chemotherapy.

In the study, 237 postmenopausal (surgical, natural, or chemical ovarian suppression) women with ABC prior to HER2-positive directed therapies in the advanced setting were randomized 1:1:1 to 150 mg abemaciclib + trastuzumab (intravenous infusion every 21 days) with 500 mg fulvestrant or without fulvestrant vs trastuzumab plus physicians choice of chemotherapy. Patient-reported outcomes were measured at baseline and at every cycle using the modified Brief Pain inventory-short form and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30.

Abemacilib is an oral selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 approved for HR-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer.

Patient-reported outcome compliance rates were 90% through cycle 15. The range for median duration of each treatment component of each group was 7.5-10.0 cycles. No statistically significantly differences or clinically meaningful changes from baseline differences were observed between treatment groups for global health score, function scales, or for symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea, appetite loss, or financial difficulties. Worsening adverse events (AEs), including nausea/vomiting and diarrhea, showed statistically significant improvements with the fulvestrant plus trastuzumab group versus chemotherapy.

Overall, quality of life was maintained for patient-reported pain, global health, functioning, and most symptoms when abemaciclib was added to fulvestrant plus trastuzumab compared with physicians choice of chemotherapy in patients with HR-positive, HER2-positive ABC. Furthermore, gastrointestinal-related adverse events were transient and consistent with the manageable, reversible AE profile.

REFERENCEHealth-related quality of life (HRQoL) in monarcHER: Abemaciclib plus trastuzumab with or without fulvestrant versus trastuzumab plus standard-of-care chemotherapy in HR+, HER2+ advanced breast cancer. Accessed December 2, 2019. https://plan.core-apps.com/sabcs2019/abstract/a25f48e96f590da9de0d7c903eddc944.

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Quality of Life Maintained With Abemaciclib Plus Trastuzumab With or Without Fulvestrant in Patients with HR-Positive, HER2-Negative Breast Cancer -...

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Winter's official arrival this weekend is not welcomed by those of us who experience cold more severely than others.

I'm unfortunate to be one of the so-called cold-natured who feel chilled when everyone is getting along just fine; we are often ridiculed and heartily despised by warmer brethren for our tiresome complaints.

This isn't limited to winter. I'm cold for most of the summer because of aggressive air-conditioning, which requires me to schlep around sweaters and fleeces to restaurants, movie theaters, shopping venues, early morning outings with my dogs, and my newspaper office, where I persuaded our kindly and accommodating building manager to disconnect the fan that was blowing chilled air on me (I was long ago banned from messing with the thermostat outside my door, which also controls the temperature in a nearby conference room usually filled with warm-natured colleagues).

Wearing summery sleeveless dresses to work is out of the question. Soft flannel throws are easily found draped on furniture around my house year-round.

Right now, in December, the temperature in the newsroom is set on 70 degrees. I'm wearing a V-neck sweater over which is draped a thick gray mohair cardigan (the sort of ugly pilling garment that no one would ever wear when out in public). I'm clutching a HotHands single use air-activated heat pack, which keeps my fingers warm but makes it difficult to type. (It's also hard to type when one's index finger is numb.)

This is apparently all my fault.

According to the The Conversation, an online community of more than 93,200 academics and researchers from 3,044 institutions, most of us who are healthy but claim to feel excessively cold "have only ourselves to blame. We have habituated ourselves to feeling comfortably warm. In the developed world we rarely expose ourselves to cold, letting expensive clothing protect us from outdoor cold and letting power companies warm our living and working spaces." (My raggy office sweater, purchased at a recycled clothing store, was definitely not expensive, but I get the point.)

Noting that we allow power companies to do the work that our metabolism is supposed to do, "We'd probably all be much better off if we spent more time being cold," concludes The Conversation.

Easy for the website to say; I grew up in northern Ohio, where the type of depression known as seasonal affective disorder is alive and well. Winter is deeper, colder, darker, longer and snowier on the edge of Lake Erie than it is in central Arkansas, so presumably I would have arrived here physically and psychologically able to cope with far less frosty conditions.

While I was delighted my first year here by the ability to sit poolside in a bikini at the end of March (we didn't fear skin cancer then like we do now), I didn't find such adaptations to exist, let alone do me any good.

WebMD comes to the defense of cold-natured sufferers in an online submission titled Why Am I Cold? Possible causes include anemia (not enough red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout he body), hypothyroidism (the body doesn't make enough thyroid hormone, which controls metabolism; a sluggish metabolism can result in feeling chilled), blood vessel problems such as Raynaud's disease (spasms of narrowing arteries to the fingers and toes), diabetes (can cause kidney damage resulting in diabetic nephropathy, a symptom of which is feeling cold all the time), and anorexia.

Like most medical sites, WebMD recommends you check with your doctor. I like my family physician just fine, but figure I'm better off by investing in a puffy down jacket (reversible from navy blue to screaming yellow), quilted pull-on fleece-lined boots (on sale for $18--probably because they're purple--that are supposed to be waterproof, but they're not), furry ear muffs, and my most successful investment: ultra-thick fleece-lined mittens.

Such clothing--jackets from Carhartt, Lands' End and North Face, tights and sweats from Under Armour, dense woolen socks from Bass Pro, flannel-lined jeans from L.L. Bean, snow boots from REI--takes up a lot of closet space. But since I have no need for wispy summer dresses and loosely woven cropped-sleeved shirts, there's always room for something warm.

Karen Martin is senior editor of Perspective.

kmartin@arkansasonline.com

Editorial on 12/22/2019

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It was a decade that began with the electrifying results of a clinical trial for a revolutionary new cancer therapy and ended with a Nobel Prize in Medicine for very different cancer-related research. In between those dramatic bookends, the 2010s were packed with progress, with discoveries leading to the FDAs 2017 approval of the first CAR T-cell therapy. Additional approvals would follow.

The 2010s started with clinical trial results centered on the use of checkpoint inhibitors, drugs that unleash a powerful immune system attack on cancer cells. The results founded on decades of research by scientists like Dana-Farbers Gordon Freeman, PhD helped usher in a new era of cancer immunotherapy.

Checkpoint blockersare transformational, Laurie H. Glimcher, MD, president and CEO of Dana-Farber and a prominent immunologist, said back in 2017, but they are only the tip of a proverbial immunotherapy iceberg.

On the other side of the last 10 years in cancer research was the Nobel Prize in Medicine, shared by Dana-Farbers William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD, for discoveries into the mechanism that enables cells to sense and adapt to changes in oxygen abundance research that has already led to exciting new treatments for cardiovascular disease and cancer.

As cancer research pioneer and Dana-Farber founder Sidney Farber, MD, said back in 1965, I have never accepted the incurability of cancer. And I have remained hopeful, not because of wishful thinking thats not progress but because of the factual evidence of progress. There is no such thing as a hopeless case.

Aside from these prominent discoveries, what were the most significant advances in cancer research and treatment? Heres what scientists and clinicians from around Dana-Farber said.

William Hahn, MD, PhD, Chief Research Strategy Officer

The sequencing of human cancer genomes over the past decade has demystified the genetics of cancer. We now have a blueprint of cancer genes in every type of cancer and information about the frequency and type of mutations that occur. This has revealed new genes and pathways important for cancer development and in some cases has already led to new approved cancer therapies.

In addition, geneticallysequencing tumor tissue samples guides the therapeutic agents selected for asubset of cancer patients. This tailored approach, termed precision medicine,selects patients most likely to respond and spares those that are unlikely torespond from untoward side effects. Recent discoveries that its possible tosequence DNA in the blood to detect cancers provide hope that this approach canbe used to identify cancers earlier and follow the response to therapy.

Through the study of rare cancers, we have identified mutations in genes that regulate the epigenome, the cells machinery for activating and deactivating genes. These studies have revealed that these same pathways are dysregulated in many common cancers and play key roles in cancer pathogenesis and resistance to therapy.

Sapna Syngal, MD, MPH, Director of Research, Center for Cancer Genetics and Prevention

The realization that upto 10% of many solid tumors have an inherited genetic basis provides us with agreat opportunity for precision prevention and early interception.

Scott Armstrong, MD, PhD, President, Dana-Farber/Boston Childrens Cancer and Blood Disorders Center

Were now able to identify several premalignant states that significantly increase peoples risk of developing certain hematologic cancers. Individuals with clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), for example, have certain genetic mutations in their blood-forming stem cells that are associated with leukemia.

People with CHIP dont have symptoms of disease, but their risk of developing a blood cancer such as leukemia is 10 times higher than average and their risk of cardiovascular disease is elevated as well. Being able to identify high-risk individuals means we can begin to think about early-intervention strategies to prevent these cancers from developing an active area of research.

Ursula Matulonis, MD, Chief, Division of Gynecologic Oncology

The introduction of drugs known as PARP inhibitors has had a major impact on the treatment of ovarian cancer, and now they are showing effectiveness against other cancers including breast and pancreatic. PARP inhibitors work by blocking one of the key routes by which cells repair damaged DNA and are especially effective in cancers with existing DNA-repair deficiencies such as those harboring BRCA mutations.

Also, better understanding of the genomics of gynecologic cancers the set of genetic mutations within the cancer cells is transforming the way we approach treatment and prevention. Its now widely recognized that women with ovarian cancer, regardless of age, histology type, or the stage at which their cancer is diagnosed, should undergo genetic testing. A percentage of them will have a predisposing mutation in one of the BRCA genes. Women with newly diagnosed endometrial cancer should have their cancer tested for mismatch repair deficiencies, which interfere with the proper copying of DNA during cell division.

The presence of these genetic features not only influences the treatment patients receive, but, because they can be inherited, often enable us to identify family members who are also at risk and can benefit from more intensive monitoring or preventive treatment.

Richard Stone, MD, Program Director in Adult Leukemia

Morethan 10 drugs have been approved for acute leukemia in the past three years,whereas there had been very few new agents in the previous 25 years.

DNA sequencing of patients leukemia cells to identify mutations is being used to help guide treatment decisions.

Eric Winer, MD, Senior Vice President for Medical Affairs and Faculty Development; Chief, Division of Breast Oncology

In the treatment of breast cancer, we now know for a certainty that one size does not fit all. This allows us to personalize therapy to a much greater extent than ever before. In some patients, this means we can treat them with less-intensive therapy and still obtain excellent results. Others may require more extensive therapy or benefit from a different therapeutic approach. For all patients, this means better, more effective care, fewer side effects, and, for many, a longer life.

Kimberly Stegmaier, MD, Vice Chair of Pediatric Oncology Research

There have been multiple approvals of new targeted drugs in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the past two years, as well as TRK inhibitor approval for adult and pediatric patients with TRK fusion-positive cancers.

Bruce Johnson, MD, Chief Clinical Research Officer

Addingthe kinase inhibitor midostaurin to standard chemotherapy significantlyprolonged overall and event-free survival in patients with acute myeloidleukemia whose cancer cells have a FLT3 mutation.

Enzalutamide,an androgen receptor inhibitor, was associated with significantly longer progression-freeand overall survival than standard care in men with metastatic,hormone-sensitive prostate cancer receiving testosterone suppression.

Dana-Farberscientists reported on the feasibility, safety, and immunogenicity of apersonalized cancer vaccine that caused immune T cells to recognizecancer-related neoantigens on tumor cells. These results have promptedfurther development of a neoantigen vaccine approach.

Nadine Jackson McCleary, MD, MPH, Gastrointestinal Oncologist

Weve made strides in ensuring that evidence from cancer research studies actually makes its way into clinical practice. For too long, research findings often seemed to remain in academia without being translated to clinical medicine.

Professional and patient advocacy organizations have undertaken a variety of steps to not only implement these advances in the clinical setting but also to make sure theyre sustainable. For example, organizations such as the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and cooperative research groups regularly inform the broader public about research results and work at the state and federal level on behalf of patients. The development of implementation science is having a sizable impact on clinical practice.

Were also making progress in improving equity in cancer care delivery. Where equity issues have traditionally involved issues such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status, were broadening the focus to include considerations of gender identity, patient location (where patients receive treatment may affect their outcome), and treatment of the very youngest and oldest patients. These efforts will help ensure that advances in cancer medicine reach all populations.

Toni Choueiri, MD, Director of the Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology

An important ongoing approach is liquid biopsies obtaining tumor-related DNA in the blood as a means of early cancer detection. Liquid biopsies also have the potential to detect minimal residual disease in the body following surgery to predict the risk of relapse.

Rameen Beroukhim, MD, PhD, Physician-Scientist in Neuro-Oncology

This decade is the first in which targeting collateral vulnerabilities in cancer cells has become an important strategy. Most efforts at treating cancer focus treatment on the genetic changes within cells that cause them to become cancer. But along the way, many genes that have nothing to do with cancer are also affected, and scientists have found that targeting these genes on which the cancer cells depend can be an effective way of attacking cancer. Immunotherapy, for example, detects cancer cells based on this collateral damage.

I predict that targeting collateral vulnerabilities will become increasingly important in future decades. Another recent strategy is based on the emerging technology of protein degradation, which removes cancer-related proteins from cells rather than simply binding to these proteins to inhibit their activity.

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The Most Significant Cancer Research Advances of the 2010s - Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

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December 17, 2019 Cover

Let the Laughlin resorts serve your family a special meal this Christmas.

How anyone can confuse The Vogues, a white male singing group from the 1960s, with En Vogue, the R&B girl group of the 1990s makes you wonder what people are thinking or drinking.But that happened to Troy Elich, (son of the late Stan Elich, an early member of the Vogues), who has been a member and manager of the group since the passing of his father.

What if the nostalgia of holiday television specials and films were blended with vintage Vegas Rat Pack-type shows to create a whole new kind of musical magic?A swinging show filled with these elements like classic hits and Christmas favorites might just set the tone for creating a new holiday tradition the whole family can enjoy together.

Dress up in cowboy duds and learn to navigate the Wild West frontier with a trip to Stagecoach Trails Guest Ranch in Yucca, Arizona.Dudes from across the world come to the ranch for a one-of-a-kind experience stepping back to the simpler times to learn the cowboy lifestyle wrangling horses, trail rides at dawn, campfires and three home-cooked meals a day.Stagecoach Trails has been around since 1999, but switched hands in 2014 when JP and Tricia McCormick bought the ranch.

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December 20, 2019 (LifeSiteNews) The Teacher was right: What has been will be again, what has been done will be done again; there is nothing new under the sun. This observation by King Solomon rings true -- and loudly in 2019 America. Arguably the most intense and divisive year in the abortion wars, 2019 reminds us all of the dangers of forgetting our history, which one political party seems committed to repeat.

Kicking off 2019 with New Yorks Reproductive Health Act, New York Democrats renewed their resolve to repeat the judicial tyranny of their partys history by treating some human beings as an inferior class of non-persons. This 2019 Act is disturbingly reminiscent of the 1857 Dred Scott vs. Sandford ruling, which denied personhood to African American Dred Scott. Seven Democrats on the Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott, while temporarily residing in American territory that declared African American men free persons, was not truly a person after returning to Missouri with his slave-owner, a Captain John Emerson. The court declared that Scott was the property of Emersons wife (Emerson having already passed), and as a non-citizen with no rights of personhood, Scott could be treated as any other form of property owned by Emersons wife, Eliza Sandford. Summarizing the case, Chief Justice Roger [racist] Taney, wrote: "A black man has no rights a white man is bound to respect."

What has been will be again.

In January of 2019, New Yorks Reproductive Health Act, declared that while unborn human beings may have certain personhood rights in other territories of America, New Yorks unborn children have no rights of personhood and can be treated as property through the moment of birth. Denying the personhood of the unborn in the most extreme way, New York legislators even declared that murderers of pregnant women will only be charged with one count of homicide. Channeling the historical discrimination of his party, New York Governor, Andrew Cuomo sent the same message as Taney did so long ago: An unborn human has no rights a born human is bound to respect. Since then, Illinois, Rhode Island, and Vermont have passed similar, radical legislation.

Shortly after the New York Reproductive Health Act passed, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam went on WTOP radio to publicly defend Virginia DelegateKathy Tran's bill that would legalize abortion to point of birth. Likely realizing that there is no meaningful difference between a full-term baby about to be born and that same baby just after birth, Northam went a step further by saying that mothers and physicians should be able to have conversations about whether born babies should be left to die or not. In response to Northams clinically cool demeanor describing infanticide, Nebraska Senator Ben Sasse brought the Born-Alive Abortion Survivors Protection Act (BAASPA) for a vote in the Senate. The bill would have done three simple things:

Each of these requirements is very important, because while the 2002Born-Alive Infants Protection Act (which gained unanimous consent from Republican and Democrat senators) specifies that babies who survive abortions and are born are to be recognized as human beings with human rights, the bill did not define what types of care, if any, are to be rendered. Nor did it specify what punishments would be levied against physicians who failed to act to save the life of an abortion-survivor.

Tragically and predictably, Senate Democrats took their cue from racist Democrats in the early 20th century who routinely filibustered every Republican effort to enact an antilynching law. Ideological consistency can be a dangerous thing. According to the reasoning of Democrats of that day, if blacks were truly not persons, then lynching them theyd claim would be no more morally problematic than killing an animal, as many racists described African Americans.

Today we see the same ideology leading to the dehumanization and slaughter of the unborn. Both African Americans and unborn human persons have died on the altar of an evil ideology.

And so, what has been done will be done again. In February of 2019, the United States Senate voted in majority favor (53-44) of the BAASPA. However, the bill didnt gain the 60 votes necessary to overcome the filibuster initiated by Democrat senators. Additionally, only 3 Democrat Senators crossed the aisle to vote for protecting newborns from abortionists. And all of the Democratic Senators running for President voted against the BAASPA!

It seems filibustering bills that would prevent discrimination and violence against actual innocent human persons (while simultaneously denying that theyre persons) is a Democratic party trademark. As of December 2019, Senate Democrats have blocked a vote on the BAASPA over 80 times. By refusing to pass the BAASPA, Senate Democrats are enabling abortionists to kill born-alive infants that they failed to kill in the womb. But this pales in comparison to Senate Democrats support of abortion-on-demand, which takes the lives of nearly one-million babies every year in America.

When abortion is treated as sacrosanct, politics becomes liturgy: a spiritual practice engaged in for the purpose of praising and protecting that which is sacred. Therefore, anyone who questions the Lefts political liturgy is an apostate and must be purged and exchanged for those sufficiently woke to the escalating political threat posed by those pro-lifers.

In order to protect their liturgical purity, Planned Parenthood fired their new president, Dr. Leana Wen in July 2019. Buzzfeed News, who broke the story, reported that there were internal concerns over her [Wens] management style and a perceived shift away from the groups political work (emphasis own).

A source familiar with the matter said that her removal was accelerated by the intensifying battle over abortion rights, saying that she was not the right leader in this climate. Wen herself confirmed all this in her Twitter statement saying, I believe that the best way to protect abortion care is to be clear that it is not a political issue but a health care one (emphasis own).

Denying abortions political centrality to the leftist liturgy is tantamount to a Catholic priest denying the centrality of the eucharist to Catholic liturgy. Such an action would oust you from the Catholic Church. And Wen was quickly ousted. A movement based on the belief that human value is found in your wanted-ness, its unsurprising that Planned Parenthood, the political war hawk of the pro-choice movement, will quickly abort its own, whose apostasy renders them unwanted. Wen was quickly replaced by Alexis McGill Johnson, a lifelong political activist, and more of the Cecile Richards mold than Wen ever was.

This is noteworthy because Planned Parenthood is publicly dropping its healthcare organizational faade and fully embracing its identity as a political machine. Ironically, removing this healthcare mask will likely further damage their reputation and cause more Americans to distance themselves from the organization. Americans are not interested in supporting a political hackery of a machine focused on enshrining abortion rights through the day of birth. According to a 2019 Gallup Poll, only 25% of Americans believe abortion should be legal under any circumstances (the de facto position of Planned Parenthood). In fact, a 2007 Gallup Poll found that 72% of Americans think late-term abortions should be illegal, a procedure euphemistically described by the abortion juggernaut as reproductive health care.

Not to be outdone by East Coast radicals in New York, California Governor, Gavin Newsom moved to establish himself in the abortion hall of fame books by signing SB24, a move that makes pro-abortion, former Governor, Jerry Brown look pro-life. In fact, Brown vetoed the bill in 2018. Introduced under the guise of combatting abortion access problems, this bill will force California 4-year state universities (Cal State and UC) to provide the RU-486 abortion pill to students through university health centers.

According to the bills sponsor, Connie Leyva, Students shouldnt have to travel off campus or miss class or work responsibilities in order to receive care that can easily be provided at a student health center. Ignoring for the moment that slaughtering unborn children is not care, Leyva blatantly ignores the fact that former Governor Jerry Brown rightly pointed out that the average distance to abortion providers in campus communities varies from five to seven miles, not an unreasonable distance.Despite easily accessible resources such as this Youtube video, many pro-choice advocates dont know or care how the abortion pill kills a baby. An RU-486 chemical abortion is offered through 10 weeks gestation. A pregnant woman first takes Mifepristone, which blocks the hormone progesterone, without which the lining of the uterus breaks down, cutting off blood and nourishment to the baby, who is starved to death. One or two days later, she takes misoprostol, forcing her uterus to have contractions, in order to dispel her dead baby in the toilet. Not only does the abortion pill kill a human being, but it also poses threats to the health and life of the women taking it. While the combatting abortion access problem is clearly a guise for Newsom and the bills defenders, it is a guise they must maintain, because the reality is too ghoulish for even the most ardent pro-choice advocates.

According to the FDA, risk & effects include: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, heavy bleeding, even maternal death. They further report that 24 women have died taking RU-486, average bleeding lasts 9-16 days and 8% of women will endure bleeding more than 30 days. It gets worse. According to a 2000 Oxford University Press study, the average failure rate of a medication abortion is eight percent. Live Action News points out that an eight percent failure rate means that about one in every 12 chemical abortion attempts will be unsuccessful, which means women will need to be subjected to a surgical abortion, which, of course, alsohas its own risks. Left undiagnosed and untreated, the eight percent of women whose babies were not properly dispelled will be walking around with a dead baby in their uterus, thus susceptible to sepsis and death. As such, the FDA has requirements for prescribers of the abortion pill, including that providers must also be able to provide any necessary surgical intervention and must be able to ensure that women have access to medical facilities for emergency care. Because university health centers are not equipped with surgical abortion instruments or staff qualified or licensed to perform surgical abortions, Newsom will endanger the health and lives of young women who show up to their health centers bleeding and in immense pain, only to be turned away or pointed toward Planned Parenthood. All this under the mantle of healthcare.

Naturally, neither Newsom, Leyva or any of the other bills supporters, addressed these concerns. Ignoring reality and its consequences in favor of ideology is nothing new for the abortion juggernaut. In fact, in June of 2018, Cecile Richards, then President of Planned Parenthood, wrote an LA Times opinion editorial in which she claimed that non-invasive medication abortion is safe by all measures safer than Tylenol and Viagra, even. Heres a perfect example of the linguistic gymnastics that are required by abortion advocates who call a medication safe when its success is gauged on whether its target was murdered.

The first legislation of its kind, SB24 will turn 4-year California state universities into abortion clinics, a far cry from the purpose for which the academy was designed. In a failed sleight of hand, the abortion industry and their cronies have shown their hand and it clearly has nothing to do with real choice. Failing to provide any type of funding for nurseries or daycares on college campuses and fully willing to endanger the actual health and lives of college-aged women in their pursuit of expanding abortion, it is clear that the only choice Newsom is interested in pushing is abortion. Most concerning of all, however, is Californias reputation as a political bellwether in the abortion wars. The moral decay that starts in the Golden State rarely stays in state.

An unprecedented and tragic year for unborn babies and human equality, 2019 serves as a lesson that there can be no bi-partisan or national unity when one political party publicly commits itself to the slaughter of unborn children through the day of birth, even refusing to condemn infanticide and ensure better protections for infants who survive abortions. However, this is not the first time our two-party system has been divided over who is a person.

There is nothing new under the sun.

Woefully ignorant to reality, todays Democratic Party seems to have forgotten that the last time they fought against human equality it led to a war that they lost. This is because, invited or not, reality has an annoying tendency of reasserting itself in our lives. It was self-evidently true that African-Americans were human persons with the same human dignity as everyone else. It is similarly self-evidently true that unborn human beings conceived by human parents are little persons who also share the same dignity. We can either respond to that self-evident reality by aligning our beliefs, lives, and policies correctly, or we can stick our head in the ground and insist that 2 + 2 = 5. But in the end, reality will win out.

Either historically describing the Democratic party during slavery, or prophesying the nature of that same party today, George Orwell, speaking through his character Winston said:

In the end the Party would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it. It was inevitable that they should make that claim sooner or later: the logic of their position demanded it. Not merely the validity of experience, but the very existence of external reality, was tacitly denied by their philosophy. The heresy of heresies was common sense.

In other words, when you base your entire ideology on fantasy, your ideas, foolish though they may be, will merely be a reflection of your ideology. When your worldview leads you to label common sense observations, such as blacks and babies are persons, as heresy, you know youre on the wrong road. And as C.S. Lewis aptly pointed out, the true progressive is the one who, realizing he is on the wrong road, makes an about-turn and walks back to the right road.

Will the abortion juggernaut and its strategic arm, the Democratic party, learn from the mistakes of history and prove their progressiveness by walking back to the right road? I desperately hope and pray so. But Im not holding my breath.

Trump: Boon to pro-life movement

And the pro-life movement hasnt been holding its breath. While 2019 saw a significant rise in pro-abortion radicalism and legislation, this rise correlates directly to the threat posed by what has become the most pro-life administration in American history. After eight years of the most pro-abortion president our country has ever seen, the Trump administration gave a weary pro-life movement the political encouragement necessary to catapult them back onto the offensive.

In his first year alone, President Trump proved to be more pro-life than either Reagan or Bush, appointing pro-life judges, permitting states to defund Planned Parenthood of Title X funds, stopping the overseas funding of abortion, cutting Planned Parenthoods tax funding by $60 million, and creating a new office of conscience protections at HHS, among many more. Encouraged to know that this administration was on their side, pro-life legislators across the country, all began implementing pro-life laws, with the intent of presenting a credible challenge to Roe v. Wade.

It was this rising threat that led New York Governor Cuomo to pass the Reproductive Health Act. Clearly on the defensive, Cuomo rationalized his support of the bill, saying Kavanaugh is going to reverse Roe v. Wade. I have no doubt. Gorsuch is going to reverse Roe v. Wade. I have no doubt. The abortion industry and their political pawns are scared. This should greatly encourage the pro-life movement. And it has.

Americans United for Life released their Fall 2019 State Legislative Sessions Report. They report that so far in 2019, 58 life-affirming laws passed and were signed into law across 22 states, representing a more than 25% increase from 2018. Laws ranging from informed consent, parental involvement, heartbeat, abortion-survivor protections, and down-syndrome protections; these laws are saving lives.

Dr. Michael New of the Charlotte Lozier Institute has researched the effect of state anti-abortion laws and found a direct correlation between the number of pro-life laws and a decrease in the number of abortions. This spike in pro-life legislation has led Planned Parenthood to stick their head further in the ground, launching a campaign titled Bans Off My Body, repeating the decades old trope that the unique human life you pay a physician to intentionally dismember is actually just part of your body.

The pro-life movement heads into election year with massive victories and substantial momentum. Contrastively, the abortion juggernaut is limping into 2020 and their political cronies will soon face an electorate that is growing increasingly uncomfortable with the idea of abortion through point of birth. One of the abortion juggernauts political backers will become the nominee and face the President in debate, who in 2016 correctly defined abortion as rip[ping] the baby out of the womb. That moral clarity on abortion will destroy any euphemistic attempts by the Democratic nominee to appeal to the voters with a reproductive health care pitch.

163 years after the Dred Scott decision, the Democratic party is still the enemy of human equality. They are still dehumanizing a certain class of human beings by defining personhood according to randomly and arbitrarily selected criteria. As Scott Klusendorf rightly points out, We used to discriminate on the basis of skin color and gender (and still do at times), but now with elective abortion, we discriminate on the basis of size, level of development, location, and degree of dependency. Weve simply swapped one form of bigotry for another.

The consequences of that bigotry are the 62 million babies who have been slaughtered in the last 47 years. And now, as in 1857, the Republican party is the only political party staying the madness and attempting to enshrine rights of personhood to every human being. Until the Democratic party and the pro-choice movement choose to bring something new under the sun, what has been will be again: The Democratic party will again be remembered as the party of discrimination and have to account for instituting and protecting the greatest genocide in human history.

Seth Gruber is the West Coast Director for Life Training Institute. He is also the host of "UnAborted with Seth Gruber. Visit his website here.

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Abortion is the greatest genocide in human history, and Democrats are its greatest champion - Lifesite

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3D illustration of cells releasing exosomes

Scientists have developed a new gene-therapy technique by transforming human cells into mass producers of tiny nano-sized particles full of genetic material that has the potential to reverse disease processes.

Though the research was intended as a proof of concept, the experimental therapy slowed tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice with gliomas, which constitute about 80 percent of malignant brain tumors in humans.

The technique takes advantage of exosomes, fluid-filled sacs that cells release as a way to communicate with other cells.

While exosomes are gaining ground as biologically friendly carriers of therapeutic materials because there are a lot of them and they dont prompt an immune response the trick with gene therapy is finding a way to fit those comparatively large genetic instructions inside their tiny bodies on a scale that will have a therapeutic effect.

This new method relies on patented technology that prompts donated human cells such as adult stem cells to spit out millions of exosomes that, after being collected and purified, function as nanocarriers containing a drug. When they are injected into the bloodstream, they know exactly where in the body to find their target even if its in the brain.

Think of them like Christmas gifts: The gift is inside a wrapped container that is postage paid and ready to go, said senior study author L. James Lee, professor emeritus of chemical and biomolecular engineering at The Ohio State University.

And they are gifts that keep on giving, Lee noted: This is a Mother Nature-induced therapeutic nanoparticle.

The study is published in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering.

In 2017, Lee and colleagues made waves with news of a regenerative medicine discovery called tissue nanotransfection (TNT). The technique uses a nanotechnology-based chip to deliver biological cargo directly into skin, an action that converts adult cells into any cell type of interest for treatment within a patients own body.

By looking further into the mechanism behind TNTs success, scientists in Lees lab discovered that exosomes were the secret to delivering regenerative goods to tissue far below the skins surface.

The technology was adapted in this study into a technique first author Zhaogang Yang, a former Ohio State postdoctoral researcher now at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, termed cellular nanoporation.

The scientists placed about 1 million donated cells (such as mesenchymal cells collected from human fat) on a nano-engineered silicon wafer and used an electrical stimulus to inject synthetic DNA into the donor cells. As a result of this DNA force-feeding, as Lee described it, the cells need to eject unwanted material as part of DNA transcribed messenger RNA and repair holes that have been poked in their membranes.

They kill two birds with one stone: They fix the leakage to the cell membrane and dump the garbage out, Lee said. The garbage bag they throw out is the exosome. Whats expelled from the cell is our drug.

The electrical stimulation had a bonus effect of a thousand-fold increase of therapeutic genes in a large number of exosomes released by the cells, a sign that the technology is scalable to produce enough nanoparticles for use in humans.

Essential to any gene therapy, of course, is knowing what genes need to be delivered to fix a medical problem. For this work, the researchers chose to test the results on glioma brain tumors by delivering a gene called PTEN, a cancer-suppressor gene. Mutations of PTEN that turn off that suppression role can allow cancer cells to grow unchecked.

For Lee, founder of Ohio States Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, producing the gene is the easy part. The synthetic DNA force-fed to donor cells is copied into a new molecule consisting of messenger RNA, which contains the instructions needed to produce a specific protein. Each exosome bubble containing messenger RNA is transformed into a nanoparticle ready for transport, with no blood-brain barrier to worry about.

The advantage of this is there is no toxicity, nothing to provoke an immune response, said Lee, also a member of Ohio States Comprehensive Cancer Center. Exosomes go almost everywhere in the body, including passing the blood-brain barrier. Most drugs cant go to the brain.

We dont want the exosomes to go to the wrong place. Theyre programmed not only to kill cancer cells, but to know where to go to find the cancer cells. You dont want to kill the good guys.

The testing in mice showed the labeled exosomes were far more likely to travel to the brain tumors and slow their growth compared to substances used as controls.

Because of exosomes safe access to the brain, Lee said, this drug-delivery system has promise for future applications in neurological diseases such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease.

Hopefully, one day this can be used for medical needs, Lee said. Weve provided the method. If somebody knows what kind of gene combination can cure a certain disease but they need a therapy, here it is.

See more here:
A New Gene Therapy Strategy, Courtesy of Mother Nature - Global Health News Wire

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Many women will tell you that the idea that menopause can wreak havoc on their sleep isn't news to them. Indeed, a study in Sleep published in April 2017 reported that sleep disturbances become very common during menopause, with an estimated 40 percent to 60 percent of menopausal women reporting poor sleep quality and about 25 percent meeting criteria for an insomnia disorder.

RELATED: 10 Ways to Beat Menopausal Belly Fat

What is news comes from a study published in the journal Menopause in December 2019 titled Effects of Menopause on Sleep Quality and Sleep Disorders: Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Many studies have looked at the effect of aging on sleep, but very few have delved deeper into the issue by looking at menopause status and by looking at exactly what kind of sleep problems are associated with menopause. In the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, researchers studied 6,100 Canadian women between ages 45 and 60, dividing participants into two groups: pre/perimenopausal and post-menopausal. They also tried to figure out what sleep disruptions are caused by menopause and what is caused purely by aging.

RELATED:Perimenopause and Menopause: Whats the Difference?

We under-address sleep issues in midlife women in general. This study brings much-needed attention to multiple issues concerning sleep disturbances. Poor sleep is associated with poor health [cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and anxiety] so its not something to just blow off, saysStephanie Faubion, MD,the medical director of theNorth American Menopause Society and the director of the Mayo Clinic Center for Womens Health.

The research team discovered that post-menopausal women required more time (over 30 minutes) to get to sleep and were more apt to develop sleep-onset insomnia disorder (trouble falling but not staying asleep) and possible obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) than women who had not reached menopause.

The different menopause stages did not differ on the percentages of difficulty with staying asleep, excessive sleepiness, restless leg syndromeand rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder.

We have confirmed that the sleep disruption is related to menopause, and not age, and that the problem lies mostly in falling asleep, not staying asleep. Something may change in the biology of the brain that makes these women lose the drive to sleep, says a coauthor of the study, Ron Postuma, MD, a professor in the department of neurology at McGill University in Montreal.

RELATED: 12 Women Over Age 60 Who Inspire Wellness and Living Your Best Life

Does the sleep trouble relate to hormones? So far, the connections between sleep and menopause are associative, but not causal. We don't yet know the mechanism driving it. It is difficult to study because when you're having menopause, you're also getting older; how do you disentangle the menopause from aging? says Dr. Postuma.

Treatments for various sleep issues are generally the same, no matter what is causing it, says Dr. Faubion. If you want to get some better z's at night, here are some ideas from the National Sleep Foundation:

RELATED: The Wild History of Womens Hormone Therapy

If you just cannot fall asleep at night, dont immediately start seeking out over-the-counter or prescription medications. Postuma points out that the first-line treatment for insomnia is cognitive behavioral therapy, which teaches you how to change your sleep habits and reframe any negative thoughts on the subject, with specific techniques for falling asleep. If there is no sleep clinician in your area, you can find online resources to guide you through the process.

RELATED: Light Therapy May Give Women Quick Relief From Midlife Sleep Trouble, Research Shows

If you suspect you may be dealing with something more complicated, such as obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, or REM sleep behavior disorder, see a sleep clinician. You can find one in your area at the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

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Sleep Apnea and Other Sleep Disorders Linked to Menopause, Not Age - Everyday Health

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Men with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer will now have a fourth treatment option to consider.

BY Kristie L. Kahl

With this new FDA approval, men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer now have another treatment option that can delay prostate cell growth in metastases both hidden and seen on scans, and disease progression, Dr. Jonathan Simons, CEO of the Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF), said in a statement issued to CURE. Enzalutamide now joins (Zytiga [abiraterone]), (Erleada [apalutamide]) and docetaxel chemotherapy as options to be added at the time of initiating androgen deprivation therapy in men.

Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer

Men with metastatic castration-sensitive disease means that their prostate cancer has spread to areas in the body that are outside of the prostate, however, these men are also responsive to testosterone suppression therapy.

Androgen receptor inhibitors stop testosterone from working so that it cannot bind to the chemical structures in cancer cells that allow the hormone to enter the cells. Depending on their health and the extent of their disease, men have previously been treated with one of the following:

ARCHES Trial

The FDA made its decision to approve Xtandi based on results from the international, double-blind, phase 3 ARCHES clinical trial designed to compare the agent versus placebo in 1,150 patients with histologically verified metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer.

Patients were enrolled across North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region.

The primary endpoint of the study was radiographic progression-free survival (the length of time during and after the treatment that cancer does not progress or worsen), which was not reached in the Xtandi plus ADT group, compared with 19.45 months with placebo and ADT. This reduced the risk for radiographic progression by 61% in patients who received Xtandi.

Moreover, Xtandi was associated with a reduction in the risk of time to progression of prostate-specific antigen, also known as PSA (a protein made by the prostate gland, whose high levels can be a sign of prostate cancer), by 81% and the time to initiation of a new antineoplastic therapy by 72%, compared with placebo.

In the trial, the most common side effects reported more frequently in patients treated with Xtandi plus ADT, compared with placebo and ADT, included hot flashes (27% vs. 22%, respectively), asthenic conditions (24% vs. 20%), hypertension (8% vs. 5.6%), fractures (6.5% vs. 4.2%) and musculoskeletal pain (6.3% vs. 4%).

Prostate Cancer Foundation

Of note, PCF funded the initial discovery of Xtandi at UCLA by chemist Michael Jung, who worked with prostate cancer physician-scientist Dr. Charles Sawyers, MD, who is now at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York.

The Prostate Cancer Foundation is proud to have funded the initial discovery of enzalutamide at UCLA, as well as the early translational research into the clinic that led to the development of this entire large class of more potent androgen receptor-targeting drugs, Simons said. This class of new precision anti-androgen receptor drugs has extended the lives of thousands of patients already.

Read CUREs original coverage of the FDAs approval of Xtandi.

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What You Need to Know About the FDA's Approval of Xtandi in Prostate Cancer - Curetoday.com

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

You may associate essential oils with aromatherapy products and fancy day spas. But did you know certain varieties of these fairly inexpensive oils may have legit benefits when it comes to relieving anxiety and stress?

According to Yufang Lin, MD, an integrative medicine specialist at the Cleveland Clinics Center for Integrative Medicine, essential oils work through inhalation or through topical application and have mind-body benefits. For inhalation, essential oils can be easily used as a room spray or via diffuser. A few drops on a pendant worn close to skin also allows for a slow release over time.

Topically, essential oils can be added to a carrier oil and used as perfume, massage oil, cream, or salves. Last but not least, adding an essential oil to your bath is a wonderful way to relax at the end of a busy day, says Dr. Lin.

The quickest way to change ones mood is through smell, thus essential oil is an excellent way to reduce anxiety and support relaxation, says Dr. Lin. However, it takes a lot of herbs to make a small amount of essential oil, which makes it a strong medicine that should be used judiciously.

While research on essential oils for mental health benefits is still expanding, there is some info to suggest that certain oils may work for things like stress relief, better sleep, and more. The thing is, though, even if one study shows that a particular scent is great for, say, reducing anxious feelings, it may not work for every single person. If you don't enjoy a scent, you probably won't feel much better after sniffing it, for instance.

The essential oils below have been shown to reduce anxiety in human studies, says Dr. Lin. Other scents are also commonly used to reduce anxiety and support relaxation, but research beyond animal studies is needed to know if they have real benefits for people.

The essential oils ahead have been shown to help people feel calmer and more relaxed, says Dr. Lin. One potential caveat is that most people have scent memory. So, for instance, if a person has a negative memory associated with a particular scent, they may not feel relaxed when they smell that scent, she explains.

Its important to keep potential side effects in mind, as they can be mild to severe. For one thing, certain essential oils (citrus in particular) can cause photosensitivitymeaning you can get a sunburn more easily after using orange essential oil on the skin, says Dr. Lin. (This is why it's a common recommendation to dilute oils before applying them topically, just to be extra cautious.)

Additionally, some essential oils are safe in small amounts but can dangerous in higher doses. Tea tree and eucalyptus essential oils are commonly used for their antimicrobial benefits, but in excess, can cause nerve and liver damage, says Dr. Lin. Some essential oils are toxic in general and should not be usedarnica, parsley, rue, and tansy are a few that fall into this category.

Finally, do not ingest essential oil without supervision from a trained herbalist, and be extra cautious using essential oils around young children, the elderly, pregnant women, and small pets because they are most at risk for toxicity and side effects, she says.

The bottom line: Research on using essential oils to ease anxiety or for stress reduction is growing, but remains limited. But if you're a healthy adult and are using essential oils safely and at the guidance of your doctor, there is little harm in testing some oils out to see which ones help you feel mentally better.

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Majestic Pure Lavender Oil

$21.50

According to a 2012 study, lavender essential oil has been shown to help treat symptoms of anxiety and depression. This might be due to how it impacts the limbic system of the brain, which controls your emotions.

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Bergamot Essential Oil

Bergamot oil, which comes from bergamot oranges and thus has an energizing citrusy scent, has been shown to improve mood and reduce symptoms of anxiety, according to 2015 research.

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Now Essential Orange Oil

$8.37

If youre pregnant and hoping for a Zen birth experience, a 2015 study suggested that orange essential oil may help to lower feelings of anxiety during labor.

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Plant Therapy Peppermint Organic Essential Oil

$7.95

The menthol content in peppermint oil has been shown to help relieve tension and discomfort, which can in turn help you feel more calm and relaxed.

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Frankincense Essential Oil

$8.99

Frankincense comes from the resin of the Boswellia tree. Within 2008 research, massaging a blend of this oil in combination with bergamot and lavender oils helped to relieve anxiety, depression, and pain in terminal cancer patients.

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Pure Gold Myrrh Essential Oil

Similar to lavender, myrrh essential oil (which has a woodsy scent) may help you to feel relaxed and less stressed in general.

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Majestic Pure Rose Oil

$24.50

Rose essential oil, which has similar effects to those of orange oil, has been shown to reduce anxiety during labor in pregnant women when used in a foot bath, according to 2014 research.

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Plant Therapy Marjoram Sweet Essential Oil

$9.95

Although more research is needed, sweet marjoram (also known as oregano) is believed to help relieve headaches and anxiety, as well as promote calmness.

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Eucalyptus Essential Oil

$5.79

Similar to peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil contains menthol, which has a cooling effect that may help to relieve aches and tension, which can in turn promote relaxation and reduce feelings of anxiety.

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Handcraft TeaTree Essential Oil

$14.95

Although there isnt substantial research on it, tea tree oil is believed to reduce stress and even boost immunity and ward off sickness.

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Roman Chamomile Essential Oil

Chamomile isnt just a relaxing tea that can help you sleep. The oil can also have the same calming effect if added to an aromatherapy diffuser or hot bath.

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Jasmine Essential Oil Aromatherapy

$8.22

You may already love jasmine for its uplifting floral scent, but 2013 research showed that it can also promote feelings of well-being as well as reduce sleepiness and symptoms of anxiety.

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Valerian Essential Oil

If you tend to have trouble falling asleep, valerian oil can help you feel more relaxed and calm your nerves at bedtime.

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Patchouli Essential Oil

$7.49

Although there isnt sufficient research available, patchouli oil is believed to promote calmness and relaxation if youre suffering from anxiety, depression, or stress in general. It can be added to a warm bath or diffuser in combination with lavender oil.

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NOW Foods 100% Pure Clary Sage Essential Oil

According to 2015 research, clary sage can relieve tension and help to maintain optimal levels of the stress hormone cortisol in women. This is beneficial because high cortisol levels have been shown to increase the occurrence of anxiety and depression.

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Pure Gold Holy Basil Essential Oil

Rest assured: This isnt the same basil you put in your pasta sauce. Holy basil (also known as tulsi) has a minty scent and, according to 2014 research, it may help to alleviate mental stress.

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Best Ylang Ylang Essential Oil

$13.01

If youve ever gotten a professional massage, youre likely familiar with ylang ylang and the fact that it promotes relaxation. Additionally, per 2013 research, ylang ylang can help to reduce symptoms of anxiety and promote better sleep.

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Geranium Essential Oil

Similar to rose and orange essential oils, geranium oil has been shown to reduce anxiety for pregnant women in labor, in addition to decreasing blood pressure, according to a 2015 study.

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Cliganic Organic Rosemary Essential Oil

$9.95

Another one that isnt just for cooking, rosemary essential oil has been shown to reduce cortisol (stress hormone) levels, which can then, in turn, relieve anxiety, according to 2007 research.

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Art Naturals Lemongrass Essential Oil

$11.95

While research on lemongrass oil is fairly limited, a 2015 study showed that it can possibly provide a rapid response when used by people who experience anxiety and tension.

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The 20 Best Essential Oils For Anxiety And Stress, Per Research - Women's Health

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The Fulton County Health Department has scheduled the following health clinics and services. Please call the number listed with each service for an appointment or more information.

CANTON The Fulton County Health Department has scheduled the following health clinics and services. Please call the number listed with each service for an appointment or more information.

All offices of the Fulton County Health Department will be closed Tuesday, Dec. 24 and Wednesday, Dec. 25 in observance of the Christmas holiday.

Maternal child health: Health screenings, WIC nutrition education and supplemental food coupons for women, infants and children. To make an appointment or for more information call 647-1134 (ext. 254). For Astoria clinic appointments call 329-2922.

Canton - Clinic - Monday, Dec. 23 - 8-4 - Appt needed

Canton - Clinic - Thursday, Dec. 26 - 8-4 - Appt needed

Adult Health Immunizations: Various vaccines are available. There is a fee for immunization administration. Medicaid cards are accepted. To make an appointment or for more information call 647-1134 (ext. 254).

Canton - Immunizations - Wednesday, Dec. 18 - 8-4 Appt needed

Other times available by special arrangement at Canton, Cuba and Astoria.

Blood Lead Screening: Blood lead screenings are available for children ages one to six years. A fee is based on income. To make an appointment or for more information call 647-1134 (ext. 254). For Astoria appointments call 329-2922.

Family Planning: Confidential family planning services are available by appointment at the Canton office for families and males of child-bearing age. Services provided include physical exams, pap smears, sexually transmitted disease testing, contraceptive methods, pregnancy testing, education and counseling. Services are available to individuals of all income levels. Fees are based on a sliding fee scale with services provided at no charge to many clients. Medicaid and many insurances are accepted. After hours appointments are available. To make an appointment or for more information call the 647-1134 (ext. 244). *Program funding includes a grant from the US DHHS Title X.

Pregnancy testing: Confidential urine pregnancy testing is available at the Canton and Astoria offices. This service is available to females of all income levels. A nominal fee is charged. No appointment is needed. A first morning urine specimen should be collected for optimal testing and brought to the health department. Services are provided on a walk-in basis on the following days each week:

Canton: Every Wednesday & Thursday, 8-3:30 (for more information call 647-1134 ext. 244)

Astoria: Every Wednesday, 9-2:30 (for more information call 329-2922)

Womens Health: A womens clinic for pap tests, clinical breast examinations and vaginal examinations is available by appointment. There is a nominal fee for this service. Medicaid cards are accepted. Financial assistance is available for a mammogram. Cardiovascular screenings may be available to age and income eligible women. To make an appointment or for more information call 647-1134 (ext. 244).

Mammograms: Age and income eligible women may receive mammograms at no charge. Speakers are available to provide information to clubs and organizations. For more information or to apply for financial assistance, call 647-1134 (ext. 254).

Mens Health: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood tests are available for men for a fee. To make an appointment or for more information call 647-1134 (ext. 224).

Canton - Clinic - Monday, Dec. 23 - 8-12 - Appt needed

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Clinic: Confidential STD and HIV testing services are available by appointment to males and females at the Canton office. Services include physical exams to identify STDs, a variety of STD testing, HIV testing, education, counseling, medications and condoms. There is a nominal fee for services. Services are available to individuals of all income levels. Medicaid cards are accepted. To make an appointment or for more information call 746-1134 (ext. 224).

HIV Testing and Counseling: Confidential HIV testing and counseling services are available by appointment through the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic at the Canton office. To make an appointment or for more information call 647-1134 (ext. 224).

Tuberculosis (TB) Testing: TB skin tests are available at no charge by appointment. To make an appointment or for more information call 647-1134 (ext. 254).

Blood Pressure Screenings: The Fulton County Health Department provides blood pressure screenings at no charge on a walk-in basis during the following times:

Canton - Screening - Monday, Dec. 23 - 8-4 - Walk in/Room 108

Cuba - Screening - Monday, Dec. 23 - 8-12 - Walk in

Health Watch Wellness Program: The Health Watch Program provides low cost lab services. Through this program adults can obtain venous blood draws for a variety of blood tests. Blood tests offered without a doctors order Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP), Complete Blood Count (CBC), Lipid Panel, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test, Hepatitis C test, and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). A wide variety of blood tests are also available with a doctors order. There is a charge at the time of service. To make an appointment or for more information call 647-1134 (ext. 254).

Canton - Clinic - Monday, Dec. 23 - 8-12 - Appt needed

Dental Services: The Dental Center offers a variety of basic dental services to children and adults. An appointment is needed. Medicaid and Kid Care cards are accepted. To make an appointment or for more information call 647-1134 (ext. 292).

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Health Department announces services for the week of Dec 23 - Geneseo Republic

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Neveah Taouk, 4

At last, when Mary was seven and Neveah three, new developments in whole-genome sequencing enabled specialists to identify the disorder. The diagnosis gave the Taouks information but not hope. They knew what the problem was, but there was no treatment and no cure.

Desperate, Charlie contacted specialists around the world. I must have spoken to at least fifty people scientists, doctors, professors, he says. Most of them had never heard of the condition.

His search eventually led to Dr Wendy Gold, a specialist in rare genetic disorders in children, based at the University of Sydney and the Childrens Hospital at Westmead. We arranged to talk, says Charlie. To be honest, I wasnt expecting much. But then she said, Have you heard of gene therapy?

Gene therapy is a new and rapidly evolving field of research. One of the therapys forms involves adding new genes to a patients cells to replace missing or malfunctioning genes. The new genes are typically delivered to the appropriate cells in the body using a benign virus as a carrier. Gene therapy is already being used to treat diseases including spinal muscular atrophy. It could also be a promising treatment for Parkinsons disease. Dr Gold believed there was a chance it could help the Taouk girls.

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The gene therapy research that could save a family of four - News - The University of Sydney

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

A new method allows researchers to develop adeno-associated virus (AVV) commonly used as the vehicle for gene therapies that accurately target and deliver genes to specific cells in the body.

This new technology may be suitable to target dopaminergic neurons that are damaged in Parkinsons disease.

We believe that the new synthetic [lab-made] virus we succeeded in creating would be very well suited for gene therapy for Parkinsons disease, for example, and we have high hopes that these virus vectors will be able to be put into clinical use, Tomas Bjrklund, PhD,Lund University, Sweden, said in a press release.

Bjrklund is lead author of the studyA systematic capsid evolution approach performed in vivo for the design of AAV vectors with tailored properties and tropism, which was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The adeno-associated virus (AAV)is a common, naturally-occurring virus, which has been shown to work as an effective gene therapy delivery vehicle for genetic diseases, such asspinal muscular atrophy. In gene therapy, scientists deliver a working version of a faulty gene using a harmless AAV that was modified and inactivated in the lab. This way the virus functions only as a delivery vehicle and does not have the capacity to damage tissues and cause disease.

While AAVs have a natural ability to penetrate any cell of the body and infect as many cells as possible, their usefulness as a potential therapy requires the capacity to specifically deliver a working gene to a particular cell type, such as dopamine producing-nerve cells. Those are the ones hose responsible for releasing the neurotransmitter dopamine and that are gradually lost during Parkinsons disease.

A team of Swedish researchers have developed a new method called barcoded rational AAV vector evolution, or BRAVE that combines powerful computational analysis with the latest gene and sequencing technology to produce AAVs that can specifically target neurons.

To make AAVs neuron specific, the team selected 131 proteins known to specifically interact with synapses (the junctions between two nerve cells that allow them to communicate).

They then divided the proteins into small sequences, called peptides, and created a large library where each peptide could be identified by a specific pool of genetic barcodes (a short sequence of DNA that is unique and easily identified).

The peptide is then displayed on the surface of the AAV capsid, allowing researchers to test the simultaneous delivery of many cell-specific AAVs in a single experiment.

The team then injected these AAVs into the forebrain of adult rats and observed that around 13% of the peptides successfully homed to the brain. Moreover, 4% of the peptides were transported effectively through axons (long neuronal projections that conduct electrical impulses) toward the nerve cells body.

Researchers then selected 23 of these unique AAV capsids and injected them into rats striatum, a brain region involved in voluntary movement control and affected in Parkinsons disease. Twenty-one of the new AAV capsids had an improved transport capacity within nerve cells than in standard AAVs.

One particular capsid, called MNM008, showed a high affinity for rat dopaminergic neurons. Researchers then tested whether this viral vector also could target human dopaminergic neurons.

The team transplanted neurons generated from human embryonic stem cells into rats striatum. Six months later, they injected either MNM008 or a control AAV capsid and found that MNM008 was able to target these specific cells and be transported into dopaminergic neuronal cell bodies through axons.

Thanks to this technology, we can study millions of new virus variants in cell culture and animal models simultaneously. From this, we can subsequently create a computer simulation that constructs the most suitable virus shell for the chosen application in this case, the dopamine-producing nerve cells for the treatment of Parkinsons disease, Bjrklund said.

Overall, researchers believe the BRAVE method opens up the design and development of synthetic AAV vectors expressing capsid structures with unique properties and broad potential for clinical applications and brain connectivity studies.

The team has established a collaboration with a biotech company, Dyno Therapeutics, to use the BRAVE method in the design of new AAVs.

Together with researchers at Harvard University, we have established a new biotechnology company in Boston, Dyno Therapeutics, to further develop the virus engineering technology, using artificial intelligence, for future treatments, Bjrklund said.

Patricia holds a Ph.D. in Cell Biology from University Nova de Lisboa, and has served as an author on several research projects and fellowships, as well as major grant applications for European Agencies. She has also served as a PhD student research assistant at the Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York.

Total Posts: 208

Ana holds a PhD in Immunology from the University of Lisbon and worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM) in Lisbon, Portugal. She graduated with a BSc in Genetics from the University of Newcastle and received a Masters in Biomolecular Archaeology from the University of Manchester, England. After leaving the lab to pursue a career in Science Communication, she served as the Director of Science Communication at iMM.

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New Gene Therapy Method May Open BRAVE New World in Parkinson's - Parkinson's News Today

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

In January 2019, then-FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb ushered in the new year with a bold prediction: The agency, he said, would be approving between 10 and 20 gene and cell therapies per year by 2025. At the time, there were a whopping 800 such therapies in the biopharma pipeline and the FDA was aiming to hire 50 new clinical reviewers to handle the development of the products.

That momentum will no doubt start to pick up in 2020, as several companies in late-stage development of their gene and cell therapies achieve key milestones or FDA approval. Among the companies expected to make major strides in gene and cell therapies next year are Biomarin, with valoctocogene roxaparvovec to treat hemophilia A, Sarepta and its gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, plus multiple players developing CAR-T treatments for cancer, including Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead.

But with such explosive growth comes challenges. Gene and cell therapies require enormous up-front investing in complex manufacturing processes, as well asinnovative approaches to securing insurance coverage for products that come with eye-popping price tagssuch as Novartis $2 million gene therapy Zolgensma to treat spinal muscular atrophy. Those are just a few of the obstacles that will be front-and-center in 2020 as more gene and cell therapies make their way towardthe finish line.

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Pharma companies will face challenges figuring out how to incorporate gene and cell therapies into their overall business, said Michael Choy, partner and managing director at Boston Consulting Group, in an interview with FiercePharma. They dont fit well into the normal paradigms of budgeting and decision-making. They require a different pace of evolution and specialized expertise. For now, companies are shoe-horning gene therapies into their current model, but over the long-term there will have to be changes.

That will become increasingly clear in 2020 as both Big Pharma and small up-and-comers move towardthe clinic with their gene and cell therapies. John Zaia, M.D., director of the Center for Gene Therapy at City of Hope, predicts there will be at least three gene and cell therapy FDA approvals in 2020. He also expects to see momentum among companies seeking to improve on the technology to address unmet needs in medicine.

For example, Zaia believes off-the-shelf CAR-T cancer treatments will show promise in early studiesand will be met with enthusiasm in the cancer community, he told FiercePharma in an email. The first generation of FDA-approved CAR-T treatments, Novartis Kymriah and Gileads Yescarta, take several weeks to make because they require removing T cells from patients and engineering them to recognize and attack the patients'cancers. Several companies are advancing off-the-shelf CAR-T treatments, including Precision BioSciences, which has been building out a manufacturing plant equipped to make 10,000 doses per year.

RELATED: Biotech building facility to make genome-edited, off-the-shelf CAR-T therapies

Gene therapies for inherited diseases will make strides in 2020, too, Zaia predicts. City of Hope is one of the participants in a phase 1 study of CSL Behrings gene therapy to treat adults with sickle cell disease. CSL will be racing against several companies working on the disease, including Bluebird Bio, which is testing its beta thalassemia gene therapy Zynteglo in sickle cell. There is a big push from many research centers to cure sickle cell diseaseand early results with the use of gene therapy look very promising, Zaia said. Years of research is finally coming to realization.

With such robust R&D underway in gene and cell therapies, its no surprise several players are stepping up their investments in manufacturing. In October, Sanofi said it would retrofit a vaccine plant in France so it couldbe used for gene therapy manufacturing. Pfizer shelled out $19 million for a North Carolina facility that will serve as its manufacturing hub for gene therapies. Even Harvard University is getting into the game, working with a consortium of contract manufacturers to build a $50 million facility dedicated to making cell therapies and viral vectors for gene therapies.

But how will the healthcare system pay for all of these complex therapies? Its a question that will continue to dog the industry, BCGs Choy said. Theres a lot of interest in outcomes-based payments and payments over time, but the issue is theyre very difficult to implementbecause the infrastructure to track outcomes over time doesnt really exist, he said.

Still, payers and pharma companies are hinting at their willingness to put that infrastructure in place. Pfizer, which is developing DMD and hemophilia gene therapies, said recently its brainstorming with payers on innovative strategies for reimbursement. Novartis and Spark have already pioneered payment strategies that deviate from the standard pay-everything-up-front system. Novartis has some pay-for-performance contracts in place for the $475,000 Kymriah. And in September, Cigna agreed to cover Novartis Zolgensma and Sparks Luxturna on a per-month, per-member schedule.

RELATED: Novartis, Spark gene therapies win a boost with soup-to-nuts Cigna coverage

Despite the many challenges in cell and gene therapy, some players are showing theres likely to be a robust market for these innovative treatments. In its first quarter on the market, Zolgensma brought in $160 million in salesfar surpassing analysts expectations.

The promise of huge returns on gene and cell therapies will likely drive acquisitions in 2020, Choy predicted. These treatments are so transformative for patients, and as the clinical proof of effectiveness continues to grow, youre going to see a lot more deal-making in this area, he said.

Buyers will likely show a willingness to invest in early-stage gene and cell therapies, especially if they come with technology platforms that allow for the development of many follow-up products, Choy added. For these types of therapies, the lifecycles will be much shorter than they are for traditional pharmaceuticals, particularly for rare diseases, he said. If you administer a one-time therapy, that revenue peaks quite quickly and then drops off. So to have a sustainable revenue from a gene therapy business, you need to replace that, which requires managing a pipeline.

Judging from recent events in the burgeoning gene and cell therapy industry, the news flow in 2020 will be generated not just by the industrys largest players, but also by its upstarts. In December, Ferring Pharmaceuticals spinout FerGene turned heads with data showing that its gene therapy to treat non-muscle invasive bladder cancer eliminated tumors in more than half of participants in a phase 3 trial. And Gileads Kite Pharma just applied for FDA approval for its mantle cell lymphoma CAR-T, KTE-X19, based on a 93% overall response rate in a phase 2 trial.

There were 75 gene therapy clinical trials initiated in 2018, nearly doubling the trial starts of 2016momentum thats likely to continue next year, BCG said in a recent report. The scientific foundation is in place, BCG analysts concluded, but there is still much to do to deliver the full benefit of gene therapy to patients."

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Pharma's gene and cell therapy ambitions will kick into high gear in 2020despite some major hurdles - FiercePharma

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Drug Target Review lists its 10 most popular news stories from 2019, summarising the drug targets that you wanted to read about.

Drug Target Review has published a wide range of news stories this year, from the identification of novel drug targets to improvements in toxicology studies and developments in screening.

As the year draws to a close, we reflect on the biggest and most popular stories from 2019. To read the full pieces, click on the title of each news story.

A genetic analysis study revealed that variants of hundreds of genes work together in contributing to the development of Tourettes syndrome, in our tenth most popular story this year.

According to the researchers, from the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and collaborators, their findings confirm that the underlying basis for Tourettes syndrome is polygenic, meaning that hundreds of small DNA changes cause the condition, rather than one inactive gene.

The scientists said their next step is to expand their sample size to around 12,000 patients, made possible with a potential international collaboration.

The study was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry.

A group of researchers identified new genetic targets on which BRCA2-driven cancer cells are dependent upon, providing a potential avenue for drug development.

The study, conducted at Brigham and Womens Hospital, used CRISPR and short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to test 380 genes with a known or suspected role in DNA-damage response. This allowed the team to narrow in on the most promising genes: APEX2 and FEN1, two novel targets for breast cancer.

The results were published in Molecular Cell.

Immunotherapy treatment could reduce the persistence of HIV in patients receiving triple therapy, found a group of researchers.

The researchers, from the University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, discovered that these therapies expose the virus to the immune system. Three proteins PD-1, LAG-3 and TIGIT were uncovered by the scientists as frequently expressed on the surface of HIV-hiding cells; these proteins are also cancer targets.

According to the team, their study could lead to the development of new HIV therapies based on cancer immunotherapies.

The study was published in Nature Communications.

Researchers at the Indiana University School of Medicine developed a blood test to measure pain and improve diagnosis. The team analysed hundreds of patient samples to reveal biomarkers in their blood, which could be used as a scale to determine pain.

According to the researchers, the biomarkers act like a signature that can be matched against a prescription database. This could allow medical professionals to select the appropriate compound and reduce pain for the patient.

The study was published in Molecular Psychiatry.

A team of scientists revealed that immune cells could be key in causing endometriosis, a pelvic pain experienced by women, through an investigation into macrophages. The study was led by researchers from Warwick Medical School and the University of Warwick.

Macrophages can adapt their function according to local signals from their surroundings and so become modified by disease. This led the researchers to add modified macrophages to a cell culture, which resulted in the production of higher levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).

The team conclude that macrophages therefore present a drug target for endometriosis.

The results can be found in The FASEB Journal.

Scientists from the University of Pennsylvania imaged a molecule that induces inflammation and leads to lupus, in our fifth most popular story of 2019. The researchers discovered that the molecule is comprised of two sections: SHMT2 and BRISC, a cluster of proteins. When these two sections bind to each other, they cause inflammation.

When mice models lacking BRISC were tested, they were resistant to lupus. This led the team to conclude that a molecule which blocks BRISC and SHMT2 could be a drug target for lupus.

The findings were published in Nature.

A team of researchers reported that a CRISPR-Cas9 gene therapy which specifically reduces fat tissue and obesity-related metabolic disease was successful in mice.

The scientists, from Hanyang University, argue that their technique could be used as a way to combat type 2 diabetes and other obesity-related diseases.

Targeting Fabp4, a fatty acid metabolism gene, the researchers observed a 20 percent reduction of body weight in obese mice. It also resulted in improved insulin resistance after only six weeks of treatment.

The findings were published in Genome Research.

A compound that promotes the rebuilding of the protective sheath around nerve cells has been developed by researchers at the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU).

The team found that the S3 compound reverses the effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) in mice. HA has been found to accumulate in the brain of patients with multiple sclerosis, and accumulation of HA

has also been linked to maturity failure of cells called oligodendrocytes, which generate myelin, the protective layer of axons.

The team therefore believe that the S3 compound could provide a therapeutic strategy for treating nervous system disorders.

The study can be found in Glia.

A group of researchers formed a complex view of the functional dysbiosis in the gut microbiome during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), to reveal new targets for treatments.

The scientists, from theBroad InstituteofMITandHarvard University, observed microbial changes and human gene regulatory shifts from stool and blood samples of patients.

This multi-omic study enabled the team to discover that during periods of disease activity, IBD patients had higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in both the blood and stool. They also identified other varying levels of nutrients and vitamins, presenting several potential drug targets.

The findings were published in Nature.

In our most popular news piece this year, researchers found that the small molecule PJ34 reduces the number of human pancreatic cancer cells in transplanted tumours by 90 percent.

The team, from Tel Aviv University, built on previous research to treat xenografts with their small molecule. It is permeable in the cell membrane, but affects human cancer cells exclusively, making it an attractive compound for development.

The scientists found that PJ34 causes a rapid cell death and in one mouse, the tumour completely disappeared. They concluded that the molecule could be a potent therapeutic against pancreatic cancer.

The results were published in Oncotarget.

Related organisationsBrigham and Women's Hospital, Hanyang University, Harvard University, Indiana University School of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Pennsylvania University, Tel Aviv University, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University

Originally posted here:
DTR's news round-up 2019: the stories that defined the year - Drug Target Review

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

UMass Medical School and GE Healthcare Life Sciences have announced the companies plan to establish a new large-scale viral vector manufacturing facility that will be housed on the Worcester campus of the medical school.

The facility will be able to provide large quantities of high-quality recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors for preclinical research, according to a news release from the medical school.

The potential of gene therapy to treat human disease has finally become a reality, said Terence R. Flotte, the Celia and Isaac Haidak Professor of Medical Education, executive deputy chancellor, provost and dean of the School of Medicine and professor of pediatrics. However, the ability to move the field forward to treat additional serious diseases remains limited by the efficiency and flexibility of producing gene therapy vectors suitable for testing in new disease models."

A lack of large-scale vector manufacturing facilities has limited preclinical research capabilities, according to the news release.

Researchers often wait 12 to 24 months to secure enough vector for their research. With this facility, researchers will have access to GE Healthcares processing equipment, helping get research to the clinic faster, the medical school said.

Accelerating research that brings novel cell and gene therapies to patients is the mission of our business, said Catarina Flyborg, the general manager of cell and gene therapy at GE Healthcare Life Sciences. By partnering with UMass Medical School to create this large scale AAV manufacturing facility, we will provide researchers with the tools and AAV needed for pre-clinical research that will advance the cell and gene therapy industry and get therapies to patients faster.

The facility will be 3,220 square feet and will be fully operational in 2020. Four to six professional staff members will manage day-to-day operations, with Sylvain Cecchini, an associate professor of microbiology and physiological systems, as the core director, the statement said.

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UMass Medical School and GE Healthcare establishing manufacturing facility in Worcester - MassLive.com

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

WASHINGTON, Dec. 20, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- via NEWMEDIAWIRE -- The Alliance for Regenerative Medicine (ARM), the international advocacy organization for the cell and gene therapy and broader regenerative medicine sector, today released the initial slate of presenting companies at the 2020 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mediterranean. The event will be held April 15-17, 2020 in Barcelona, Spain.

The event, modeled after ARMs highly successful Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mesa, is expected to attract more than 500 attendees, including senior executives from leading cell therapy, gene therapy, and tissue engineering companies worldwide, large pharma and biotech representatives, institutional investors, academic research institutions, patient foundations, disease philanthropies, and members of the life science media community.

The second annual Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mediterranean will feature presentations by 50+ leading public and private companies, highlighting technical and clinical achievements over the past 12 months in the areas of cell therapy, gene therapy, gene editing, tissue engineering, and broader regenerative medicine technologies.

The initial slate of 2020 presenting companies includes: Adaptimmune, AGTC, Ambys Medicines, American Gene Technologies, AskBio, Aspect Biosystems, Atara, Autolus Therapeutics, Avectas, AVROBIO, Axovant Gene Therapies, bluebird bio, Bone Therapeutics, Caribou Biosciences, Celavie Biosciences, Cellatoz Therapeutics, CEVEC, Cynata Therapeutics, Flexion Therapeutics, Fraunhofer IZI, GenSight Biologics, Healios, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Kiadis Pharma, Kytopen, LogicBio Therapeutics, MeiraGTx, Minerva Biotechnologies, MolMed, Novadip Biosciences, Orchard Therapeutics, Oxford Biomedica, PDC*line Pharma, Precision BioSciences, Promethera Biosciences, PTC Therapeutics, Recombinetics, REGENXBIO, ReNeuron, Rexgenero, Sangamo, SmartPharm Therapeutics, Standards Coordinating Body for Regenerative Medicine, Theradaptive, ThermoGenesis, Tmunity Therapeutics, Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, VERIGRAFT, and Zelluna Immunotherapy.

Additional event details will be updated regularly on the conference website http://www.meetingonthemed.com.

Registration is complimentary for investors and credentialed members of the media. To learn more and to register, please visitwww.meetingonthemed.com. For members of the media interested in attending, please contact Kaitlyn Donaldson Dupont at kdonaldson@alliancerm.org.

For interested organizations looking to increase exposure to this fields top decision-makers via sponsorship, please contact Kelly McWhinney at kmcwhinney@alliancerm.org for additional information.

About The Alliance for Regenerative Medicine

The Alliance for Regenerative Medicine (ARM) is an international multi-stakeholder advocacy organization that promotes legislative, regulatory and reimbursement initiatives necessary to facilitate access to life-giving advances in regenerative medicine worldwide. ARM also works to increase public understanding of the field and its potential to transform human healthcare, providing business development and investor outreach services to support the growth of its member companies and research organizations. Prior to the formation of ARM in 2009, there was no advocacy organization operating in Washington, D.C. to specifically represent the interests of the companies, research institutions, investors and patient groups that comprise the entire regenerative medicine community. Today, ARM has more than 350 members and is the leading global advocacy organization in this field. To learn more about ARM or to become a member, visithttp://www.alliancerm.org.

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The Alliance for Regenerative Medicine Releases Initial Slate of Presenting Companies at the 2020 Cell & Gene Meeting on the Mediterranean -...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

In a recent study published by Prophecy Market Insights, titled, Global Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment Market Research Report, analysts offers an in-depth analysis of global Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market. The study analyses the various aspect of the market by studying its historic and forecast data. The research report provides Porters five force model, SWOT analysis, and PESTEL analysis of the Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market. The different areas covered in the report are Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market size, drivers and restrains, segment analysis, geographic outlook, major manufacturers in the market, and competitive landscape.

Key Players of Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment Market:

Amgen, Inc., Chengdu Shi Endor Biological Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Cold Genesys, Inc., Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Takara Bio, Inc.,Ziopharm Oncology, Inc., , Sevion Therapeutics, Inc., OncoSec Medical, Inc., and Burzynski Clinic.

Download Sample Copy of This Report @ https://prophecymarketinsights.com/market_insight/Insight/request-sample/61

The research report, Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment Market presents an unbiased approach at understanding the market trends and dynamics. Analysts have studied the historical data pertaining to the market and compared it to the current market trends to paint an object picture of the markets trajectory. The report includes SWOT analysis and Porters five forces analysis to give the readers an in-depth assessment of the various factors likely to drive and restrain the overall market.

Market Segmentation:

Request PDF catalogue for this report @ https://prophecymarketinsights.com/market_insight/Insight/request-pdf/61

Table of Contents

Market Overview: The report begins with this section where product overview and highlights of product and application segments of the global Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market are provided. Highlights of the segmentation study include price, revenue, sales, sales growth rate, and market share by product.

Competition by Company: Here, the competition in the global Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market is analyzed, taking into consideration price, revenue, sales, and market share by company, market concentration rate, competitive situations and trends, expansion, merger and acquisition, and market shares of top 5 and 10 companies.

Company Profiles and Sales Data: As the name suggests, this section gives the sales data of key players of the global Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market as well as some useful information on their business. It talks about the gross margin, price, revenue, products and their specifications, applications, competitors, manufacturing base, and the main business of players operating in the global Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market.

Market Status and Outlook by Region: In this section, the report discusses about gross margin, sales, revenue, production, market share, CAGR, and market size by region. Here, the global Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market is deeply analyzed on the basis of regions and countries such as North America, Europe, China, India, Japan, and the MEA.

Application or End User: This part of the research study shows how different application segments contribute to the global Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market.

Market Forecast: Here, the report offers complete forecast of the global Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market by product, application, and region. It also offers global sales and revenue forecast for all years of the forecast period.

Upstream Raw Materials: The report provides analysis of key raw materials used in the global Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market, manufacturing cost structure, and the industrial chain.

Marketing Strategy Analysis and Distributors: This section offers analysis of marketing channel development trends, indirect marketing, and direct marketing followed by a broad discussion on distributors and downstream customers in the global Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment market.

Research Findings and Conclusion: This is one of the last sections of the report where the findings of the analysts and the conclusion of the research study are provided.

Appendix: Here, we have provided a disclaimer, our data sources, data triangulation, market breakdown, research programs and design, and our research approach.

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Mr. Alex (Sales Manager)

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This post was originally published on Info Street Wire

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Personalized Gene Therapy Treatment Market To Boost CAGR Prospects (2020-2030) || PMI - Info Street Wire

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Last we heard about Forma Therapeutics funding was in March, when they were laying off employees as longtime partner and benefactor Celgene then in the process of being bought out by Bristol-Myers Squibb severed ties. Cut off from what turned out to be a $757 million IV, they axed 61 staff members, hired a new CEO and began reorienting the company.

The shift has evidently managed to convince some investors. Forma announced today a $100 million Series D that will fuel the companys push to become a clinically focused biotech. The syndicate includes investors long known for taking companies toward an IPO, led by RA Capital and joined by Cormorant Asset Management, Wellington Management, Samsara BioCapital, among others.

In the last month, we have presented important proof of mechanism and differentiating clinical data for our programs in sickle cell disease, glioma, AML and NASH, new CEO Frank Lee said in a statement. We are energized by the commitment from this group of leading industry investors as we move into 2020, another critical year with multiple clinical data readouts and a new program entering the clinic.

The top program of note is a sickle cell drug called FT-4202. Unlike the recent sickle cell approvals from Novartis and Global Blood Therapeutics that attempt to relieve the diseases worst symptoms or complications, and unlike the experimental gene therapies that offer the tentative promise of a cure, FT-4202 modifies the course and underlying biology of the disease without affecting the genome. It activates an enzyme called pyruvate kinase-R that is supposed to help prevent sickling and help hemoglobin bind to oxygen.

Forma announced data from the first Phase I/II trial at ASH but only mentioned positive PK and safety results.

Much has changed at Forma since March. In addition to sickle cell, they also presented early data on glioma (a type of brain tumor), NASH and acute myeloid leukemia. Lee was brought in from Genentech to replace Steve Tregay, who had led the company since founding it in 2009. In September, they hired a new CFO and a new general counsel and promoted Patrick Kelly to CMO and Brian Lesser to therapeutic head.

Forma had for much of its life relied on several partnerships, most prominently a collaboration with Celgene that began in 2013 to develop drugs in oncology and eventually expanded to a handful of other fields. That partnership came to a sudden halt in the last few days of 2018 as the NJ-based giant prepared to announce a merger with Bristol-Myers Squibb. Documents Celgene filed as part of that buyout revealed they had given Forma $757 million over the life of the deal.

The sudden closure left the biotech facing key questions about its future. They cut staff, including 25 members of their discovery group, and began pivoting toward late-stage development. Their most advanced program is in AML, where a pivotal study is now enrolling patients.

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Forma Therapeutics bounces back from Celgene fallout with $100 million Series D - Endpoints News

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Latest Report on the CNS Gene Therapy Market

Persistence Market Research (PMR) recently published a market study that offers critical insights related to the growth prospects of the CNS Gene Therapy Market during the forecast period 2018 2028. The report takes into account the historical and current market trends to evaluate the top factors that are likely to influence the growth of the market in the upcoming years.

As per the report, the CNS Gene Therapy Market is poised to grow at a CAGR of ~XX% during the assessment period primarily driven by a growing focus on product innovation, a surge in demand for the CNS Gene Therapy in the developed regions, and potential opportunities in the developing regions.

ThisPress Release will help you to understand the Volume, growth with Impacting Trends. Click HERE To get SAMPLE PDF (Including Full TOC, Table & Figures) athttps://www.persistencemarketresearch.co/samples/27514

What Sets Us Apart from the Rest?

The presented market study bifurcates the CNS Gene Therapy Market on the basis of geography, applications, and end-use industries.

The competitive outlook section touches upon the business prospects of some of the most established market players in the CNS Gene Therapy Market. The company profiles of each company are included in the report along with data including revenue growth, production capacity, domestic and regional presence, product portfolio, and more.

Essential findings of the report:

Get Access To TOC Covering 200+ Topics athttps://www.persistencemarketresearch.co/toc/27514

key players and product offerings

In order to get a strategic overview of the market,Access Research Methodology Prepared By Experts athttps://www.persistencemarketresearch.co/methodology/27514

The report aims to address the following queries related to the CNS Gene Therapy Market:

About us:

Persistence Market Research (PMR) is a third-platform research firm. Our research model is a unique collaboration of data analytics and market research methodology to help businesses achieve optimal performance.

To support companies in overcoming complex business challenges, we follow a multi-disciplinary approach. At PMR, we unite various data streams from multi-dimensional sources. By deploying real-time data collection, big data, and customer experience analytics, we deliver business intelligence for organizations of all sizes.

Contact us:

Persistence Market Research305 Broadway, 7th FloorNew York City, NY 10007United StatesPh.no. +1-646-568-7751

This post was originally published on Market Reports Observer

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CNS Gene Therapy Market to Witness a Pronounce Growth During 2018 2028 - Market Reports Observer

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Dive Brief:

Cargill and Renmatix have agreed to jointly explore new approaches for upcycling plant materials into functional food ingredients. They will use a proprietary water-based technology from Renmatix called the Plantrose Process and Cargill's preferred feedstocks to develop alternatives for emulsifiers and hydrocolloids.

The six-month partnership will test this technology for processing unused plant materials and converting them into functional food ingredients to be used in baked goods, dairy, soups, sauces and meat products, according to Food Ingredients 1st. The process doesn't require any harsh solvents, acids or costly enzymes.

Renmatix CEO Mike Hamilton said in a release the food industry is turning more to plant-based ingredients in order to deliver taste, functionality and label-friendly appeal."Upcycling, the process of transforming unused feedstocks into new, higher-value materials, is the next step in creating a more sustainable value chain and generating exciting new product benefits," he said.

This joint development agreement could benefit both Cargill and Renmatix. The former has access to plenty of raw plant-based materials that might otherwise be wasted, while the latter has developed a patented process to break down biomass into more environmentally friendly ingredients using just water pressure and heat.

Because Renmatix's process is so different than the chemical-based ways of making such ingredients, it could appeal to consumers wanting cleaner labels and more reused materials.

Renmatix has already developed a product called Nouravant, which is made from upcycled maple fiber. It is used for emulsification and shelf life extension two sought-after qualities for CPG manufacturers in products including baked goods. The company said in a May releasethat its plant-based Nouravant isn't subject to price and supply volatility as animal-based ingredients, so it could save food makers 25% to 50% by using it instead of conventional ingredients, like using Nouravant to replace eggs in cookies.

Manufacturers may also be interested in potential savings from new ingredients developed through this joint agreement. More natural products might help avoid commonly used emulsifiers such as mono- and diglycerides and could help trim operational costs and improve product performance, Renmatix CEO Mike Hamilton told Food Ingredients 1st.

Cargill Global Texturizers and Specialties Strategic Marketing Lead Yusuf Wazirzada told Food Navigator the company had identified some raw materials it will focus on with Renmatix's water-based technology, but did not say what they are for competitive reasons.

Other ingredients companies are working on using upcycled ingredients and they're tapping into the growing market for sustainability.According to Future Marketing Insights, the food waste business is worth $46.7 billion in 2019 and could grow 5% during the next decade.

There are many startups and Big Food players getting into this trend.Planetarians has developed a protein flour from defatted sunflower seeds left over from oil extraction, AB InBev has invested in beverage startup Canvas on fiber-rich drinks using spent grains and ReGrained has used them in granola bars.

Besides a large supply of raw plant-based materials corn and wheat are two major ones Cargill also offers its significant influence and reach within the food and ingredients industry. This could mean a greater focus on reducing the problem of food waste and pushing upcycling into becoming an even bigger trend in 2020 and beyond.

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Cargill and Renmatix collaborate to develop upcycled ingredients - Food Dive

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OTTAWA Call it the case of the missing icebreaker.

The fate of the Canadian Coast Guard's next heavy icebreaker has been wrapped in mystery since the federal government quietly removed the $1.3-billion project from Vancouver shipyard Seaspan's order book in May.

But plans to build the icebreaker, which was first promised by Stephen Harper's Conservative government more than a decade ago, have not been cancelled, says Coast Guard Commissioner Mario Pelletier.

Rather, Pelletier said the icebreaker has beensent back to the drawing board as the Coast Guard looks to update the original design to account for changes in technology and the government's requirements.

"It's still in the plan," Pelletiertold TheCanadian Press this week. "Actually, we're updating our design. It was a really good design.... Because it's been a number of years, we're just updating the design and we'll see how that unfolds and we're going to queue it somewhere."

Exactly when and where the CCGS John G. Diefenbaker, as the icebreaker is to be named, will be built and how much it will ultimately cost remains up in the air.

But Pelletier expressed confidence the icebreaker it is expected to replace, the CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent in service since 1969 will be able to operate through to the late 2020s thanks to various upgrades. That includesa recent $7.1-million life extension by Quebec's Chantier Davie shipyard.

The Diefenbaker was originally supposed to replace the St-Laurent in 2017.

"Before we decided to invest in vessel life extension, we did an extensive survey ... and they were amazed at the amount of steel left on the ship," said Pelletier, who previously served on the Louis S. St-Laurent when it was still running on steam power.

"So yes, the ship is old. (But it has)a lot of steel left so that makes it safe and the propulsion-control system and everything else have been upgraded. They were upgraded in the '90s, were upgraded four or five years ago again. So she's been extremely reliable."

Seaspan was tapped in 2011 to build Diefenbaker as part of a larger order that also included four science vessels for the Coast Guard and two navy supply ships, but it was removed from the Vancouver shipyard's order book and replaced with 16 smaller multipurpose vessels in May.

Davie has been jumping at the chance to have the Diefenbaker built at its shipyard outside Quebec City.

The federal government announced Thursday that Davie was the only shipyard to qualify for addition into Canada's multibillion-dollar shipbuilding strategy, through which Ottawa is already building new naval warships, Arctic patrol vessels and Coast Guard science ships.

While that sets the company up to win potentially billions of dollars of federal work building six medium icebreakers for the Coast Guard, it has been lobbying hard for the heavier Diefenbaker as well.

The government has said Ontario-based Heddle Shipyards, which had raised concerns from the start that the selection process was rigged in Davie's favour, did not qualify for inclusion in thestrategy. The company has said it is looking at its options.

Pelletier said no decision has been made on where the Diefenbaker will be built, adding: "The way things are starting up, we are going to start the(multipurpose vessels)and the (six) icebreakers before. When we look at all options for the polar, we'll see where it can go."

The Coast Guard commissioner applauded the government's addition of a third shipyard focused exclusively on building icebreakers as "good news" for his service given the age of its current fleet, with many ships having already exceeded their expected lifespans.

That has resulted in more unplanned breakdowns, leading to ferry-service disruptions, difficulties resupplying northern and coastal communities and complaints from industry about negative impacts on maritime trade.

"The industry both down south and up north are putting a lot of pressure for us to renew our program icebreakers," Pelletier said, referring to the main icebreaker fleet.

The Coast Guard did obtain three second-hand icebreakers for more than $800 million from Davie. The company isstill in the process of converting two of them for the Coast Guard's use to help fill the gap, but those are considered a temporary measure.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Dec. 20, 2019.

Lee Berthiaume, The Canadian Press

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Back to the drawing board for missing heavy icebreaker: Coast Guard - Airdrie Today

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

As we enter a new year and the beginning of a new decade, theres no better time to make sure your digestive health aisle is well-stocked: Products that heal and nourish the gut are likely the helping hand your customers will need to achieve all their health resolutions in 2020. The composition of the gut microbiome influences every aspect of our physiology and regulatory processes, which affects not only digestive health but also systemic health and ones risk for developing diseases, asserts Samantha Ford, Business Development Director, AIDP Inc.

Indeed, over the past decade, study after study has uncovered new ways that the trillions of bacteria in the gut can influence everything from nutrition absorption to hormone balance to protection against pathogens like the flu virus. People typically consider probiotics for digestive health. However, based on scientific research it is becoming increasingly clear that they have other health benefits as well, notes Andrew G. Swick, M.S., Ph.D., Chief Scientific Officer, Life Extension. A healthy gut microbiome promotes healthy immunity, metabolism, mood, heart, liver and other organ systems.

All told, this growing awareness of the microbiome has the digestive health market booming, and it stands to soar even higher in the coming decade: A report by Grand View Research Inc. projects global sales of digestive health products will reach $57.5 billion by 2025a big jump from the $31.2 billion of 2017 (1). Significant growth is anticipated in the digestive health category, affirms Hank Cheatham, Vice President, Daiwa Health Development. With the awareness of the connection between gut health, overall health and cognitive function as well as athletic performance, growth seems to be a sure thing. In addition, researchers have only just begun to identify methodology to define a healthy microbiome; as this investigation evolves, growth in the market will occur, not only in personalized medicine, but overall.

That said, its not just probiotics and other microbiome-nourishing supplements fueling the market. Theres also a big opportunity to gain loyal customers who are dealing with specific digestive complaints like IBS, GERD and leaky gut and want to avoid the side effects and costs associated with traditional OTC and prescription treatments. According to the Natural Marketing Institutes (NMI)/Nielsens recently published report Opportunities in Digestive Health, 37% of consumers consider themselves to be managing some type of digestive health issue, Cheatham notes. People look to digestive remedies to help with the side effects of unhealthy diets and stressful lifestyles.

To help you navigate this increasingly flooded market so you can point your customers in the right direction to optimize their health, we tapped leading industry insiders for the low-down on the most promising new trends and technological advances in probiotics and microbiome support, as well as the research-backed natural options for the most common digestive concerns.

A study published in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology posited that if everyone in the U.S. took probiotics, health care payers would save an estimated $373 million in medical bills and sick days would be reduced by 54.5 million, saving the economy approximately $1.4 billion per year in medical costs and lost productivity (2). And thats just savings associated with probiotics immune-boosting ability to fend off respiratory tract infections that cause cold and flu-like symptoms in healthy individuals.

With recent scientific advances, probiotics for obesity, dental health, diabetes and even heart disease could become a reality over the next decade. A wide variety of probiotic strains are being investigated for viability in specific health areas, such as oral health, mood/cognitive support, cholesterol management and more, notes Sam Michini, Vice President of Marketing & Strategy, Deerland Probiotics & Enzymes. Condition-specific action and support is the future of probiotics.

Dr. Swick agrees. With advancing technology, scientists have been able to select specific strains of organisms to accomplish precise tasks. Here, just a few strains shown to deliver targeted benefits that are already on the market:

Immune support. More than 70% of your immune system is in your gut, says Dr. Swick. He recommends a probiotic blend like Life Extensions Immune Support that combines B. lactis BS01, L. plantarum LP01, L. plantarum LP02, L. rhamnosus LR04, and L. rhamnosus LR05, which have been demonstrated to promote a healthy immune response.

Mood support. Experts estimate that up to 90% of the bodys serotonin is produced in the gut. Clinical and pre-clinical studies indicate that gut microbes can support mood and behavior by affecting the gut-brain axis, a complex communication network that links your gut with your brain, explains Dr. Swick, noting that innovative probiotic strains, L.helveticus Rosell-52 and B. longum Rosell-17, which are found in Life Extensions Florassist Mood Improve, are particularly helpful here: In two randomized controlled trials, study participants given these strains reported significant mood, stress response and emotional balance support as compared to placebo.

Also of interest for women who are pregnant or have recently given birth: The probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 is backed by clinical data in mood and anxiety support post-partum, says Ford. AIDPs Actazin in combination with HN001 has been shown to fuel the growth by as much as 140% in-vitro.

Fitness performance: Our spore-forming probiotic strain, Bacillus subtilis DE111, has the science to show its viability in fitness and athletic achievement, notes Michini. He points to a recent study published in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research that showed DE111, in conjunction with adequate post-workout nutrition, produced statistically significant improvements in the reduction of body fat percentage, and a strong trend indicating improved performance of the deadlift exercise (3.) In a separate study, DE111 was also found to promote tissue recovery and reduce the likelihood of injury.Weight management.Studies have suggested that there is an association between gut bacterial diversity and body weight, notes Dr. Swick. While specific strains are still being investigated, L. rhamnosus and L. gasseri show great promise in preliminary studies.

Whether your customers are shopping for a general health probiotic or a benefit-specific one, its better to focus on getting a diverse mix of bacteria strains rather the quantity or number of live active cultures, advises Neil E. Levin, CCN, DANLA, Senior Nutrition Education Manager, NOW Foods. Diversity and variety are important for gut health. A healthy gut will have no fewer than 50 to 100 probiotic strains present and that amount is actually at the low end of whats required. He notes that NOW Foods generally provides between at least 8 to 10 strains in their probiotic formulas to help foster this diversity.

Diversity can also be achieved by combining targeted strains found in a supplement along with probiotic food sources like yogurt, kimchi, kombucha and kefir, as well as functional snacks enriched with heat-resistant microbes like Kerrys spore-forming probiotic GanedenBC30. Some experts also recommend changing up the brand or formula of your probiotic supplement every few months to introduce new strains to the microbiome.

Trisha Sugarek MacDonald, BS, MS, Sr. Director of Research & Development/National Educator, Bluebonnet Nutrition Corporation, adds that its also critical to understand the quality of the probiotic, and each strains specific applications. Genetic DNA identification is the only way to ensure that you are getting the most effective probiotic strains, she says, noting that all probiotic strains in Bluebonnets Advanced Choice SingleDaily Probiotic formulas have been genetically identified and characterized by the Pasteur Institute, the scientific non-profit foundation dedicated to the study of microorganisms. Depending on ones food sensitivities, dietary benefits, such as made with non-GMO ingredients and free of most allergens, may also be important to look for on the label.

Survivability through the GI tract is also a consideration, but Levin believes theres little need to sweat it. We all know that probiotic foods are often effective without special delivery systems, and fortunately for both consumers and manufacturers, many modern probiotics are robustly acid-tolerant. For example, acidophilus literally means acid loving, he notes. Acidophilus and other common strains such as bifidobacteria have been tested for their ability to survive stomach acid for an hour at body temperature, and are rated at over 90% survivability. That can eliminate the need for enteric coatings, which contain some controversial ingredients and add to costs.

Many of the health-promoting effects of a balanced microbiome come not from the probiotics themselves, but from the short-chain fatty acids that are produced when bacteria ferment indigestible fibers, dubbed prebiotics, as food. Fermentation of certain fibers leads to the production of short-chain fatty acids, other metabolites and some vitamins, explains Kyle Krause, Product Manager, Functional Fiber and Carbohydrates, Beneo. Science demonstrates that short-chain fatty acids, achieved through this prebiotic fermentation, can reach the brain and other organs directly through the blood, or indirectly via the stimulation of immune cells, the hormonal or nervous system and the release of messenger substances. As a result, the gut microbiota can influence digestive health, an individuals inner well-being and overall health.

These prebiotic fibers play a critical role in helping good gut bacteria to thrive and multiply. While its possible to get sufficient prebiotics from food sources (onion, garlic, artichokes, bananas, barley, oats, beans and apples are all good sources of inulin and other soluble fibers and resistant starches), Michael Bush, President and CEO, Prenexus Health and Executive Board Member of the International Probiotics Association (IPA), cautions that most people struggle to get enough through diet alone. Dietary fiber is great but only 5% of Americans consume the recommended amount of dietary fiber, so supplemental prebiotics are necessary to properly feed the good bacteria that is already found in the gut. Plus, notes Cheryl Myers, Chief of Scientific Affairs and Education at EuroPharma, Inc., Supplemental prebiotics have the benefit of being consistentwhich is exactly what probiotics need to thrive.

Fortunately, theres no shortage of ingredients on the market that are effective in small doses and can be easily snuck into functional food and beverage. For instance, inulin and oligofructose, such as BENEOs chicory root fiber-derived Orafti Inulin and Oligofructose, can be easily and undetectably added to food and drink products, and have been shown to contribute to better digestive health and inner well-being by first and foremost selectively promoting the growth of beneficial microbiota, notes Krause. Studies also show improvements in bowel regularity as well as in calcium absorption and thus bone health. BENEOs prebiotic fibers have been proven to support weight management. This all results in an improved quality of life.

Xylooligoscacharides, or XOS, found in AIDPs propeitary ingredient PreticX, also show promising health perks. PreticX selectively feeds beneficial bacteria, without feeding the bad bacteriacausing a favorable alteration in gut microbiome, notes Ford. This is a tremendous advantage over other, higher dose prebiotics, which tend to feed all the bacteria, without a meaningful impact in the gut ratio. She points to a clinical trial which found that a dose of 2 grams of PreticX daily significantly increased levels of the bacteroidete B. fragilis strain, without increasing the firmicutes strain Lactobacillus. This suggests that PreticX may foster a more beneficial Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, which has been linked to improved metabolic response and benefits to weight management.

Consumers who are sensitive to starch or fiber based prebiotics may want to consider emerging phage technology, advises Michini. Phages are minuscule bundles of DNA or RNA enrobed in a protein shell. Phages are diverse and abundant: there are 10-fold more phages than bacteria populations in the human body. The role of each type of phage is to overtake a specific bacterium. He explains that phages, like those found in Deerlands PreforPro, work as a dual action prebiotic. These compounds destabilize the cell wall of the bad bacteria, which then provides nutrients as well as space for the good bacteria to grow. Whats more, he notes, PreforPro is effective in a small dose (15 mg) and does not incur bloating or flatulence because it doesnt become fermented.

Also showing promise as a prebiotic: Antioxidants like anthocyanins from berries, notes Melanie Bush, Director of Science, Artemis International, Inc. Studies have shown that flavonoids essentially behave as prebiotics and modulate a healthy balance of good bacteria in the gut. Additionally, researchers studied how gut microbes can metabolize berry flavonoids into metabolites that have significant health benefits.

SOS for digestive distress

Chronic digestive issues, including inflammatory bowel disease, acid reflux and food intolerances, can be painful, frustrating and downright embarrassing. And often, the long-term side effects of the OTC and prescription treatments can be as troubling as the condition itself. Case in point: An alarming new study published in the BMJ found that extended use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are routinely prescribed to treat heartburn, ulcers and acid reflux, was associated with a 17% increased risk of early death (4). No wonder so many Americans are trying to get off their PPIs. A new survey from the University of Michigan Medical School revealed that 79% of patients had at least some concern about PPI side effects, even if they couldnt necessarily name any specific side effects, and 83% had attempted to get off of the meds without a doctors recommendation (5).

If customers come in looking for a natural solution to digestive problems, be sure to advise them to talk to their healthcare practitioner about transitioning off meds, notes Levin. But there is natural help to be found for GERD and IBD, and its largely compatible with OTC meds, notes Myers. Some consumers choose to take their OTC and the natural product together for a week or two, then slowly wean off the OTC drug. Once inflammation (especially 5-LOX inflammation, seen in many inflammatory bowel diseases) is under control or eliminated with natural products, the digestive relief and symptom remission is going to be much more sustainablewithout the potential side effects of OTCs.

Help for heartburn, acid reflux or GERD. Myers notes that the PPIs typically used to treat reflux and heartburn shut down acid production, which may temporarily stop the pain, but used long term, it leaves users vulnerable to other problems, including increased susceptibility to food poisoning, bone density loss, and increased rates of other infections. Stomach acidity is a natural barrier against microbes entering the body along with food or liquids since the low pH discourages the growth or most organisms, explains Levin. If the acidity level is too weak, foods wont be properly digested and that immune barrier would be compromised.

Whats more, Levin notes, its been estimated that perhaps half of those taking antacids have insufficient stomach acid production to enable digestion (and provide a proper immune barrier). The clinical pearl that clinical nutritionists learn is to consider the timing of heartburn after a meal. Delayed onset heartburn is an indication to look at the probability of the acid being too weak to actually digest the food, especially protein. When this is the case, he recommends exploring a supplement with betaine HCl to supplement the stomachs own acid production and pepsin, the stomach main digestive enzyme.

Other reflux soothers: Two of the best ingredients to fight heartburn and GERD naturally are d-limonene and sea buckthorn, says Myers. D-limonene is a clinically tested component of citrus oil that appears to coat and protect the stomach walls and mucosa from the potential damage of stomach acid (without interfering with acid production), and supports healthy peristalsisthe muscle action of the intestines that moves food through the digestive system. In one study, she notes, 19 adults with a history of mild to moderate symptoms of heartburn or GERD were asked to discontinue their OTC or prescription medications and take d-limonene instead. By the second day of taking d-limonene, 32% of the participants experienced symptom relief. After 14 days, 89% of the participants were symptom free.

Seabuckthorn works another way, Myers continues. It has a protective effect on the stomach and actually helps prevent and heal gastric ulcers. It also soothes the mucosal in the digestive tract. Similarly protective of the esophagus is deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) extract, adds Levin. Licorice has been shown to support healthy concentrations of compounds that promote mucus production, which may provide an improved protective barrier between the delicate lining of the esophagus and the acidic stomach contents.

Help for inflammatory bowel disease. One of the most effective botanicals for dealing with IBS or other digestive issues is boswellia, says Myers. She notes that this botanical, found in BosMed Intestinal Bowel Support, fights 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inflammation. Inflammation through the small bowel and colon may be one of the physical causes and effects of IBS and other diseases. Because boswellia stops the 5-LOX cascade, it is a valuable ally. For example, in the case of Crohns disease, individuals were treated with either boswellia or the drug mesalazine (a drug commonly used to treat Crohns, ulcerative colitis, and IBS). Boswellia performed as well as the drug, but without the dangerous side effects.

Another smart supplement: Zinc L-carnosine offers a comprehensive approach to protect your stomach lining and promote gastric health, notes Levin. Several clinical studies showed that 150mg daily of zinc L-carnosine significantly reduced factors associated with gastric discomfort within eight weeks.

Help for food sensitivities or intolerances. A broad-spectrum enzyme blend can be a great solution for those who experience digestive discomfort when they eat, as it helps facilitate better digestion of the many components of a mealfats, carbohydrates and proteins, says Michini. But if a food sensitivity is claimed by your customer to be an issue, point them to supplements containing specific enzymes. Deerland makes a trio of targeted enzyme ingredients, ProHydrolase, Dairylytic and Glutalytic, that can help customers consume hard-to-digest protein peptides (like those in meat or protein powders), dairy and gluten with fewer digestive symptoms. Glutalytic is also clinically proven to reduce levels of IgA and CRP, supporting a proper immune response, he notes.

Help for leaky gut. Leaky gut is caused when inflammatory compounds (like gluten in people with gluten intolerances) and other toxins damage the digestive tract lining, creating microscopic tears that allow endotoxins and waste to leak out of the GI tract and into the bloodstream. This is notoriously difficult to treat, but Miles Sarill, National Educator, CV Sciences, sees big potential for a raw CBD component called cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) for speedier healing. He explains that this compound, which is found in CV Sciences new raw CBD oil, is a non-psychoactive precursor to CBD that has been shown in preliminary animal studies to actually facilitate healing of the digestive health tract. CBDA cant cross the blood-brain barrier, so it goes to work within the body along with 500 other anti-inflammatory compounds in a full spectrum oil, he explains. Full spectrum raw CBD oil can be deeply supportive for both inflammation response, as well as that gut barrier and the microbiome.

When it comes to growing your digestive health sales, Dr. Swick notes, It is important to educate consumers about the importance of probiotics and how they play a beneficial role within and outside the gut. Specifically, with respect to condition specific probiotic strains and how they can complement other interventions. For example if you are promoting mood support with traditional herbs or amino acids, also consider a probiotic product that has been studied and demonstrated to support the same health concern.

Myers agrees, Having printed materials that explain the connection between gut health and overall wellness are essential, too. It gives customers something to think aboutand ideally, some other lifestyle and supplemental optionsthat can encourage them to return to the store. Also, stores can invite guest speakers and experts to talk about the connection between gut health and well-being that may resonate in more direct ways than printed material.

Dont be afraid to make use of the complexity of the digestive health in illustrations or imagesthey can draw customers in, adds Michini. The gut is the bodys main manufacturing facilityit processes all the raw materials taken in from food, beverages, supplements to pharmaceuticals. This concept works well for visual storytelling, which can be used in store on a white board or other display, as well as in social media. Get the consumer involved in a way that rewards him or her. WF

References

Grand View Research, Digestive Health Products Market Size Worth $57.54 Billion By 2025,GrandViewResearch.com. Posted 2/19. Accessed 12/3/19. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-digestive-health-products-market

Lenoir-Wijnkoop, et al. Probiotics Reduce Health Care Cost and Societal Impact of Flu-Like Respiratory Tract Infections in USA,Frontiers in Pharmacology. Published 8/28/19. Accessed 12/3/2019. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2019.00980/full

Toohey, et al. Effects of Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) Supplementation During Offseason Resistance Training in Female Division I Athletes,The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. Published 06/26/18. Accessed 12/3/2019. https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/publishahead/Effects_of_Probiotic__Bacillus_subtilis_.95273.aspx

Kristina Sauerwein, Heartburn drugs linked to fatal heart and kidney disease, stomach cancer, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. Publised 5/30/19. Accessed 12/3/19. https://medicine.wustl.edu/news/popular-heartburn-drugs-linked-to-fatal-heart-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-stomach-cancer/

Jina Sawani, Many Americans Are Worried About Taking PPIs and Have Tried Stopping Them Without Doctor Approval, University of Michigan Health Lab. Published 5/22/19. Accessed 12/3/19. https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/industry-dx/many-americans-are-worried-about-taking-ppis-and-have-tried-stopping-them-without

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A Healthier New Year Starts in the Gut - WholeFoods Magazine

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Key Point: Nuclear command and control is one of the most important tasks for the U.S. military.

In a military that operates Raptor stealth fighters, A-10 tank busters, B-52 bombers and Harrier jump jets, the U.S. Navys placid-looking E-6 Mercury, based on the 707 airliner, seems particularly inoffensive. But dont be deceived by appearances. Though the Mercury doesnt carry any weapons of its own, it may be in a sense the deadliest aircraft operated by the Pentagon, as its job is to command the launch of land-based and sea-based nuclear ballistic missiles.

Of course, the U.S. military has a ground-based strategic Global Operations Center in Nebraska, and land-based transmitters for communicating with the nuclear triad. However, the E-6s sinister purpose is to maintain the communication link between the national command authority (starting with the president and secretary of defense) and U.S. nuclear forces, even if ground-based command centers are destroyed by an enemy first strike. In other words, you can chop off the head of the U.S. nuclear forces, but the body will keep on coming at you, thanks to these doomsday planes.

The E-6s basic mission is known as Take Charge and Move Out (TACAMO). Prior to the development of the E-6, theTACAMOmission was undertaken by land-based transmitter and laterEC-130Gand Q Hercules aircraft, which had Very Low Frequency radios for communication with navy submarines. Interestingly, France also operated its ownTACAMOaircraft until 2001, four modifiedTransallC-160HAstarttransports, which maintainedVLFcommunications with French ballistic-missile submarines.

The first of sixteenE-6sentered service between 1989 and 1992. These were the last built in averylong line of military variants of the venerable Boeing 707 airliner, in particular the707-320BAdvanced, also used in theE-3 Sentry. Bristling with thirty-one communication antennas, theE-6Aswere originally tasked solely with communicating with submerged Navy submarines. Retrofitted with more fuel-efficientCFM-56turbojets and benefiting from expanded fuel tanks, theE-6Acould remain in the air up to fifteen hours, or seventy-two with inflight refueling.

To use its Very Low Frequency radios, an E-6 has to fly in a continuous orbit at a high altitude, with its fuselage- and tail-mounted VLF radios trailing one- and five-mile-long wire antennas at a near-vertical attitude! The VLF signals can be received byOhio-class nuclear ballistic-missile submarineshiding deep underwater, thousands of miles away. However, the VLF transmitters limited bandwidth means they can only send raw data at around thirty-five alphanumeric characters per secondmaking them alotslower than even the old 14k internet modems of the 1990s. Still, its enough to transmit Emergency Action Messages, instructing the ballistic-missile subs to execute one of a diverse menu of preplanned nuclear attacks, ranging from limited to full-scale nuclear strikes. The E-6s systems are also hardened to survive the electromagnetic pulse from nuclear weapons detonating below.

Between 1997 and 2006, the Pentagon upgraded the entire E-6A fleet to the dual-role E-6B, which expanded the Mercurys capabilities by allowing it to serve as an Airborne Nuclear Command Post with its own battle staff area for the job. In this role it serves as a backup for four huge E-4 command post aircraft based on the 747 Jumbo jet. The E-6B has ultra-high-frequency radios in its Airborne Launch Control system that enable it to remotely launch land-based ballistic missiles from their underground silos, a task formerly assigned to U.S. Air Force EC-135 Looking Glass aircraftyet another 707 variant. The E-6s crew was expanded from fourteen to twenty-two for the command post mission, usually including an onboard admiral or general. Additional UHF radios give the E-6B access to the survivable MILSTAR satellite communications network, while the cockpit is upgraded up with new avionics and instruments from the 737NG airliner. The E-6B can be distinguished in photos by its additional wing-mounted pods.

The Mercurys abundant communications gear allows it to perform nonnuclear Command, Control and Communications (C3) operations as well. For this reason, E-6s have at times been deployed to Europe and the Middle East to serve as flying C3 hubs. For example, VQ-4 was deployed in Qatar for three years from 2006 to 2009, where it relayed information such as IED blast reports and medical evacuation requests from U.S. troops in Iraq who were out of contact with their headquarters.

Two Navy Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadrons currently operate the E-6: VQ-3 Ironmen and VQ-4 Shadows, both under the Navy Strategic Communications Wing 1. These have their home at Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma, but also routinely forward deploy out of Travis AFB in California and Patuxent River Naval Air Station in Maryland. At least one E-6 is kept airborne at all times. E-6s on the submarine-communication mission often fly in circles over the ocean at the lowest possible speedfor as long as ten hours at a time. Those performing the nuclear command post mission typically remain on alert near Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska. The E-6s nuclear mission has also made its operations occasional fodder for conspiracy theorists and foreign propaganda outlets.

The E-6 platform should remain in service until 2040 thanks to a service-life extension program and continual tweaks to its systems and radios. While the Mercury has demonstrated its usefulness as an airborne communication hub for supporting troops in the field, the airborne command post will be considered a success if it never has to execute its primary mission. The heart of nuclear deterrence, after all, is convincing potential adversaries that no first strike will be adequate to prevent a devastating riposte. The E-6s are vital component in making that threat a credible one.

Sbastien Roblin holds a masters degree in conflict resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China. He has also worked in education, editing and refugee resettlement in France and the United States. He currently writes on security and military history forWar Is Boring.

This first appeared in 2016. It is being republished due to reader interest.

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Fact: The Deadliest Aircraft Ever Carries No Weapons (It Could 'Kill' Billions) - The National Interest Online

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith