Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, also known as NHL, is a cancer that starts in the white blood cells in the lymphatic system. White blood cells are responsible for shielding the body from germs and is critical to the immune system. When cancer cells start multiplying in these lymphocytes, the tumours can spread throughout the body, eventually attacking every organ.

NHL is a broader term used to define the various lymphomas affecting the lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes and lymph tissue. Lymphoma can begin anywhere in the body, wherever the lymphatic tissue is found and is mainly seen in adults. Lymph nodes, spleen, adenoids, tonsils, bone marrow, thymus, and digestive tract are where the Lymphoma can start before affecting the entire system.

Classification of Lymphomas

There are several types of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, and while classifying a Lymphoma, the doctors consider a few points. Lymphomas can be categorized based on:

The type of lymphocyte the Lymphoma emerged from.

Structure of Lymphoma under the microscope.

The features of chromosomes in the lymphoma cell, and

Presence of specific proteins on the surface of the cancer cells.

Types of Lymphomas

The types of lymphomas are distinguished based on the type of the lymphocytes affected. There are two basic types of lymphocytes The T-cells and the B-cells. T cells protect us from infection and the B cells create antibodies to neutralize the infection- causing germs.

The types of lymphoma include:

The Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia or CLL is cancer of the blood and bone marrow, and it generally progresses slower when compared to other types of leukemia. In this type of cancer, the white blood cells get affected and are often seen in older adults. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia doesnt present with any symptoms at the initial stages, but swollen lymph nodes, coupled with fatigue, fever, and unintended weight loss are some common signs.

Closely related to the CLL is Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma, or SLL, found in the lymph nodes and the spleen.

A rare type of cancer, Cutaneous B-cell Lymphoma, begins in white blood cells, specifically in one kind of germ-fighting lymphocyte called B cells or B lymphocytes. This cancer presents itself as a thick bump, the same as ones skin color or pink or purple, and is located under the skin.

Also known as CTCL, the Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma begins in the white blood cells but in T lymphocytes, attacking the skin. CTCL often presents with rash, redness on the skin, scaly patches, and small tumours under the skin.

Follicular Lymphoma is a sluggish or a slow-growing type of cancer and is often found in people aged above 60. These cancers occur either in lymph nodes or in the bone marrow. If not treated on time, follicular lymphomas can grow fast, diffusing large B-cells.

Causes of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

It is tough to pinpoint a single causative factor for Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma. This cancer begins either in B cells or T cells in the lymphatic system.

Most Common Risk Factors

Patients on immunosuppressive medications administered after an organ transplant are at high risk of developing Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma.

Patients with a history of certain viruses and bacterial infections, including HIV, Epstein-Barr, and Helicobacter pylori, are prone to this type of cancer.

Overexposure to certain chemical compounds in pesticides used for killing insects may up the risk of Lymphoma.

Though Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma can happen at any age, it is often diagnosed in people above 60 years of age.

Diagnosis

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma is diagnosed through blood tests and imaging tests like CT, MRI and PET-CT. Minimally invasive diagnostic procedures like lymph node tests, bone marrow tests, and lumbar puncture are also done for collecting samples and reviewing them in labs for accurate diagnosis.

Treating Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy is the first line of treatment for this type of cancer. It is often administered as a part of a bone marrow transplant where high dosage of chemotherapy kills cancer cells and act as a precursor to the transplant.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy which involves high-powered energy beams being used to target cancer cells is recommended in the case of indolent NHL. It is used subsequently in chemotherapy, often aimed at the affected lymph nodes to curtail its progression.

Targeted Drug Therapy

Targeted drug therapy uses certain medications that block abnormalities in the cancer cells and make them die and is often combined with chemotherapy.

Bone Marrow Transplant

Also known as stem cell transplant, a bone marrow transplant is done by infusing healthy bone marrow stem cells from a donor into the patients body. These bone marrow cells aid in rebuilding bone marrow and are prescribed if other treatments fail to give the desired outcome.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is recommended in the specific type of NHL where proteins produced by the cancer cells hide from the immune system. Immunotherapy disrupts the job of these proteins and makes the immune system fight the malignant cells. The treatment methods in combating Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma have come a long way in the recent decade.

It is advisable to consult a healthcare expert immediately in case of any of the symptoms.

BY: Dr. Prasad Gunari, Senior Consultant Medical Oncology, HCG NMR Cancer Centre, Hubli.

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What you need to know about Non-Hodgin's Lymphoma - NewsPatrolling

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Expert Cancer Homoeo Clinic is delivering impactful homoeopathic treatment in the country for various diseases and disorders that include aplastic anaemia caused by a bone marrow injury.

Expert Cancer Homoeo Clinic was established in 1979 by Dr. Devendra Singh to cure chronic and dreaded diseases like neck cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, blood cancer and prostate cancer by homoeopathy. This chain of homoeopathic clinics has now expanded to possess many experienced physicians who are consistently ranked as the top cancer doctors in the world and who are trained in prestigious medical schools and research centres. Expert Cancer Homoeo Clinic offers advanced oncology care in a humane environment to its patients.

During a press interview organized recently, the spokesperson of Expert Cancer Homoeo Clinic shared, Our homoeopathic treatment is now also available for the rare disease of aplastic anaemia, in which the bone marrow and its hematopoietic stem cells get damaged. This causes a deficiency of all three blood cell types red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Aplastic means the inability of stem cells to generate mature blood cells. Our homoeopathic medicines have proven to be quite effective on this type of disease.

Expert Cancer Homoeo Clinic has the top homoeopathic doctor in Indiato deliver the right treatment according to the factors that may have caused aplastic anaemia. Generally, the factors that can temporarily or permanently injure the bone marrow and affect the blood cell production include radiation and chemotherapy treatments, exposure to toxic chemicals, use of certain drugs, autoimmune disorders, a viral infection, and pregnancy with an autoimmune problem. There are also unknown factors leading to idiopathic aplastic anaemia disease.

The spokesperson additionally stated, Aplastic anaemia can progress slowly over weeks or months, or it may come on suddenly. The illness may be brief, or it may become chronic. Aplastic anaemia can be very severe and even fatal. Thus, it is always advisable to meet a doctor for timely treatment, if the patient notices the symptoms. Some of its symptoms are shortness of breath with exertion, fatigue, rapid or irregular heart rate, pale skin, unexplained or easy bruising, frequent or prolonged infections, nosebleed, dizziness, and skin rashes.

Expert Cancer Homoeo Clinic suggests the aplastic anaemia treatment in homoeopathythat can stimulate the healthy portion of bone marrow to improve cell production. This may help to reduce the number of blood transfusions. Homoeopathy medicines improve the patients general vitality and well-being and help them to fight infections. These medicines control the bleeding disorder associated with aplastic anaemia. The clinic gives the medicinal treatment that is beneficial in countering the side effects associated with conventional therapy. The chances of relapse also significantly diminish with the homoeopathic treatment of aplastic anaemia.

About Expert Cancer Homoeo Clinic:

Expert Cancer Homoeo Clinic is a chain of homoeopathy clinics in India. The clinic offers treatment for several dreaded diseases, ranging from all types of cancer to kidney diseases. Whether the patients require effective migraine treatment in Delhi or need to schedule an appointment with the best cancer doctor in Mumbai, they can do it all with the Expert Cancer Homoeo Clinic. The clinic follows a holistic treatment approach, ensuring complete healing.

Contact Information:

Expert Cancer Homoeo Clinic

Address Lucknow Centre: Opposite Picadilly Hotel, Kanpur-Lucknow Road, Bara Birwa, Jafar Khera, Alambagh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Phone (Mb): +91-9616385385 (Lucknow)

Address Delhi Centre: 101, Ashish Complex, Opposite Cafe Coffee Day, Near Alchon Public School, Mayur Vihar Phase 1, New Delhi, India

Phone: +91-9560062231 (Delhi)

Address Mumbai Centre: 504 Sunshine, Opp. Shastri Nagar, Lokhandwala, Andheri West, Mumbai, India

Phone: +91-8176813454 (Mumbai)

Email: [emailprotected] (Delhi) / [emailprotected] (Mumbai) / [emailprotected](Lucknow)

Website: http://cancerhomoeoclinic.co.in/

Media ContactCompany Name: Expert Cancer Homoeo ClinicContact Person: Dr. Devendra Singh Email: Send EmailPhone: +91-8176813454Address:504 Sunshine, Opp Shastri Nagar, Lokhandwala, Andheri West City: MumbaiState: MaharashtraCountry: IndiaWebsite: cancerhomoeoclinic.co.in

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Expert Cancer Homoeo Clinic Helping Patients with Aplastic Anaemia through Homoeopathic Treatment - Digital Journal

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Express News Service

BENGALURU: Vitiligo, a skin de-pigmentation disorder which affects 0.1 to 8% of population, is a cause of worry especially for women as it mainly affects face, neck and hands. It relapses in 40% of patients, within a year after stopping treatment. But Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy can be a hope, experts say.

On World Vitiligo Day on Saturday, dermatologist, Aster R V Hospital, Dr Sunil Prabhu said the disorder is affecting at least 2.16% of children/adolescents. Vitiligo is a long-term condition, where pale white patches develop on the skin due to lack of melanin pigment. According to Dr Praveen Bharadwaj, dermatology consultant, Manipal Hospital, Whitefield, vitiligo is a condition in which the patients immune system weakens which affects the normal functioning of melanin producing cells.

Dr Bharadwaj explained, Mesenchymal stem cells, which are multi-potent adult stem cells, are found in bone marrow, fat tissues, umbilical cord and human foreskin. They are promising agents for therapy for the re-pigmentation of skin in vitiligo. This therapy reduces the main trigger of vitiligo that is immune-mediated melanocyte degeneration (stopping the immune destruction of melanocytes which produces melanin), promotes melanocytes and prevents relapse of the condition, he said.

Link:
Experts offer hope to vitiligo patients - The New Indian Express

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

REDWOOD CITY, Calif., June 07, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Jasper Therapeutics, Inc. ( JSPR), a biotechnology company focused on enabling cures with stem cell therapies, today announced that the Company is participating in the William Blair 42nd Annual Growth Stock Conference, to be held in Chicago from June 6-9, 2022.

Ronald Martell, Jaspers Chief Executive Officer, is scheduled to present on Thursday, June 9th at 8:00AM CT, with a breakout session to follow at 8:40AM CT. A live webcast of the presentation will be available at https://wsw.com/webcast/blair66/jasp/1933236 and at the Companys Investor Events webpage.

About Jasper TherapeuticsJasper Therapeutics, Inc. is a biotechnology company focused on the development of novel curative therapies based on the biology of the hematopoietic stem cell. The company is advancing two potentially groundbreaking programs. JSP191, an anti-CD117 monoclonal antibody, is in clinical development as a conditioning agent that clears hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. It is designed to enable safer and more effective, and potentially curative, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants and gene therapies. A clinical study of JSP191 as a novel, disease-modifying, therapeutic for patients with lower risk MDS is also planned to begin in 2022. In parallel, Jasper Therapeutics, Inc. is advancing its preclinical mRNA hematopoietic stem cell grafts platform, which is designed to overcome key limitations of allogeneic and autologous gene-edited stem cell grafts. Both innovative programs have the potential to transform the field and expand hematopoietic stem cell therapy cures to a greater number of patients with life-threatening cancers, genetic diseases and autoimmune diseases than is possible today. For more information, please visit us at jaspertherapeutics.com.

Forward-Looking StatementsCertain statements included in this press release that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements for purposes of the safe harbor provisions under the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are sometimes accompanied by words such as believe, may, will, estimate, continue, anticipate, intend, expect, should, would, plan, predict, potential, seem, seek, future, outlook and similar expressions that predict or indicate future events or trends or that are not statements of historical matters. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the potential of the Companys JSP191 and mRNA engineered stem cell graft programs. These statements are based on various assumptions, whether or not identified in this press release, and on the current expectations of Jasper and are not predictions of actual performance. These forward-looking statements are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to serve as, and must not be relied on by an investor as, a guarantee, an assurance, a prediction or a definitive statement of fact or probability. Actual events and circumstances are difficult or impossible to predict and will differ from assumptions. Many actual events and circumstances are beyond the control of Jasper. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including general economic, political and business conditions; the risk that the potential product candidates that Jasper develops may not progress through clinical development or receive required regulatory approvals within expected timelines or at all; risks relating to uncertainty regarding the regulatory pathway for Jaspers product candidates; the risk that prior study results may not be replicated; the risk that clinical trials may not confirm any safety, potency or other product characteristics described or assumed in this press release; the risk that Jasper will be unable to successfully market or gain market acceptance of its product candidates; the risk that Jaspers product candidates may not be beneficial to patients or successfully commercialized; patients willingness to try new therapies and the willingness of physicians to prescribe these therapies; the effects of competition on Jaspers business; the risk that third parties on which Jasper depends for laboratory, clinical development, manufacturing and other critical services will fail to perform satisfactorily; the risk that Jaspers business, operations, clinical development plans and timelines, and supply chain could be adversely affected by the effects of health epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; the risk that Jasper will be unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for its investigational products or will infringe the intellectual property protection of others; and other risks and uncertainties indicated from time to time in Jaspers filings with the SEC. If any of these risks materialize or Jaspers assumptions prove incorrect, actual results could differ materially from the results implied by these forward-looking statements. While Jasper may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, Jasper specifically disclaims any obligation to do so. These forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing Jaspers assessments of any date subsequent to the date of this press release. Accordingly, undue reliance should not be placed upon the forward-looking statements.

Contacts:

John Mullaly (investors)LifeSci Advisors617-429-3548[emailprotected]

Jeet Mahal (investors)Jasper Therapeutics650-549-1403[emailprotected]

Visit link:
Jasper Therapeutics to Participate in the William Blair 42nd Annual Growth Stock Conference - GuruFocus.com

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

A paper recently published in the journal Biomaterials reviewed the new advances in three-dimensional bioprinting (3DBP) for regenerative therapy in different organ systems.

Study:Advances in 3D bioprinting of tissues/organs for regenerative medicine and in-vitro models. Image Credit:luchschenF/Shutterstock.com

Organ/tissue shortage has emerged as a significant challenge in the medical field due to patient immune rejections and donor scarcity. Moreover, mimicking or predicting the human disease condition in the animal models is difficult during preclinical trials owing to the differences in the disease phenotype between animals and humans.

3DBP has gained significant attention as a highly-efficient multidisciplinary technology to fabricate 3D biological tissue with complex composition and architecture. This technology allows precise assembly and deposition of biomaterials with donor/patients cells, leading to the successful fabrication of organ/tissue-like structures, preclinical implants, and in vitro models.

In this study, researchers reviewed the 3DBP strategies currently used for regenerative therapy in eight organ systems, including urinary, respiratory, gastrointestinal, exocrine and endocrine, integumentary, skeletal, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Researchers also focused on the application of 3DBP to fabricate in vitro models. The concept of in situ 3DBP was discussed.

In this extensively used low-cost bioprinting method, rotating screw gear or pressurized air is used without or with temperature to extrude a continuous stream of thermoplastic or semisolid material. Different materials can be printed at a high fabrication speed using this technology. However, low cell viability and the need for post-processing are the major drawbacks of extrusion bioprinting.

In this method, liquid drops are ejected on a substrate by acoustic or thermal forces. High fabrication speed, small droplet volume, and interconnected micro-porosity gradient in the fabricated 3D structures are the main advantages of this technique. However, limited printed materials and clogging are the biggest drawbacks of inkjet bioprinting.

A laser is used to induce the forward transfer of biomaterials on a solid surface in the laser-assisted bioprinting method. High cell viability and nozzle-free noncontact process are the biggest advantages of laser-assisted bioprinting, while metallic particle contamination and the time-consuming nature of the printing process are the major disadvantages.

Several studies were performed involving the development of neuronal tissues using the 3DBP method. The pressure extrusion/syringe extrusion (PE/SE) bioprinting technique was used for central nervous tissue (CNS) tissue replacement. The layered porous structure was fabricated using glial cells derived using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and a novel bioink based on agarose, alginate, and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) formed synaptic networks and displayed a bicuculline-induced enhanced calcium response.

Similarly, stereolithography (SLA) was used to fabricate a 3D scaffold for CNS and the viability of the scaffold was evaluated for regenerative medicine application. Layered linear microchannels were printed using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-gelatin methacrylate (PEGDA-GelMA) and rat E14 neural progenitor cells (NPCs). The 3D scaffold restored the synaptic contacts and significantly improved the functional outcomes. Cyclohexane was used to bond polystyrene fibers to matrix bundle terminals during crosslinking.

Multiphoton excited 3-dimensional printing (MPE-3DP) was employed for the regeneration of myocardial tissue. A layer-by-layer structure was fabricated using GelMA/ sodium 4-[2-(4-morpholino)benzoyl-2-dimethylamino]-butylbenzenesulfonate (MBS) and human hciPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells (ECs), and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The crosslinking was performed by photoactivation. The structure promoted electromechanical coupling and improved cell proliferation, vascularity, and cardiac function.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) and PE/SE bioprinting method were used for complex tissue and organ regeneration. A micro-fluid network heart shape structure was fabricated using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), agarose, sodium alginate, and platelet-rich plasma and rat H9c2 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). 2% calcium dichloride was used during the crosslinking mechanism. The fabricated structure possessed a valentine heart with hollow mechanical properties and a self-defined height.

SE printing was utilized to fabricate a capillary-like network using collagen type1/ xanthan gum and human fibroblasts and ECs for applications in blood vessels. The fabricated network possessed endothelial networks and sprouting between the fibroblast layers.

Bone, cartilage, and skeletal muscle tissue can be repaired and regenerated using the 3DBP technique. For instance, FDM printing was used to print multifunctional therapeutic scaffolds for the treatment of bone. Filopodial projections were fabricated using polylactic acid (PLA) platform loaded with hyaluronic acid (HA)/ iron oxide nanoparticles (IONS)/ minocycline and human MG-63 and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs), which improved the osteogenic stimulation of the IONS and HA.

PE/SE method was used to fabricate disks and cuboid-shaped scaffolds using - tricalcium phosphate (TCP) microgel and human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) for bone repair, multicellular delivery, and disease model. The fabricated structures promoted osteogenesis.

PE/SE bioprinting was also utilized to fabricate complex porous layered cartilage-like structures using alginate/gelatin/HA, rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and cow cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) for hyaline cartilage regeneration. The CPCs upregulated gene expression of proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), and collagen II.

PE/SE printing was also used to fabricate multinucleated, highly-aligned myotube structures using polyurethane (PU), poly(-caprolactone) (PCL), and mouse C2C12 myoblasts and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts for in-situ expansion and differentiation of skeletal muscle tendon. The fabricated constructs demonstrated more than 80% cell viability with initial tissue differentiation and development.

SLA bioprinting technique was used to fabricate bi-layered epidermis-like structure using collagen type I, mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells, and human keratinocyte cells for tissue model and engineering. The fabricated constructs effectively imitated the tissue functions.

Similarly, PE was employed to fabricate microporous structures using human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (AFSCs) and heparin-HA-PEGDA for wound healing. The construct improved the wound closure and reepithelialization, increased extracellular matrix synthesis and vascularization, and prolonged the cell paracrine activity.

PE technique was utilized to prepare a multilayered cornea-like structure using human keratocytes and methacrylated collagen (ColMA)-alginate. The cell viability of the keratocytes decreased from 90% to 83% after printing.

PE/SE bioprinting was utilized to bioprint multilayered liver-like structures using GeIMA and human HepG2/C3A for liver tissue engineering. Similarly, hepatocytes were also bioprinted to fabricate multiple organ precursors with branching vasculature. A small intestine model with improved intestinal function and high cell proliferation was fabricated using caco-2 cell-loaded polyethylene vinyl acetate (PEVA) scaffold.

Spheroids of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and chondrocytes and lung endothelial cells were utilized to fabricate scaffold-free tracheal transplant. After implantation in the rat model, the matured spheroids displayed excellent vasculogenesis, chondrogenesis, and mechanical strength. FDM technique was used to fabricate a glomerular structure for kidneys using human iPSCs and hydrogel and a hollow porous network using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)/PCL/tumor-associated endothelial cells (TECs) for the urethra.

In in-situ bioprinting, the tissue is directly printed on the specific defect or wound site in the body for regenerative and reparative therapy. This method provides a well-defined structure and reduces the gap between host-implant interfaces. In-situ bioprinting is better than in vitro bioprinting techniques as the patients body, as a natural bioreactor, provides a natural microenvironment.

Several studies have evaluated this technique for tissue regeneration. For instance, PE/SE method was used for skin tissue regeneration in pigs and mice using fibrin/collagen/HA and human fibroblast cells. Skin-laden sheets of consistent composition, thickness, and width were formed upon rapid crosslinking of biomaterial. PE/SE technique was also used for neural tissue regeneration in mice using agarose/CMC/alginate and human iPSCs.

In vitro models provide significant assistance in understanding the mechanism of therapeutics and disease pathophysiology. Recently, in vitro models of human tissues and organs were engineered using 3DBP technology for safety assessment and drug testing.

In the 3DBP of organs and tissues, biomaterials play a crucial role in maintaining cellular viability, providing support, and long-term acceptance. Specifically, bioinks must possess unique properties, such as cell growth promotion and structural stability, that can be optimized for clinical use. Additionally, bioinks must be compatible with printers for high-precision rapid prototyping.

Bioinks fulfilling all of these requirements are yet to be identified. Moreover, managing the time during the bioprinting of the constructs is another major challenge, as the time required to fabricate them is often more than the survival time of cells. A bioreactor platform that supports organoid growth and provides time for tissue remodeling can be used to overcome this challenge. Ethical challenges and issues are also a hurdle since fabricating internal tissues/organs can lead to liability and biosafety concerns.

In the future, 3DBP can provide novel solutions to engineer organs/tissues and revolutionize modern healthcare and medicine if these challenges can be addressed.

More from AZoM: Building Durable and Sustainable Futures with [emailprotected]

Jain, P., Kathuria, H., Dubey, N. Advances in 3D bioprinting of tissues/organs for regenerative medicine and in-vitro models. Biomaterials 2022. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0142961222002794?via%3Dihub

Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork the owner and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms part of the Terms and conditions of use of this website.

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What New Advances are there in 3D Bioprinting Tissues? - AZoM

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

A decade after CRISPR started to become a major tool in genetic research, a new generation of scientists is growing up with the technology. Even high school students are able to run CRISPR experiments. Some specialized public high schools teach CRISPR as a hands-on lesson in biotechnology. These classes cover everything from molecular biology to pipetting to biomedical ethics and career options.

Visualizing and comprehending whats happening on the molecular level is usually always the challenge, said Katy Gazda, a high school biotechnology teacher who taught CRISPR in her classroom last year. To help students better understand complex molecular movements, teachers use tools like paper models, 3-D printed models and online animations.

Note: Diagram is simplified.

1. Target the right gene

Scientists engineer a piece of RNA that is a match for the DNA they want to edit. This is called the guide RNA. Students can practice designing their own guide RNA sequences using the same free bioinformatics search tool that scientists use for research.

2. Bind the target

An enzyme called Cas9 binds to a piece of DNA and temporarily unwinds a section of the DNA. Students can model the process with paper cutouts, pushing a paper DNA sequence along a printed guide RNA until they match.

3. Cut the DNA

If the guide RNA matches a section of the DNA, the Cas9 enzyme cuts both strands of the DNA double helix. An interactive animation from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute shows students how the Cas9 enzyme changes its shape and snips through the DNA.

Repaired DNA with edited section

DNA fragments cut by Cas9

DNA fragments cut by Cas9

Repaired DNA with edited section

Note: Diagrams are simplified.

4. Repair and edit the DNA

Machinery inside the cell rushes to fix the broken DNA. One repair process uses a similar-looking, unbroken piece of DNA as a template to stitch the broken pieces back together.

Scientists can introduce tailor-made DNA into the cell tricking the repair machinery into using the engineered DNA as the template for stitching together the broken pieces.

Students also learn about real-life examples of DNA editing, such as therapies for genetic illnesses including sickle cell disease and cystic fibrosis. In some exercises, they can see examples of the actual DNA sequence associated with each illness and evaluate specific gene edits proposed to cure the illness.

Ms. Gazda believes that hands-on lab lessons help students open their minds to the idea that they can truly be a scientist. Several companies sell CRISPR curriculum kits to high schools and universities. One kit from Bio-Rad, a life science technology manufacturer, includes a prepackaged experiment using E. coli bacteria.

Bacteria Altered With CRISPR

E. coli

bacteria colonies

Petri

dishes full of

bacteria food

Petri

dish full of

bacteria food

Bacteria Altered With CRISPR

Petri

dish full of

bacteria food

A gene in the bacteria encodes an enzyme, called -gal, which can help break down certain molecules.

A bright blue color appears when X-gal is broken down by -gal.

A gene in the bacteria encodes an enzyme, called -gal, which can help break down certain molecules.

A bright blue color

appears when X-gal is

broken down by -gal.

Note: Diagrams and molecule names are simplified.

The E. coli bacteria used in the Bio-Rad kit are grown on a food mixture that includes a compound called X-gal. Normally, these bacteria are able to use an enzyme to break down the compound into two parts: a sugar molecule and an indicator molecule.

The indicator molecule turns deep blue, showing students that the bacterial enzyme is working. This colorful display is an important part of the experiment. It shows students what to expect in an unaltered, or control group a vital part of any scientific experiment.

The -gal enzyme is not produced.

The X-gal compound cannot be broken down without the -gal enzyme, so the bright blue indicator molecule is never produced.

After the students use CRISPR to transform a section of the gene, the gene is no longer functional.

After the students use CRISPR to transform a section of the gene, the gene is no longer functional.

The -gal enzyme is not produced. The X-gal compound cannot be broken down without the -gal enzyme, so the bright blue indicator molecule is never produced.

Note: Diagrams and molecule names are simplified.

The process of altering E. coli DNA with CRISPR involves lab techniques like pipetting liquids and carefully moving bacteria colonies. Teaching a new lab class like CRISPR can be intimidating, says Gregory Jubulis, a high school science teacher who uses the Bio-Rad kit in his biotechnology class. It takes you a few years before youre real comfortable with teaching something, he said.

But when classroom CRISPR lab kits first became available, he knew he wanted to teach it. I just want my kids to be ready for the future of science, he said.

Ms. Gazda uses lab classes as an opportunity to share career options with students. In a CRISPR lab, students may learn about careers in anything from molecular and cellular biology to entrepreneurship and science journalism.

Ethics always comes up, says Mr. Jubulis, explaining how he relates the lab experiment to real-life CRISPR applications like gene therapy. Many of his students have friends or family with genetic illnesses, so the topic can be deeply personal.

Read the rest here:
CRISPR in the Classroom - The New York Times

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Chronic pain affects millions of people worldwide, yet popular treatments for pain including surgery and opioid medications can have disastrous side effects of their own. But with $1.8 million in funding from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a University of New England researcher will explore non-opioid treatments for chronic pain at the cellular level.

Benjamin Harrison, B.Sc., Ph.D., assistant professor of biochemistry and nutrition, will use the five-year R01 grant from the National Institutes of Health to study how to reduce the excitability of nociceptors, which are neurons that transmit pain signals in response to painful injuries.

Harrison and his team have discovered that nociceptors contain a protein called "CELF4, an RNA binding protein they theorize inhibits the production of pro-nociceptive, or pro-pain-sensing, cellular components. Harrisons research will focus on delivering CELF4 into pain neurons, where this protein will limit the synthesis of ion-channels, receptors, and other molecules that sensitize them.

Specifically, the researchers will study if a locally administered adeno-associated virus can stimulate production of CELF4 and reduce pain in those areas an approach known as gene vector therapy.

Harrison remarked that the innovative approach could prove beneficial for those living with chronic pain but who do not want to undergo surgeries which can be expensive and leave people with no sensation at all or use powerful pain-reducing medications like addictive opioids.

There are some chronic pain conditions that are simply intolerable, and people with those conditions are willing to do severe surgeries to reduce their pain, Harrison remarked. Using this novel gene therapy vector approach, we can develop pain therapies that are less invasive than surgery and carry fewer risks than conventional opioid medications.

Future directions for the research could include partnerships with clinicians for clinical trials, Harrison said.

Read the rest here:
UNE researcher awarded $1.8 million to study chronic pain relief through gene therapy - University of New England

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The Global Gene and Cell Therapy (GCT) Market is estimated at USD 2504.2 Million in the year 2020. Growth in the historic period in the cell and gene therapy market resulted from increase in investments in cell and gene therapies, growth in research and development, advances in cancer drug discovery, rise in public-private partnerships, strong economic growth in emerging markets, increased healthcare expenditure, and rising in pharmaceutical R&D expenditure.

Companies in the gene and cell therapy for oncology market are increasing their product innovation through strategic collaborations. To sustain in the increasingly competitive market, organizations are developing innovative products as well as sharing skills and expertise with other such enterprises. While oncology drug companies have long collaborated with each other as well as with academic and research institutions in this market by way of partnerships, in or out licensing deals, this trend has been increasing over the recent years.

Download Free Sample of This Strategic Report:https://reportocean.com/industry-verticals/sample-request?report_id=aa1096

Further, the market was restrained by inadequate reimbursements, challenges due to regulatory changes, low healthcare access, and limited number of treatment centers. Going forward, increasing prevalence of cancer and chronic diseases, rising geriatric population, rising focus on cell and gene therapy, and rise in healthcare expenditure will drive the growth in the gene and cell therapy market. Factors that could hinder the growth of the market in the future include high costs of therapy, stringent regulations, reimbursement challenges, and coronavirus pandemic.

Scope of the Report

The report presents the analysis of Gene and Cell Therapy market for the historical period 2016-2020 and forecast period of 2021-2026.The report analyses the Gene and Cell Therapy Market by value (USD Million).The report analyses the Gene and Cell Therapy Market by Vector (Lentivirus, AAV, Retrovirus & Gammaretrovirus and Others).The report analyses the Gene and Cell Therapy Market Application (Oncology, Neurological disorders, cardiovascular disorders, Others).The Global Gene and Cell Therapy Market has been analysed By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, LAMEA), By Country (United States, Canada, Germany, U.K, France, Italy, China, Japan, India and South Korea).The key insights of the report have been presented through the frameworks of the attractiveness of the market has been presented by region, by Vector, By Application.

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Also, the major opportunities, trends, drivers and challenges of the industry has been analysed in the report.The report tracks competitive developments, strategies, mergers and acquisitions and new product development. The companies analysed in the report include F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Novartis, Sanofi, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Pfizer, BlueBird Inc., Sarepta Therapeutics, Voyager Therapeutics, Orchard Therapeutics Plc, AnGes Inc.

Key Target AudienceBiotechnology CompaniesPharmaceutical and Health CompaniesConsulting and Advisory FirmsGovernment and Policy MakersRegulatory Authorities

Table of Content:

Key Questions Answered in the Market Report

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Gene and Cell Therapy (GCT) Market Report (COVID-19 Analysis) by Worldwide Market Trends & Opportunities and Forecast to 2030 Designer Women -...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

PHILADELPHIA--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- SwanBio Therapeutics, a gene therapy company advancing AAV-based therapies for the treatment of devastating, inherited neurological conditions, today presented details about the companys ongoing natural history study of adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) at the 8th Congress of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) in Vienna. The intention of the CYGNET study is to assess disease progression in patients with AMN to inform the research and development of potential treatments, including SwanBios lead candidate, SBT101, the first clinical-stage AAV-based gene therapy for AMN.

At SwanBio, our approach to drug development begins with deepening our understanding of the origin and trajectory of diseases like AMN, ideally enabling us to deliver gene therapies that are both highly effective and meaningful for the quality of life of patients. With this in mind, our proprietary CYGNET study was designed to better characterize AMN disease progression, which varies from person to person, said Steven Zelenkofske, D.O., chief medical officer, SwanBio Therapeutics. CYGNET is the first AMN clinical study to feature wearables, which may help us identify sensitive outcomes related to clinically relevant changes early in men with AMN.

SwanBios CYGNET natural history study will track a number of variables over a two-year period, including:

More details about the CYGNET study, including demographics and disease characteristics of the first 21 patients enrolled, were presented during a virtual poster session at EAN.

SwanBio anticipates recruiting approximately 80 patients for the CYGNET natural history study; as of early June, the study was over 40% enrolled across five different global sites. Clinicians or patients interested in learning more about this study can review SwanBios CYGNET flyer or contact SwanBio at clinicaltrials@swanbiotx.com.

Presentation Details ePoster EPO-599: CYGNET: A prospective multicenter observational study of disease progression in patients with adrenomyeloneuropathyDate & Time: June 27, 2022, 12:30 1:15 p.m. CEST

About SBT101 SBT101 is the first clinical-stage adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy candidate for people with adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). SBT101 was designed to compensate for the disease-causing ABCD1 mutation. In preclinical studies, treatment with SBT101 demonstrated dose-dependent improvement of disease markers and functional improvement in AMN mouse models. SBT101 was also shown to be well-tolerated in non-human primates at six months post-treatment. The clinical program for SBT101 builds on this positive preclinical data, plus the companys already deep understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of the disease and the patient experience of AMN.

SwanBio expects to initiate a randomized, controlled Phase 1/2 clinical trial designed to assess the safety and efficacy of SBT101 in patients with AMN in the second half of 2022. In early 2022, the FDA cleared SwanBios Investigational New Drug application for SBT101 and granted SBT101 Fast Track and Orphan Drug Designation.

About Adrenomyeloneuropathy Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) is a progressive and debilitating neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene that disrupt the function of spinal cord cells and other tissues. AMN is characterized by loss of mobility in adulthood, incontinence, pain, and sexual dysfunction, which all affect quality of life. Between 8,000-10,000 men in the United States and European Union are living with AMN. There are no approved therapies for the treatment of the disease; current standard of care is limited to symptom management.

About SwanBio Therapeutics SwanBio Therapeutics is a gene therapy company that aims to bring life-changing treatments to people with devastating, inherited neurological conditions. SwanBio is advancing a pipeline of gene therapies, designed to be delivered intrathecally, that can address targets within both the central and peripheral nervous systems. This approach has the potential to be applied broadly across three disease classifications spastic paraplegias, monogenic neuropathies, and polygenic neuropathies. SwanBios lead program is being advanced toward clinical development for the treatment of adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). SwanBio is supported by long-term, committed investment partners, including its primary investors Syncona, Ltd. (lead investor and majority shareholder) and Mass General Brigham Ventures. For more information, visit SwanBioTx.com.

References

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220627005114/en/

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SwanBio Presents Design of Innovative Natural History Study Aimed to Evolve Understanding of Adrenomyeloneuropathy and Inform Future Treatments -...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Ambys Medicines, a company pioneering cell-replacement therapies for patients with liver disease, today announced the formation of its clinical and scientific advisory boards comprising leading clinical experts in liver disease and hepatocyte transplantation, and world-class scientists pioneering cell and gene technologies.

The clinical advisory board provides guidance on advancing Ambyss lead program, AMI-918, through the clinic and provides critical input on clinical trial design and patient selection. The scientific advisory board will provide a cross-discipline perspective on applying cutting-edge technology to Ambyss cell therapy platform to progress its discovery pipeline of next generation cell therapies.

Were honored to work with such an esteemed and diverse group of experts in liver disease, hepatocyte transplantation, and cell and gene therapies whose collective experience will be highly valuable as we finalize our clinical development strategy for AMI-918 and progress our genetically engineered hepatocyte follow-on programs, said Ronald Park, M.D., Chief Executive Officer of Ambys Medicines. Were grateful for the engagement and support from our advisors as we work to bring first-in-class hepatocyte replacement therapies to liver failure patients who currently lack treatment options.

Each of our advisors brings incredible knowledge and expertise in their respective fields that will be instrumental to Ambys as we continue to broaden our pipeline and move closer to becoming a clinical-stage company, said Markus Grompe, M.D., Founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Ambys Medicines. Were excited to partner together to realize the potential of our novel replacement cell therapy platform in restoring lost hepatic function to patients with acute or chronic liver failure and genetic liver diseases.

Clinical Advisory Board

Scientific Advisory Board

About Ambys MedicinesAmbys Medicines is focused on pioneering cell replacement therapies for patients with liver failure. Ambyss proprietary platform enables the company to be the first and only company able to develop and manufacture functional human hepatocytes at scale. Our scientific approach has the potential to fundamentally transform the treatment paradigm for patients with acute and chronic liver failure and genetic diseases of the liver. Our lead program, AMI-918, is a hepatocyte replacement cell therapy in development to restore lost hepatic function. Beyond AMI-918, we are building a pipeline of next-generation modified hepatocytes that will rapidly expand the range of treatable patient populations. Learn more at ambys.com and follow us on Twitter, LinkedIn and Instagram.

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Ambys Medicines Announces Formation of Clinical and Scientific Advisory Boards with Leading Liver Disease and Cell and Gene Therapy Experts - Business...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

that's the center of the macula right there. Okay, so if you had an area of degeneration over here or over here or over here, you would have no symptoms. But it's that center part that dr eric swan with the retina care center says causes vision loss once affected. And it can be *** little or *** lot depending on how much tissue has been lost due to age related dry macular degeneration. Typical patient comes to see me has the loss of central vision, they just can't read. They're having difficulties driving. And so this is *** huge impairment for patients because the tissue can't be regenerated. The goal is to slow progression. Dr swan is part of *** nationwide FDA approved investigative clinical trial. That involves *** one time surgery using *** patient's own cells to create more of *** certain protein. Thought to be low in patients with this eye disease. This is *** very novel technique. It's gene therapy. So we're actually injecting these genes underneath the retina and telling the cells to produce more of this protein. Dr swan is the first surgeon in Maryland to perform the surgery and says clinical trials are still in the early stages. Early detection is key and that's why exams he says are so important and why research is so crucial when it comes to quality of life issues like vision. It is I mean, you want your grandmother your love when your grandfather to actually be able to continue to drive and really to maintain their independence and that really is the most important for them, jennifer francie adi W. B. *** l tv 11 News.

Surgeon taking part in gene therapy trial to slow vision loss

Updated: 7:26 PM PDT Jun 25, 2022

A Baltimore doctor performed the first surgery in Maryland as part of a nationwide clinical trial to slow the progression of what's known as dry macular degeneration.Dr. Eric Suan, retinal surgeon at the Retina Care Center, said degeneration causes vision loss once affected. And it can be a little or a lot, depending on how much tissue has been lost due to age-related dry macular degeneration."The typical patient who comes to me has a loss of central vision," Suan said. "They just can't read, they're having difficulty driving, and so this is a huge impairment for patients."Because the tissue can't be regenerated, the goal is to slow progression.Suan is part of a nationwide Food and Drug Administration-approved investigative clinical trial that involves a one-time surgery using a patient's own cells to create more of a certain protein thought to be low in patients with this eye disease."This is a very novel technique. It's gene therapy. So, we are actually injecting these genes under the retina and telling the cells to produce more of this protein," Suan said.Suan said clinical trials are still in the early stages but that early detection is key, which makes eye exams important. Suan said research is crucial when it comes to a quality-of-life issue like vision."Do you want your grandmother and your loved one, grandfather, to actually be able to continue to drive to maintain independence? That really is the most important for them," Suan said.

A Baltimore doctor performed the first surgery in Maryland as part of a nationwide clinical trial to slow the progression of what's known as dry macular degeneration.

Dr. Eric Suan, retinal surgeon at the Retina Care Center, said degeneration causes vision loss once affected. And it can be a little or a lot, depending on how much tissue has been lost due to age-related dry macular degeneration.

"The typical patient who comes to me has a loss of central vision," Suan said. "They just can't read, they're having difficulty driving, and so this is a huge impairment for patients."

Because the tissue can't be regenerated, the goal is to slow progression.

Suan is part of a nationwide Food and Drug Administration-approved investigative clinical trial that involves a one-time surgery using a patient's own cells to create more of a certain protein thought to be low in patients with this eye disease.

"This is a very novel technique. It's gene therapy. So, we are actually injecting these genes under the retina and telling the cells to produce more of this protein," Suan said.

Suan said clinical trials are still in the early stages but that early detection is key, which makes eye exams important. Suan said research is crucial when it comes to a quality-of-life issue like vision.

"Do you want your grandmother and your loved one, grandfather, to actually be able to continue to drive to maintain independence? That really is the most important for them," Suan said.

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Surgeon taking part in gene therapy trial to slow vision loss - KCRA Sacramento

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

In October 2019, Jordan Janz became the first person in the world to receive an experimental therapy for cystinosis, a rare genetic disease. The treatment was physically grueling. Doctors extracted blood stem cells from Janzs bone marrow and genetically modified them in a lab. Meanwhile, he underwent chemotherapy to clear out the remaining faulty cells in his bone marrow before he got the newly modified ones. The chemo gave Janz sores in his mouth so painful that he couldnt eat. He lost his head full of pale-blond hair.

But Janz, then a 20-year-old from Alberta, Canada, had signed up for this because he knew that cystinosis was slowly killing him. The mutated gene behind this disease was causing toxic crystals of a molecule called cystine to build up everywhere in his body. He threw up constantly as a kid. Visible crystals accumulated in his eyes. And his kidneys were now failing. Cystinosis patients live, on average, to 28.5 years old.

Fortunately, the experimental gene therapy seemed to work; Janz began to feel better. His hair grew back in a stubble, but to his shock, it came in a different color: dark, almost black. In the two and half years since, his hair has settled into a dark blond, which is still markedly different from the almost white blond of before. My girlfriend actually said the other day that she feels like shes dating a different person, Janz told me.

Of all the things the experimental gene therapy was expected to altersuch as the severity of his cystinosis symptomshair color was not one of them. That was very surprising, Stephanie Cherqui, a stem-cell scientist at UC San Diego and the principal investigator of the gene-therapy trial, told me. But as she and her colleagues dug into the literature on the disease, they found that darker hair wasnt a sign of something going awry; instead it might be a very visible sign of the gene therapy working.

Doctors had observed years ago that cystinosis patients tend to be paler than their families. Manythough certainly not allhave blond hair and pale skin. One study in mice found that the gene thats mutated in cystinosis patients normally plays a role in the production of the dark-brown pigment melanin. Janz had always been a bit self-conscious about how pale he was. His whole family is pretty pale, Janz said. But I'm, like, a whole different paleor I was. The hair change, as far as hes concerned, was a nice surprise.

But how did genetically modifying his blood cells change his hair color? While the mutation that causes cystinosis affects virtually every cell in his body, gene therapy did not change the DNA of every cell in his body, only a tiny fraction of them. Scientists chose to genetically tweak blood stem cells because they have a special ability: Some eventually become white blood cells, which travel to all different parts of the body, Jeffrey Medin, who studies gene therapy at the Medical College of Wisconsin, told me. White blood cells normally go into all our different tissues and organs to patrol for pathogens.

Janzs new white blood cells were genetically modified to express the gene that is mutated in cystinosis, called CTNS. Once they traveled to his eyes, skin, and gut, the white blood cells began pumping out the missing protein encoded by the gene. Cells in the area began taking up the protein and clearing away long-accumulated cystine crystals. In Janz, the anti-cystine proteins from his modified blood cells must have reached the hair follicles in his skin. There, they cleared out the excess cystine that was blocking normal melanin production, and his hair got darker. The same phenomenon has played out in other people: So far in the gene-therapy trial, four of the five patientsall of whom are whitehave gotten darker hair. (The fifth patients hair is just starting to grow back post-therapy.) The investigators have since added hair biopsies to the trial in order to track the color changes in a more systematic fashion.

The sudden hair-color changes were surprising to Cherqui and her colleagues, but they are consistent with the role of the cystinosis gene in hair pigments, says Robert Ballotti, a melanin researcher at the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research. But he has also found that pigmentation and cystinosis can interact in unexpected ways. Not all people with cystinosis are pale, and in particular, Black patients tend not to have skin or hair that is any lighter. Maybe there is not a strict correlation between the gravity of the disease and pigmentation, Ballotti says.

Hair color is one way in which patients in the clinical trial are teaching scientists about the full scope of the CTNS gene, which is still not fully understood. Cherqui had helped discover the gene, as a graduate student more than 20 years ago, and her research has hinted at other functions for it in cell growth and survival, too. More and more, we understand that there are many functions of the protein that we didn't know, she said.

Thats why patients on the standard treatment, a drug called cysteamine, still get sicker and die of their disease, Cherqui said. Removing cystine is not enough. It doesnt help that cysteamine has some pretty nasty side effects: It causes stomach pain, nausea, and diarrhea. When Janz was very young, he needed a stomach tube to get the medication around the clock. Cysteamine also has a rotten, fishlike smell. I had a lot of difficult times as a younger kid, says Jacob Seachord, another patient in the trial whose hair went from blond to brown. I smelled really bad from medication, so I didn't make a lot of friends.

Gene therapy actually replaces the missing protein, theoretically filling in all of its functions, known and unknown. All five patients in the gene-therapy trial have gone off their oral cysteamine, and preliminary data show they now have fewer cystine crystals in their eyes, skin, and gut. Their vision has gotten slightly better, too. But improvements in kidney function are more elusive. Seachord had a kidney transplant before the gene therapy and is doing well. Janz had advanced kidney disease before the trial, and he will need a kidney transplant in a few months.

For adults with cystinosis, Cherqui said, it may be too late for gene therapy to help their kidneys. They have already accumulated a lifetime of kidney damage from cystine. Gene therapy cant reverse the damage thats been done, but we can correct it going forward, Medin said. We can stop progression. In diseases like cystinosis, patients may have to get gene therapy at a young age, probably before 10, Cherqui said. If it works, a future kid who has cystinosis might be cured through gene therapypreventing them from needing a lifetime of cysteamine or a kidney transplant. And it just might change their hair color, too.

The rest is here:
An Experimental Gene Therapy Changed His DNAAnd His Hair Color - The Atlantic

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

New York, June 27, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global animal stem cell therapy market recorded sales of around US$ 249.9 Mn in 2021 and the market is predicted to experience healthy growth over the years ahead at a CAGR of 5.2% (2022 to 2032).

Animal stem cell therapies are treatments for disorders such as arthritis, soft tissue injuries, traumatic fractures, tendonitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and others that are given to animals. Hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells are used in these treatment procedures.

As the focus on giving animals a better quality of life grows, so does the adoption of such therapies across the world. The market for animal stem cell therapy is predicted to continuously increase owing to the growing need for higher levels of veterinary care.

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Regulatory bodies are also encouraging veterinary regenerative medicine research & development.

The European Commission has approved a few stem cell-based products within the region.

The animal stem cell therapy market is moderately fragmented with a few key market players and presents numerous opportunities for new market entrants to create a foothold in the industry. Increased pet adoption rate can be a beneficial factor for manufacturers of stem cells to expand into emerging markets.

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Key Takeaways from Market Study

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With rising disposable incomes and higher adoption rate of pet animals, the global market for animal stem cell therapy is set to gain traction over the coming years, says an analyst of Persistence Market Research.

Market Competition

Key animal stem cell therapy providers are investing in innovating veterinary regenerative medicines and they are also coming up with new product launches for the well-being of animals.

Along with product innovation, market players are also aiming for various collaborations to strengthen their R&D in the field of animal stem cell therapy.

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What Does the Report Cover?

Persistence Market Research offers a unique perspective and actionable insights on the animal stem cell therapy market in its latest study, presenting historical demand assessment of 2012 2021 and projections for 2022 2032.

The research study is based on product type (hemopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells), source (allogeneic and autologous), indication (osteoarthritis, soft tissue injuries, traumatic fractures, tendonitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and others), species (canine, feline, and equine), and end user (veterinary hospitals, veterinary clinics, and veterinary research institutes), across seven key regions of the world.

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Animal Stem Cell Therapy Market projected CAGR of 5.2% for the next ten years (2022-2032) Persistence Market Research - GlobeNewswire

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

BOSTON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Carbon Biosciences (Carbon), a Longwood Fund founded biotech company and emerging leader in the development of novel parvovirus-derived gene therapies, today announced a $38 million Series A financing led by Agent Capital. Agent is joined by Longwood Fund, Astellas Venture Management LLC, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Solasta Ventures, University of Tokyo Innovation Platform (UTokyoIPC), and Camford Capital. Carbon is harnessing novel parvovirus vectors that can deliver larger gene therapy payloads with enhanced tissue specificity and with minimal neutralizing immunity. The company plans to use the Series A funding to advance the development of Carbons programs for genetic diseases, initially building on the groundbreaking research of scientific co-founders John F. Engelhardt, Ph.D., Director, Center for Gene Therapy at the University of Iowa, and Robert M. Kotin, Ph.D., Professor of Microbiology and Physiological Systems at the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School.

Carbons platform has the potential to expand the role of gene therapy in treating some of the worlds most devastating and difficult to treat diseases, said Joel Schneider, Ph.D., President and CEO of Carbon Biosciences. Our vision is to enable a new generation of genetic medicines with differentiated vectors that have the potential to address the immunological, targeting and payload limitations inherent in current viral and non-viral delivery technologies. As the first jointly funded program launched under a collaborative agreement between the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and Longwood Fund, we are motivated by the potential impact our research may have in significantly improving care for cystic fibrosis patients.

Identifying vectors that can effectively deliver therapeutics to target tissues, such as the lung, has been a major challenge in realizing the full potential of gene therapy, said Geeta Vemuri, Ph.D., Managing Partner and Founder of Agent Capital. We believe that Carbon's proprietary platform can address this challenge by leveraging novel vectors from the broader parvovirus family to deliver optimal payloads to specific tissues. Carbons technology will enable a diversified pipeline with potential applications across the wide range of tissues impacted in many unaddressed diseases.

Carbons novel platform addresses key challenges with AAV and non-viral based therapies. Our lead program is the first gene therapy program demonstrating tissue tropism to the lung with the capacity to deliver the full length CFTR gene and an appropriate promotor, said John F. Engelhardt, Ph.D., the Roy J. Carver Chair in Molecular Medicine, and Director, Center for Gene Therapy at the University of Iowa. Preliminary pre-clinical data as well as studies on human populations suggest wide applicability of our lead clinical candidate and the potential to re-dose patients.

Carbons scientific co-founders and scientific advisory board members are among the most experienced thought leaders in the gene therapy field. In addition to Kotin and Engelhardt, Carbons co-founders are David Steinberg, who served as founding CEO (Longwood Fund); Jianming Qiu, Ph.D., (University of Kansas); Ziying Yan, Ph.D., (University of Iowa); Sebastian Aguirre, Ph.D., (Carbon Biosciences); and Lucy Liu, Ph.D., (Longwood Fund). Carbons Scientific Advisory Board consists of John Engelhardt; Jay Chiorini Ph.D., Senior Investigator at NIH National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; Beverly Davidson, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Strategy Officer at Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; and Adrian Thrasher, Ph.D., MBBS, FRCP, MRCP, Professor at University College London (UCL), Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Head of Infection and Inflammation and Director, Clinical Gene Therapy GMP Facility at UCL.

In conjunction with the financing, Joel Schneider, Ph.D, joins as President and CEO. Chen Schor, Adicet Bio President and CEO, joins as Board Chair. David Steinberg, Geeta Vemuri, Robert Kotin and Derek Yoon, President and CEO of Solasta Ventures, join the Board of Directors.

About Carbon Biosciences

Carbon Biosciences is expanding the therapeutic potential of gene therapy through its proprietary platform which leverages novel parvoviruses that have been pressure tested by nature to target specific tissues and carry a larger cargo with minimal neutralizing immunity and the potential to re-dose. Founded by Longwood Fund and gene therapy pioneers, John F. Engelhardt, Ph.D., and Robert M. Kotin, Ph.D., Carbon is expanding the gene therapy toolbox for the treatment of the worlds most devastating and difficult to treat diseases. For more information, please visit our website http://www.carbonbio.com and follow us on LinkedIn.

About Longwood Fund

Longwood Fund is a venture capital firm dedicated to creating and investing in novel healthcare companies that develop important treatments to help patients while targeting significant value for investors. The Longwood team has a long history of successfully launching and building important life science companies while providing operational leadership and strategic guidance. Collectively, the Partners at Longwood Fund have co-founded 24 companies with over 20 launched or marketed drugs and therapies, as well as over two dozen clinical stage assets, all focused on helping patients in need. Companies founded by Longwood Fund, or its principals prior to the founding of the Firm, as lead investor and CEO/CBO include Vertex, Acceleron, Momenta, Alnylam, Sirtris, Vor, TScan, Pyxis Oncology, Immunitas, Be Biopharma, ImmuneID, Tome Bio, Photys, and Carbon Biosciences. For more information, visit http://www.longwoodfund.com.

About Agent Capital

Agent Capital is an international life sciences investment firm that supports disruptive healthcare companies focusing on novel, differentiated therapeutics and treatments that address unmet patient needs. Agent Capital aligns with scientists, entrepreneurs, and other investors to develop the next generation of healthcare innovations, leverages their industry expertise and successful track record to source premier deals, accelerate value, and drive successful exits. Their first fund invested in 15 portfolio companies, the majority of which have executed collaborations with major pharmaceutical companies and successfully raised additional capital in the private or public markets. For more information, please visit Agent Capital's website at http://www.agentcapital.com.

Originally posted here:
Carbon Biosciences Launches with $38 Million Series A Financing to Advance Novel Gene Therapy Platform and Pipeline - Business Wire

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Alaunos Therapeutics and the National Cancer Institute Extend Cooperative Research and Development Agreement for Development of Personalized TCR-T Cell Therapies To 2025

NCI will lead the Company's personalized TCR-T cell therapy program using the Company's proprietary non-viral Sleeping Beauty technology

HOUSTON, June 27, 2022 - Alaunos Therapeutics, Inc. ("Alaunos" or the "Company") (Nasdaq: TCRT), a clinical-stage oncology-focused cell therapy company, today announced that the Company has extended its Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the National Cancer Institute (NCI), an institute of the National Institutes of Health, using the Alaunos Sleeping Beauty technology through January 2025.

Under the terms of the CRADA, the NCI will work to generate proof of concept utilizing the Company's proprietary non-viralSleeping Beauty technology for personalized TCR-T cell therapy. In this setting, T-cell receptors (TCRs) that react to the patient's tumor will be identified from the patient and used to generate a TCR-T cell therapy. This approach could potentially apply to a wide range of solid tumor cancer patients. Alaunos believes that the non-viralSleeping Beauty technology could rapidly and cost effectively produce safe and potent TCR-T cell therapies without the complexity of gene editing or viral approaches. Research conducted under the CRADA will be led by Steven A. Rosenberg, M.D., Ph.D., Chief of the Surgery Branch at the NCI's Center for Cancer Research.

"We are privileged to extend the productive collaboration with Dr. Rosenberg, a cell therapy pioneer. Dr. Rosenberg and the NCI are working to develop personalized cancer therapies using our novel TCR-T cell platform," commented Kevin S. Boyle, Sr., Chief Executive Officer of Alaunos. "Our collaboration reinforces our commitment to improving the lives of cancer patients with solid tumors. We look forward to continuing our collaborating with Dr. Rosenberg and his team to generate proof of concept in this personalized TCR-T approach."

Drew Deniger, Ph.D., Vice President, Research & Development at Alaunos added, "Having worked alongside Dr. Rosenberg for many years, I am confident that his team at the NCI will be successful in developing personalized TCR-T therapies using our non-viralSleeping Beauty technology. As the world's experts in Sleeping Beauty, we believe that our non-viral means of adding the TCR to T cells is well suited for a personalized approach, with potential to further increase the addressable population for TCR-T therapies."

About Alaunos Therapeutics

Alaunos is a clinical-stage oncology-focused cell therapy company, focused on developing T-cell receptor (TCR) therapies based on its proprietary, non-viralSleeping Beauty gene transfer technology and its TCR library targeting shared tumor-specific hotspot mutations in key oncogenic genes including KRAS, TP53 and EGFR. The Company has clinical and strategic collaborations with The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and the National Cancer Institute. For more information, please visit http://www.alaunos.com.

Forward-Looking Statements Disclaimer

This press release contains forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts, and in some cases can be identified by terms such as "may," "will," "could," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," "believes" or other words or terms of similar meaning. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the Company's business and strategic plans, the anticipated outcome of preclinical and clinical studies by the Company or its third-party collaborators, the Company's cash runway, and the timing of the Company's research and development programs, including the anticipated dates for filing INDs, enrolling and dosing patients in and the expected timing for announcing preclinical data and results from the Company's clinical trials. Although the management team of Alaunos believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, investors are cautioned that forward-looking information and statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and generally beyond the control of Alaunos, that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied or projected by, the forward-looking information and statements. These risks and uncertainties include, among other things, changes in the Company's operating plans that may impact its cash expenditures; the uncertainties inherent in research and development, future clinical data and analysis, including whether any of Alaunos' product candidates will advance further in the preclinical research or clinical trial process, including receiving clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or equivalent foreign regulatory agencies to conduct clinical trials and whether and when, if at all, they will receive final approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or equivalent foreign regulatory agencies and for which indication; the strength and enforceability of Alaunos' intellectual property rights; and competition from other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies as well as risk factors discussed or identified in the public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission made by Alaunos, including those risks and uncertainties listed in the most recent periodic report filed by Alaunos with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Alaunos is providing this information as of the date of this press release, and Alaunos does not undertake any obligation to update or revise the information contained in this press release whether as a result of new information, future events, or any other reason.

Investor Relations Contact:

Alex Lobo

Stern Investor Relations

Alex.lobo@sternir.com

Disclaimer

Alaunos Therapeutics Inc. published this content on 27 June 2022 and is solely responsible for the information contained therein. Distributed by Public, unedited and unaltered, on 27 June 2022 12:14:02 UTC.

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Technical analysis trends ALAUNOS THERAPEUTICS, INC.

Income Statement Evolution

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Alaunos Therapeutics : and the National Cancer Institute Extend Cooperative Research and Development Agreement for Development of Personalized TCR-T...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The DNA sequencing newcomer Ultima Genomics won the crown for the biggest U.S private biotech investment in May 2022. Other top fundraising firms are developing gene and cell therapies in addition to cultured leather and omics-based diagnostics.

The headliner private biotech investment in the US in May 2022 went to the Californian firm Ultima Genomics. The company exited stealth mode with $600 million to fund the development of high-throughput sequencing technology. The aim is to bring down the cost of sequencing the whole genome to just $100 compared to the roughly $1,000 it costs with current technology.

Ultima Genomics is upping the scale of its sequencing platform by blending a range of advances in fluidics, sequencing chemistry and machine learning. The firm is applying its sequencing technology to multiple types of omics approaches, including whole-genome sequencing, single-cell, and methylation sequencing.

The second biggest private biotech investment in the U.S. went to Kriya Therapeutics, which is based in California and North Carolina. The $270 million Series C round will advance Kriyas preclinical-stage gene therapy pipeline for the treatment of a range of ophthalmological and rare genetic conditions.

The biggest private investment raised by an industrial biotechnology firm in North America in May 2022 was an $82 million Series C round by Vestaron. Based in North Carolinas Research Triangle Park, the firm is developing peptides to protect crops from insect pests. Unlike some chemical pesticides in current use, Vestarons products are designed to be non-toxic for humans and other vertebrates that arent the direct target of the pesticide.

North Americas biggest biotech Series A round was closed by the San Francisco company Terremoto Biosciences. The company will use the winnings to fund the development of a type of small molecule that binds to proteins in a different way than traditional drugs do. This allows the company to put in the crosshairs proteins that were previously considered undruggable.

The Series A runner up in May 2022 was VitroLabs in California, which raised $47.4 million to fund the development of cultured leather. Cultured leather involves farming animal cells to produce leather, rather than using the whole animal. Like the field of cultured meat, the intention is to reduce the land, energy and water requirements of manufacturing animal-derived products.

In the seed round division, the champion was San Diego-based Pleno Inc., which took home $15 million. The company is developing a multi-omic platform to accelerate clinical diagnostics and research. By using a new type of signal-processing technology, the firm claims it can obtain much more information from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests and next-generation sequencing technology than from current methods.

Another notable seed round went to the New York-based Oviva Therapeutics, Inc. The firm raised $11.5 million to fund research into the aging process in women. This research focuses on slowing aging in the ovaries, which could lead to a longer lifespan in general.

One major biotech investment in the U.S. in May didnt make this list because it was of a new investment firm called Enavate Sciences. Enavate was launched by the healthcare investment firm Patient Square Capital with a $300 million boost and aims to support drug developers with vital cash as they bring novel medicines to the market.

Looking forward to June, were already seeing some huge investments, with the frontrunner so far being a $625 million Series D round by the biomanufacturing heavyweight National Resilience, Inc.

Cover image via Elena Resko

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The biggest US biotech investments in May 2022 - Labiotech.eu

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

PRESS RELEASE

INTESA SANPAOLO INCREASES ITS SUPPORT

OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCH UNDER THE SCOPE OF THE NRRP

THE BANK PARTNERS THE UNIVERSITIES OF BOLOGNA, MILAN,

NAPLES AND PADUA TO SPEED UP PROJECTS ON

BIG DATA, SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY, AGRITECH AND GENE

THERAPIES

Milan, 27 June 2022 - Intesa Sanpaolo intends to strengthen its support of university research by taking part in four National Centres for chain research as founding member of the four Foundations linked to important universities, such as the Bologna Technopole together with the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), the Polytechnic University of Milan, the University of Naples Federico II and the University of Padua, which will develop new technologies for the sustainable, green digital transition, in line with the European Union Research strategic agenda and the fourth Mission of the NRRP, which finances the new centres with 1.6 billion.

Intesa Sanpaolo consolidates its commitment with the aim of speeding up the activity in synergy with the public sector, to promote the innovation and dissemination of technologies, fostering the sharing of routes and projects between universities, research entities, enterprises and start-ups. With this intervention, Intesa Sanpaolo, the only banking group of the founding members, will be able to take part together with Research Centres and Universities, in the development of projects, being an active partner in the development of technological transfer models to local enterprises and helping determine the strategic guidelines of research, as well as contributing towards the pursuit of the NRRP.

More specifically, the four Centres are as follows:

Thanks to the four new Centres, the Bologna Technopole, the Polytechnic University of Milan and the universities of Naples and Padua will act as hubs connecting with numerous other universities throughout Italy, involving an ever greater number of sites, researchers and enterprises with a view to carrying out advanced research on the topics, respectively, of big data, sustainable mobility, agritech and gene therapy.

The new Centres in fact operate through a Hub&Spoke model, in which the hubs, comprising the centres operating in synergy with some of Italy's most important universities and various private companies, will coordinate and manage the activities of the spokes, represented by entities and other local universities aiming to aggregate public and private subjects interested in making a contribution towards research into specific topics across the country.

Intesa Sanpaolo will be operating directly in 16 spokes, making the professionalism and competences present in the various bank structures involved in these research areas available, as well as technological resources useful to pursuing the objectives.

The main goal is to increase the growth potential of the Italian economic system, through a significant increase in investments in research and development and fostering the technological transfer between universities and enterprises. The new national centres will be able to help reduce or eliminate Italy's delays in terms of innovation: according to an analysis carried out by the Intesa Sanpaolo Research Department, despite the progress made in recent years, Italy is still a long way behind other European countries, and Germany in particular, in terms of spending in research and development. In this context, the interaction is facilitated between the academic and production worlds, allowing for an improvement in the number of manufacturing businesses that collaborate with universities (8%), considerably below the German figure (18%).

The Intesa Sanpaolo Group has always supported investments by enterprises in research and development, both through the management of public incentives for R&D&I and through direct financing for research and innovation. Over time, Intesa Sanpaolo has assessed approximately 2,000 R&D projects with direct financing in excess of 2.5 billion for SMEs, large enterprises and start-ups: this is flanked by the offer of technological, industrial and financial consultancy services for participation in European Research and Innovation programmes and Intellectual Property. Intesa Sanpaolo also supports innovative SMEs and start-ups with a market share respectively of 50% and 30%, also through specific initiatives, believing them to be one of the main vehicles of innovation for enterprises.

The new initiative integrates with the Group's global strategy, which, thanks to dedicated structures like the Innovation Centre and the newly-established CENTAI laboratory for advanced research in Artificial Intelligence, is present in the main Italian accelerators and acts as a nationally-important interlocutor in regard to research and innovation.

Carlo Messina, CEO of Intesa Sanpaolo: " Research centres are a great opportunity for both the Italian university research system and the business world and it is essential we support their

development. Our adhesion to this initiative is a concrete response by the Bank, which makes new resources available to speed up a structural transition in our country towards new models, closely correlated with the NRRP. We aim to offer a new boost to combine private initiative and public decision-makers, like universities, and help generate a culture of knowledge and innovation, to the

benefit of the entire social and economic system".

Ferruccio Resta, Chairman of CRUI: "The investments and measures implemented by the NR RP acknowledge a central role played by research and advanced training in developing a country that seeks to, and indeed must, grow innovatively. They provide a clear interpretation of the relationship between university and enterprise, which is increasingly close on the essential topics guaranteeing competitiveness in both the public and private sectors. The extensive, shared participation of Intesa Sanpaolo, leading Italian bank, shows the value of a tool (the National Centres), which if used properly can assure a significant change that will be completed well beyond 2026".

Press information

Intesa Sanpaolo

Media Relations Territorial Bank and Local Media stampa@intesasanpaolo.comhttps://group.intesasanpaolo.com/en/newsroom

About Intesa Sanpaolo

Intesa Sanpaolo is Italy's leading banking group - serving families, businesses and the real economy - with a significant international presence. Intesa Sanpaolo's distinctive business model makes it a European leader in Wealth Management, Protection & Advisory, highly focused on digital and fintech. An efficient and resilient Bank, it benefits from its wholly- owned product factories in asset management and insurance. The Group's strong ESG commitment includes providing 115 billion in impact lending by 2025 to communiti es and for the green transition, and 500 million i n contributions to support people most in need, positioning Intesa Sanpaolo as a world leader in terms of social impact. Intesa Sanpaolo is committed to Net Zero by 2030 for its own emissions and by 2050 for its loan and investment portfolios. An engaged patron of Italian culture, Intesa Sanpaolo has created its own network of museums, the Gallerie d'Italia , to host the bank's artistic heritage and as a venue for prestigious cultural projects.

News: group.intesasanpaolo.com/en/newsroom/news

Twitter: twitter.com/intesasanpaolo

LinkedIn: linkedin.com/company/intesa-sanpaolo

Disclaimer

Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A. published this content on 27 June 2022 and is solely responsible for the information contained therein. Distributed by Public, unedited and unaltered, on 27 June 2022 10:43:02 UTC.

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Technical analysis trends INTESA SANPAOLO S.P.A.

Income Statement Evolution

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Intesa Sanpaolo S p A : increases its support of university research under the scope of the NRRP - The Bank partners the Universities of Bologna,...

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North America Is Expected To Account For Around 40% Of The Global Reprocessed Medical Devices Market Share By The End Of 2028

Increasing focus on healthcare in developing nations with less spending potential will see major adoption of reprocessed medical devices through 2028, says a Fact.MR analyst

Fact.MR A Market Research and Competitive Intelligence Provider: The reprocessed medical devices market stood at a valuation of US$ 2.05 Bn in 2020, and is projected to surge to US$ 5.9 Bn by the end of 2028.

Increasing healthcare expenditure owing to the rising patient pool is expected to bolster demand for reprocessed medical devices as healthcare institutions focus on lowering operational costs. Increasing geriatric population, favorable regulatory policies, and rising focus on healthcare are anticipated to be other trends propelling reprocessed medical devices market potential over the coming years.

Demand for reprocessed medical devices is anticipated to be high in developing economies where healthcare spending potential is less.

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Key reprocessed medical device suppliers are focusing on launching new and innovative products to advance medical device reprocessing procedures and increase revenue potential.

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Winning Strategy

Reprocessed medical device manufacturers are focusing on mergers and acquisitions to expand their product portfolios and increase their sales. Favorable regulatory policies are also expected to promote reprocessed medical device suppliers to advance their sales potential and increase revenue.

Reprocessed medical device companies are investing in the development of better reprocessing facilities to meet increasing demand. Favorable government initiatives to boost the adoption of reusable medical devices are also expected to be capitalized on by key reprocessed medical devices market players over the forecast period.

Competitive Landscape:

Key reprocessed medical device market players are focusing on mergers and acquisitions to increase their business scope across the world and increase sales.

Key Segments Covered in Reprocessed Medical Devices Industry Research

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Fact.MR, in its new offering, presents an unbiased analysis of the global reprocessed medical devices market, presenting historical demand data (2017-2020) and forecast statistics for the period of 2021-2028.

The study divulges essential insights on the market on the basis of device type (cardiovascular devices, general surgery devices, laparoscopic devices, orthopedic external fixation devices, gastroenterology biopsy forceps) and across six major regions (North America, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, South Asia & Oceania, and the Middle East & Africa).

Fact.MRs Domain Knowledge in Healthcare

Our healthcare consulting team guides organizations at each step of their business strategy by helping you understand how the latest influencers account for operational and strategic transformation in the healthcare sector. Our expertise in recognizing the challenges and trends impacting the global healthcare industry provides indispensable insights and support - encasing a strategic perspective that helps you identify critical issues and devise appropriate solutions.

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Increasing Healthcare Expenditure to Drive Sales of Reprocessed Medical Devices at 14.9% CAGR through 2028: Fact.MR Survey - BioSpace

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Wilmington, Delaware, United States: CRISPR is a genome-editing tool. It is used by researchers/health care professionals to alter DNA sequences and modify gene function.

CRISPR is also used to correct genetic defects, treat human diseases, and yield better crop varieties

Read Report Overview - https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/crispr-technology-market.html

CRISPR stands for Clusters of Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two key molecules: Cas9 and guide RNA, which introduces a change or mutation into the DNA at the desired position.

Cas9 is an enzyme that acts as a pair of molecular scissors and can cut the two strands of DNA at a specific location in the genome so that bits of DNA can then be added or removed

The guide RNA (also known as gRNA) is a small piece of pre-designed RNA sequence (about 20 bases long) located within a longer RNA scaffold. The scaffold part binds to DNA and the pre-designed sequence guides Cas9 to the right part of the genome.

This makes sure that the Cas9 enzyme cuts at the right point in the genome. High orthogonality, versatility, and efficiency of CRISPR technology make it a preferred genome editing technology.

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Key Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities of Global CRISPR Technology Market

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In March 2020, researchers at New York genome center developed a new CRISPR screening technology to target RNA, including RNA of novel viruses such as COVID-19. In November 2019, researchers at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, swapped CAS9 enzyme for CAS 12a, which allowed the researchers to edit genes in 25 target sites.

North America to Dominate Global CRISPR Technology Market

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Key Players of Global CRISPR Technology Market

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CRISPR Technology Market: Rise in Demand for Gene Therapeutics to Drive the Global Market - BioSpace

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Biotechnology company Flip Gene Therapeutics has signed an agreement with Aptamer Group to combine its inducible gene therapy platform with the use of Optimer binder technology.

Under the agreement Aptamer will develop binders to several small molecule targets for incorporation into the partners gene therapy platform with the goal of developing pharmacologically inducible gene therapeutics controllable with a gene switch.

Gene therapies treat diseases and conditions through the delivery of genetic material; however, major gene therapy platforms do not allow for precise control of gene expression after the therapy is administered.

Optimer binders used as a component of a gene switch could enable responsive gene expression controlled by dosing certain small molecule drugs.

The commercial terms of the agreement include initial upfront payments for Optimer development, with the potential for further licensing payments for the developed Optimer binders, and development and commercial milestone payments upon clinical and commercial success.

Dr Arron Tolley, CEO of Aptamer Group said: "I am delighted to have established this agreement to develop Optimer binders to enable inducible treatments in this exciting field of gene therapy. We will be working closely with our partner Flip Gene Therapeutics on developing and assessing the Optimer binders to function as part of their gene therapy platform. The interest in pursuing Optimer binders as part of their therapeutic modality offers a strong endorsement of the technology."

More information online

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Switching into Gene Therapy Expression Labmate Online - Labmate Online

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Theclinical laboratory services marketis expected to experience market growth during the forecast period of 2021 to 2028. Data Bridge Market Research analyzes that the market is growing with a CAGR of 6.6% during the forecast period of 2021 to 2028 and is projected to reach USD 1.26,592.85 million by 2028. Growing application of high throughput testing and advancements in clinical diagnostic methods act as a growth driver for the European laboratory services market clinical.

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Clinical Laboratory Services Market Scope and Market Size

The clinical laboratory services market is segmented by specialty, vendor, application, and service type.Growth between segments helps you analyze growth niches and strategies to approach the market and determine your main application areas and the difference between your target markets.

To get more insights into Market Analysis, browse Research Report Summary @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/europe-clinical-laboratory-services-market?rajaas

Country Level Analysis of the Clinical Laboratory Services Market

The clinical laboratory services market is analyzed and market size information is provided by country specialty, vendor, application, and service type as given above.

The countries covered in the Clinical Laboratory Services market report are Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain, Russia, Turkey, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland and the rest of Europe.

Germany is leading the growth of the European market due to the growing demand for early and accurate diagnosis of diseases.

The country section of the report also provides individual market impacting factors and regulatory changes in the national market that impact current and future market trends.Data points such as new sales, replacement sales, country demographics, regulatory acts, and import-export tariffs are some of the major indicators used to forecast the market scenario for each country.In addition, the presence and availability of European brands and the challenges they face due to significant or rare competition from local and national brands, the impact of sales channels are considered while providing a forecast analysis of national data.

Competitive Landscape and Clinical Laboratory Services Market Share Analysis

Clinical Laboratory Services market competitive landscape provides details by competitor.Details included are company overview, company financials, revenue generated, market potential, research and development investment, new market initiatives, production sites and facilities , company strengths and weaknesses, product launch, product testing pipelines, product approvals, patents, product breadth and scope, application dominance, technology lifeline curve .The data points provided above are only related to the companys focus related to the clinical laboratory services market.

Major companies dealing with clinical laboratory services are Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER), Eurofins Scientific, UNILABS, SYNLAB International GmbH, HU Groups Holdings, Inc., Sonic Healthcare, ACM Europe Laboratories, Amedes Holding GmbH, Abbott, Charles River, Siemens Healthineers AG and Genomic Health, among other national players.DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

Numerous contracts, agreements, collaborations and launches are also initiated by the companies across the globe which are also accelerating the clinical laboratory services market.

For instance,

Product launch, business expansion, rewards and recognition, joint ventures and other strategies by the market player enhance the companys footprint in the Clinical Laboratory Services Market which also benefits to the growth of the organizations profits.

Browse Complete TOC athttps://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/toc/?dbmr=europe-clinical-laboratory-services-market&rajaas

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Clinical Laboratory Services Market is projected to rise to a valuation of around USD 1.26,592.85 million by 2028 Designer Women - Designer Women

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

EDINBURGH, Scotland, May 18, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- TC Biopharm (Holdings) PLC ("TC Biopharm" or the "Company") (NASDAQ: TCBP) (NASDAQ: TCBPW), a clinical stage biotechnology company developing platform allogeneic gamma-delta T cell therapies for cancer and viral indications, announced today announced the formation of a scientific advisory board (SAB) to advance its gamma-delta T cell therapy, OmnImmune, for the treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).

"We are honored to have these remarkable and accomplished cell therapeutics and scientific leaders join TC BioPharm's Scientific Advisory Board," said Bryan Kobel, CEO of TC BioPharm. "These individuals have made significant contributions and pioneered breakthroughs in cell therapy research and therapeutics, and together, they bring a wealth of knowledge and experience for TC BioPharm, as we work to develop our proprietary therapies to treat blood cancers and develop our platform into other oncological areas. We wil continue to expand our SAB to bring other expertise in cell therapy modalities to reflect our ongoing R&D efforts as well. TCBP looks forward to the input of these outstanding individuals as we advance our platform technology in allogeneic gamma deltas and their contribution to our ongoing research and development efforts in a number of project areas."

Members of the TC BioPharm Scientific Advisory include;

Mark Bonyhadi, Ph D., will lead the SAB. He is a senior advisor to Qiming Venture Partners USA and former Vice President of Research at Juno Therapeautics (acquired by Celgene). Dr. Bonyhadi has more than 30 years of experience in biopharmaceutical leadership roles in the US, specifically in the research and development of commercially viable approaches to take cell and gene therapies, as well as regenerative medicines, from the lab to the clinic and for subsequent commercial development. Prior to his role as vice president of Research at Juno Therapeutics Inc (acquired by Celgene Corporation), he was Director of Global Business Development for Cell Therapy at Invitrogen (which merged to become Life Technologies and was subsequently acquired by Thermo-Fisher) and prior to that, Vice President ofResearch at Xycte Therapies and a Senior Scientist at SyStemix, Inc. He was formerly the chair of the Industry Liaison Committee for the American Society for Gene and Cell Therapy (2015-2016). He is also the inventor on 11 patents and an author on 40 publications. He currently is a member of the scientific advisory board for Akron Biotech and also serves as a Non-executive Director at TCBP and as a Non-executive Director at Integra Therapeutics.

Uma Lakshmipathy, Ph D., has two decades of experience in cell biology, stem cells and translational research. She is currently the Director of R&D in Science and Technology and Head of Patheon Translation Services in Pharma Services Group at Thermo Fisher Scientific. Her work is focused on developing end-to-end, standardized processes and analytics for cell therapy and support translational services destined towards cGMP manufacturing. She has a strong foundation in development of clinical-grade reagents and processes, viral and non-viral methods of cell modification and, analytical platforms for comprehensive cell therapy product characterization. As a junior faculty at the Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, she was involved in ex vivo gene repair of disease mutations in adult stem cells. She has a doctoral degree in Molecular Biophysics from the Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology in India, postdoctoral experience in DNA double strand break repair from University of Minnesota Medical School and has authored several scientific publications, books and patents.

Erin Adams, Ph D., is the Joseph Regenstein Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Chicago and an expert in molecular immunology. She explores the molecular cues that the human immune system uses to distinguish between healthy and diseased tissue. Her primary focus is on unconventional, tissue resident effector cells in the human immune system including T cells, MR1-restricted and CD1-restricted T cells. Her laboratory research seeks to understand the role of these cells types in the immune response process and what signals regulate their activity in tissue homeostasis and disease. She has received multiple honors, including being named a Searle Scholar, a Kavli Fellow and awarded a Cancer Research Foundation Junior Investigator Award.

About TC BioPharm (Holdings) PLCTC BioPharm is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of gamma-delta T cell therapies for the treatment of cancer and viral infections with human efficacy data in acute myeloid leukemia. Gamma-delta T cells are naturally occurring immune cells that embody properties of both the innate and adaptive immune systems and can intrinsically differentiate between healthy and diseased tissue. TC BioPharm uses an allogeneic approach in both unmodified and CAR modified gamma delta t-cells to effectively identify, target and eradicate both liquid and solid tumors in cancer.

TC BioPharm is the leader in developing gamma-delta T cell therapies, and the first company to conduct phase II/pivotal clinical studies in oncology. The Company is conducting two investigator-initiated clinical trials for its unmodified gamma-delta T cell product line - Phase 2b/3 pivotal trial for OmnImmune in treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and Phase I trial for ImmuniStim in treatment of Covid patients using the Company's proprietary allogenic CryoTC technology to provide frozen product to clinics worldwide. TC BioPharm also maintains a robust pipeline for future indications in solid tumors and other aggressive viral infections as well as a significant IP/patent portfolio in the use of CARs with gamma delta t-cells and owns our manufacturing facility to maintain cost and product quality controls.

Forward Looking StatementsThis press release may contain statements of a forward-looking nature relating to future events. These forward-looking statements are subject to the inherent uncertainties in predicting future results and conditions. These statements reflect our current beliefs, and a number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in this press release. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. The reference to the website of TC BioPharm has been provided as a convenience, and the information contained on such website is not incorporated by reference into this press release.

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TC BioPharm Announces Formation of Scientific Advisory Board with Renowned Cell Therapy Experts - GuruFocus.com

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

A functional gonadotroph adenoma is a very rare endocrinopathy, and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. We present a case of a woman in her early 50s with a past medical history of recurrent ovarian cysts who developed bilateral hemianopsia and was referred to the endocrinology clinic after a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified a pituitary mass. Anterior pituitary hormone workup confirmed hypersecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which suggested ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) as the etiology of recurrent ovarian cysts. The patient underwent transsphenoidal resection of the pituitary tumor with improvement in visual symptoms. Our case illustrates that functional gonadotroph adenoma can be a potential cause of OHSS apart from the setting of assisted reproductive technology and hence warranting a meticulous endocrine evaluation to rule out this rare disease.

Functional gonadotroph adenomas (FGAs) are pituitary masses that secrete either follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) [1]. These are extremely rare endocrinopathies with only a few cases in the literature as the majority of immunohistochemically confirmed gonadotroph adenomas are nonfunctional [2]. While pituitary masses, in general, can cause symptoms of mass effect such as headaches and visual disturbances, FGAs can present with various ambiguous findings, such as menstrual disturbances, and gonadal stimulation, making them difficult to diagnose [2]. They are best managed with surgical excision, although options are available for medical management, they have no effect on tumor burden [2]. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is most commonly an iatrogenic complication of assisted reproductive techniques. While its pathophysiology is largely unknown, the process is thought to be an amplified response to gonadotropin stimulation [3]. This article describes the case of an FSH-secreting pituitary adenoma presenting as OHSSin a premenopausal woman.

A woman in her early 50s with a past medical history of recurrent ovarian cysts and hypothyroidism was referred to the endocrinology clinic for evaluation of a possible functioning pituitary macroadenoma found on an MRI of the brain. Six months prior to the presentation, the patient began experiencing bitemporal hemianopia. She also reported having right-sided frontotemporal headaches for the past several years but denied nipple discharge or trouble with conception and had a child. MRI brain done prior to presentation showed a 3.5 x 3.8 x 4.3 cm sellar and suprasellar mass consistent with a pituitary macroadenoma causing prechiasmatic optic nerve compression.Her medical history was significant for menorrhagia secondary to recurrent ovarian cysts for which she underwent totalhysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy 11 years prior to presentation. She also had hypothyroidism managed with a stable dose of levothyroxine 50 g daily.On presentation to the endocrinology clinic, her vital signs were stable. Neurological examination confirmed bilateral temporal hemianopia, consistent with her history.

Anterior pituitary hormone evaluation on presentation revealed elevated FSH and low LH(Table 1). The remaining labs were unremarkable.Based on the elevated FSH and history of recurrent ovarian cysts, it was determined that the mass identified on MRI was likely a true FSH secretory adenoma. Given the tumor size, mass effect, and lack of effective medical management, the patient was referred for surgery.A repeat MRI of the brain was obtained for surgical planning which confirmed the presence of a 4.1 x 3.6 x 3.9 cm mass extending into the sphenoid sinuses and pterygoid recess(Figures 1A, 1B). The patient underwent surgical debulking of the tumor by transsphenoidal resection two months following presentation, and histopathological examination confirmed FSH immunoreactive adenoma. Postoperatively, she was treated with hydrocortisone 30 mg daily, divided into a 20 mg and 10 mg dose, which was gradually tapered to discontinuation. A repeat pituitary panel following resection revealed a lowFSH (2.55 mIU/mL) and LH level (0.75mIU/mL), indicating resolution of the FSH hypersecretion(Table 1).The patient had an uncomplicated hospital course and was discharged home three days aftersurgery. On follow-up two weeks after discharge, she reported a subjective improvement of 30% in her vision. At the three-month follow-up, she did not have further improvement in her visual symptoms and MRI confirmed gross total resection of the tumor with postsurgical changes(Figures 2A, 2B).Unfortunately, the patient was lost to follow-up afterward.

The incidence of pituitary adenomas is between 3.9 and 7.4 cases per 100,000 per year, and these tumors most commonly arise from gonadotroph cells, which account for 15%-40% [1,4]. These adenomas are generally nonfunctioning clinically but can cause headaches, visual disturbances, and hypopituitarism due to the mass effect [2]. In contrast, clinically functioning pituitary adenomas are extremely rare, accounting for less than 1% of all pituitary adenomas [1]. Functional gonadotroph adenomas (FGAs) can present in various ways depending on the patient, although many patients are asymptomatic [5]. Women often present with menstrual irregularities, and younger children may experience precocious puberty [2]. The excess secretion of FSH by a gonadotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma has also been associated with gonadal stimulation and OHSS in women of childbearing age [2].

OHSS itself is most often an iatrogenic complication of assisted reproductive techniques and results in enlarged ovaries with multiseptated cysts significantly larger than those found in polycystic ovary syndrome [2,3]. The pathogenesis is thought to be related to the ovarian response to FSH stimuli [3]. Conversely, patients who experience spontaneous OHSS should undergo further evaluation for an FGA [6].

In this case, the patients visual difficulties necessitated imaging, which identified the pituitary mass before any labs were obtained. However, in the absence of symptoms of mass effect, an elevated ratio of FSH to LH should raise suspicion for OHSS secondary to a pituitary adenoma, as FSH hypersecretion ultimately limits LH secretion via negative feedback [2]. In addition to elevated estradiol, most cases have a mild elevation of the prolactin level, likely due to pituitary stalk compression [2]. Our patient is unique as the diagnosis was likely missed in early reproductive age. She had the clinical characteristic including elevated FSHand low LH with a history of recurrent ovarian cysts further in addition to the adenoma seen on MRI. All of this indicates that the adenoma was not only functional but also symptomatic. It is also important to mention the difference between polycystic ovarian syndrome and OHSS as causes of ovarian cysts and we described the major clinic differences inTable 2as it could sometimes lead to misdiagnosis of the patients [7,8].

FGAs are generally treated with transsphenoidal resection of the tumor, which normalizes hormone levels, leads to regression of ovarian cysts, restores regular menses, and improves fertility [2]. For scenarios where surgical resection is difficult or contraindicated, medical therapy involves dopamine agonists, such as cabergoline [2]. These agents can reduce levels of FSH and estradiol and reduce the ovarian sizebut do not address the issue of tumor burden and mass effect [2]. Radiotherapy or radiosurgery may be also considered for residual tumors [1].

Clinicians should have a high degree of suspicion for FSH-secreting pituitary adenoma while evaluating patients with multiple ovarian cysts who do not meet the criteria for PCOS especially if these patients are not undergoing any treatment with assisted reproductive technology. Early evaluation and diagnosis of the functional FSH-secreting pituitary adenomacould lead to the preservation offertility and prevent patients from undergoing repeated surgeries for ovarian cyst removals and/or hysterectomy.

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A Case of Undiagnosed Functional Gonadotroph Adenoma Leading to Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome - Cureus

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Sometimes there are no words to take away her sons pain.

So Marie wraps her arms around her child and cries with him.

A few times a week, the 11-year-old breaks down, overwhelmed with the adversity he faces as a transgender boy. His peers, his mother said, have called him gross, stupid and a pervert.

The Penobscot County fifth-grader also suffers from gender dysphoria, a psychological condition that causes distress for those whose gender identity does not match their birth-assigned sex.

He despises the feminine body he sees when he looks in the mirror. He has pulled his hair out, cut himself and banged his head against the wall.

Its heartbreaking, his mother said. I validate him as much as I can, so that he knows at the end of the day that its not about him. He is not whats wrong.

Fred J. Field

/

For The Maine Monitor

A study recently released by the Williams Institute at UCLA estimated there were 5,900 adults 18 and older in Maine and 1,200 children aged 13-17 who identified as transgender.

The states transgender adolescents, according to the 2019 Maine Integrated Youth Health Survey, were twice as likely to have been bullied at school and four times as likely to have been threatened or injured with a weapon. Half of them had considered suicide compared to 15 percent of their non-transgender peers.

It can be really scary and isolating coming out, said Aiden Campbell, a transgender male who works at OUT Maine, an LBGTQ advocacy organization.

Living as a transgender youth in a largely rural state can be especially difficult. Medical and mental health resources are hard to come by, and growing up as a trans kid in a small town or school can be lonely and heartbreaking.

They may be the only one coming out in their school or town, said Campbell, who endured bullying before he transitioned and became the sole transgender student at Cony High in Augusta.

Campbell tried to end his life in 2012, believing he would never be loved or accepted.

I know what it feels like to be in a dark place and feel really lonely, he said. But kids shouldnt think suicide is the answer they have to turn to because they dont feel accepted.

Along with the struggle to fit in at school, at home or in their community, Maine transgender youths and their families are reeling from the heavy number of political attacks nationally.

More than 100 bills targeting transgender people have been proposed in other state legislatures since 2020, according to the American Civil Liberties Union. The bills include banning transgender students from playing girls or womens sports, using bathrooms that match their gender identity and criminalizing gender-affirming treatment for children.

Maines legislature has defeated proposed anti-trans laws in recent years, but the states Republican party amended its platform during its April convention to call for a ban on discussing transgender identity in schools. Former Republican Gov. Paul LePage, who is running for re-election, has supported laws restricting transgender rights.

Though Democratic Gov. Janet Mills has a history of voting for LBGTQ rights, advocates recently criticized her for removing a teacher-made video from the Maine Department of Educations website that discussed gender identity and same-sex relationships and was intended for kindergarten students. After the video was used in a Republican attack ad, Mills and the DOE eliminated it from the state website, saying the lesson plan was not age-appropriate for kindergartners.

The push to ban discussions about LBGTQ students in the classroom and to restrict their rights and medical treatment, frightens Marie, who is being identified by her middle name to protect her sons privacy.

I have a lot of feelings and fears about these laws, she said. To not get my son treatment is criminal. There is substantially higher risk of him committing suicide if he doesnt get help. And I will do anything I can to make sure that doesnt happen.

When parents like Marie seek resources for their children, they often turn to advocacy groups like Maine Transgender Network or OUT Maine, which offer online support groups, workshops and links to medical and mental health professionals.

Medical care is typically provided at the states two pediatric gender clinics, in Portland and Bangor. The Gender Clinic at Barbara Bush Childrens Hospital at Maine Medical Center opened in 2015 because of a growing need to treat adolescents who had to travel out of state for services. The clinic has 1,000 patients ranging in age from 3 to 25 from Maine and New Hampshire, said the clinic program manager, Brandy Brown.

While most of the patients are between ages 14 and 19, there are some who are pre-kindergarten or in grade school.

With most of our young patients, the parents have a lot of questions, Brown said. Theyre here for support and guidance.

Younger pre-teen patients, Brown said, are generally exploring their gender with social transitions such as wearing clothes that may not align with their birth-assigned sex. Sometimes they also choose to rename themselves.

In the third grade, Maries son began altering his appearance to diminish his female characteristics.

He had these long waist-length curls and he shaved one side, Marie said. And then he slowly worked up (his head) until all of the sides were shaved and he just had a bit of hair on top.

At age 9, he told his mother, I think Im a boy.

The dark-haired, sensitive child did not waver in his chosen identity, Marie said. He changed his name and appearance in the spring of 2020 when his school went to remote learning during the pandemic. When he began attending a new school in the fourth grade in the fall, he dressed in baggy pants and shirts. His classmates, his mother said, accepted him as a boy.

Most of the kids in the class were new to him, said Marie. At that time the transition was pretty easy.

But a few students who knew him before began teasing him, Marie said. Others in the class also taunted him after her son explained, I was born a girl but now Im a boy.

It was a constant barrage, Marie said. Hes got a shaky self-esteem so if he is having a bad day, hes taking it out on himself.

His emotions, Marie said, pour out in a stream of self-hate.

Im ugly, he tells his mother. Im fat. Im stupid. Im not good enough. Nobody loves me. I wish I was dead.

He also continued to hurt himself, Marie said, cutting and scratching his arms until he left scars.

Fred J. Field

/

For The Maine Monitor

Marie sought help for her son at Northern Light Eastern Maine Medical Center Gender Clinic in Bangor, which opened in 2017 and currently has 200 patients. The clinics psychologist and endocrinologist a doctor who specializes in the bodys glands and the hormones they make evaluated Maries 11-year-old child and determined he had gender dysphoria.

While not all clinic patients receive medical treatment, doctors prescribed puberty blockers for Maries son, she said, to ease his distress. The medication suppresses hormones that would cause changes like breast development and menstruation.

He is very conscious of how his body looks and cries at the sight of it, Marie said. He wears these oversized T-shirts and loose baggy clothing to try and hide it. We were fortunate that he could start treatment before his puberty progressed.

Puberty blockers, explained Dr. Mahmuda Ahmed, the Bangor clinics lead pediatric endocrinologist, delay puberty and give children time to see if their gender identity is long lasting. The medication, Ahmed added, is also given to non-transgender youth experiencing early or precocious puberty.

The World Professional Association for Transgender Health supports the use of puberty blockers, and the countrys top medical associations, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association and the American Psychiatric Association, also endorse some forms of treatment for transgender youth.

When it comes to puberty blockers, though, critics argue more research is needed to understand the medications effect on a patients fertility and bone density.

Once the blockers are stopped, an adolescents body begins to produce hormones again. Pausing the production of estrogen and testosterone hormones provides relief to children whose biological bodies do not align with their gender identity, said Dr. Anna Mayo, a psychologist who evaluates patients at the Bangor clinic.

All of a sudden your body is changing in ways that dont match your identity and that can be a really distressing time in a childs life, said Mayo.

When a transgender child does not receive treatment and undergoes puberty that conflicts with their identity, the results can be dire, said Susan Maasch, director of Trans Youth Equality Foundation, a Portland-based nonprofit that provides education and support for transgender youth and their families.

Kids begin to give up hope, Maasch said. They become destructive, do badly in school. Inevitably they fall into a deep dark place and need mental health services, or worse and they take their own life.

Gender-affirming care for adolescents is controversial in many states, and conservative groups like the Christian Civic League of Maine assert that such medical treatment harms youth. But Ahmed points to several studies, including a recent report published in the Journal of Adolescent Health, which found treatment of patients with forms of gender dysphoria lowered moderate or severe depression and decreased suicidal thoughts and attempts.

Often, doctors say, families have questions about medical research on transgender youth and are hesitant to seek treatment that will change their childs appearance. Sometimes children alternate between divorced parents who disagree on care or social transitioning a child with clothing and name changes.

The kids are stuck in the middle suffering, said Maasch. I have one child now where the mother accepts her (as a transgender girl) and the dad doesnt. Besides suffering depression, a kid who shows up to school one day dressed as a boy and then later dressed as a girl is more vulnerable and more likely to be harassed.

Fred J. Field

/

For The Maine Monitor

Maine and most states do not have laws governing transgender pediatric care. Maines gender clinics follow the World Professional Association for Transgender Health guidelines. Depending on what provider they see, a youth can receive puberty blockers with only one parents consent. But surgery to alter a childs body or hormone replacement therapy which can feminize or masculinize an adolescents secondary sexual characteristics like facial hair and breast formation requires both parents permission.

In recent years, gender-affirming care for adolescents has become a controversial issue. As of March, according to the Williams Institute, 15 states have restricted access to treatment or are proposing laws to do so. Some of the bills criminalize medical care, and impose penalties on healthcare providers and families if they access puberty blockers, hormone therapy or surgery for a transgender child.

Concerned about the political battle over medical treatment for transgender minors, the AMA has urged governors to veto legislation that would prohibit care, saying it is a dangerous intrusion into the practice of medicine.

Forgoing gender-affirming care, the AMA wrote in a 2021 letter to the National Governors Association, can have tragic health consequences, both mental and physical.

Laws to criminalize care for transgender minors disturbs Marie, but it is not a topic she discusses with her son, knowing it will upset him.

We dont talk about whats going on in Texas (and other states) right now because I have a lot of feelings about it and a lot of fear, Marie said.

Though Marie has primary custody of her son, her ex-husband, she said, does not support gender-affirming care and continues to call their child by his feminine birth name. The slight, referred to as dead-naming among transgender people, is painful, explained Marie son, who has chosen the new middle name Lion to represent his courage.

You just try to keep telling yourself that you know who you are, said Lion. I try to talk to my dad about it, but it just escalates and gets into a fight.

When his father calls him by his birth name or refers to Lion as she or her, the fifth-grader tries to not let the pain affect him.

I try to stick up for myself, he said. I try to be like Batman or the Green Lantern, tough like them.

Last Christmas, Lions father wrote both his feminine birth name and his new masculine chosen name on gift tags for his presents. The gesture gave Lion hope.

Maybe things will get better, he said.

A child caught in the middle of a familys polarizing views frequently experiences trauma, said Carmen Leighton, a mental health counselor who specializes in treating LBGTQ youth.

Often we see a divide in the family, which can be very destructive, said Leighton, a therapist at Higher Ground Services in Brewer. And every time it falls on a trans kid who feels like, I know that this is my truth, my identity, but its causing all of this conflict, so its my fault.

Parents often wrestle with fear and grief, Leighton said, when they try to understand why their childs birth sex does not align with their chosen identity.

Its the fear of the unknown and its the grief of I birthed this person and gave them this name, Leighton said. And then this grief that Im losing my daughter or Im losing my son and theyre becoming someone that I may not recognize anymore.

Fred J. Field

/

For The Maine Monitor

As transgender children become teenagers, they tend to arrive at the Portland clinic with more complex problems and needs, said Erin Belfort, a child and adolescent psychiatrist. Roughly 65 percent of the youth referred to Belfort have a mental health diagnosis such as depression, anxiety or thoughts of suicide. Some have been hospitalized after suicide attempts.

Trying to navigate adolescence is hard enough, Belfort said. But trying to do so in a world that doesnt see you as you see yourself, especially if you dont have support at home, is incredibly stressful and traumatizing for kids.

Belfort sees youths from every Maine county, including the states rural pockets, where kids may struggle to find acceptance.

Though Maines non-discrimination laws protect all students to ensure they learn in a safe environment, transgender youths experiences vary depending on which schools they attend, Belfort said.

Kids who go to arts academies feel like they have great community and people really celebrate their identities, Belfort said. Then I have kids too who dont feel safe going to school with other students who are wearing (Make America Great Again) hats and driving their pickup trucks with a shotgun in the back.

While schools try to prevent bullying and harassment, it still happens, Belfort said.

The lack of mental health services throughout Maine and especially in rural areas makes it difficult for families to get their children help if they are feeling isolated or rejected.

After an initial evaluation, Belfort and doctors at the Bangor clinic refer patients to mental health providers in the community. But wait lists are long, especially in counties like Washington, Franklin and Piscataquis.

One of our primary challenges is finding mental health clinics, said Dr. Mayo, of the Bangor clinic. We have patients waiting more than six months to find providers.

Marie feels fortunate she was able to get her son treatment for his gender dysphoria. She is also grateful that Lions counselor is trained in the specific needs and trauma of transgender youth.

Its so hard to find trans competent care and people that really understand these kids, Marie said.

Fred J. Field

/

For The Maine Monitor

Lion will likely continue taking puberty blockers until he turns 15, Marie said. Then it is unclear whether he will be able to receive hormone therapy to further transition his body.

If his father does not consent, Lion must wait until turning 18.

For now, hes grateful that the medication is giving him the chance to be a regular boy who loves baseball and likes to draw.

Asked to describe himself, he quickly answers, Im smart, brave and competitive, yeah, and kind.

The 11-year-old wishes people would just stop being mean to him and others who are different.

I want acceptance for me and for everybody, he said. Like racism, too. I wish it would all stop.

This series was financially supported by The Bingham Program and the Margaret E. Burnham Charitable Trust. We encourage you to share your thoughts on this series by visiting this page.

This story was originally published byThe Maine Monitor.The Maine Monitor is a local journalism product published by The Maine Center for Public Interest Reporting, a nonpartisan and nonprofit civic news organization.

Gender Dysphoria: Mayo Clinic says gender dysphoria is the feeling of discomfort or distress that might occur in people whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth or sex-related physical characteristics. Transgender and gender-diverse people might experience gender dysphoria at some point in their lives. However, some transgender and gender-diverse people feel at ease with their bodies, with or without medical intervention. The American Psychiatric Associations Psychiatry.org says gender dysphoria is clinically significant distress or impairment related to a strong desire to be of another gender, which may include desire to change primary and/or secondary sex characteristics. Not all transgender or gender diverse people experience dysphoria.

Transgender: the Mayo Clinic says transgender is an umbrella term used to capture the spectrum of gender identity and gender-expression diversity. Gender identity is the internal sense of being male, female, neither or both. Similarly, The American Psychiatric Association says transgender is An umbrella term describing individuals whose gender identity does not align in a traditional sense with the gender they were assigned at birth. GLAAD (formerly known as the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) describes transgender as An adjective to describe people whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. It is important to note that being transgender is not dependent upon physical appearance or medical procedures.

Transgender man: GLAAD says a man who was assigned female at birth may use this term to describe himself. Some may prefer to simply be called men, without any modifier. Use the term the person uses to describe their gender.

Read this article:
The Journey To Be Me: The heartbreak, hope and courage of a Maine transgender child - Maine Public

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

If you stopped breastfeeding (chestfeeding), it may not be too late to try again. Thats true even if youve avoided breastfeeding completely and have never done it. The challenging process of relactation can take weeks or even months to produce milk. But if youre interested in giving it another go, the process of relactating is both possible and beneficial for your babys health.

Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services.Policy

Pediatrician and breastfeeding medicine specialist Heidi Szugye, DO, IBCLC, shares why you may want to try relactation and how you can make that process easier with a few simple tips.

During relactation, you train your body to produce milk after not lactating for a period of time. Its possible to relactate if you havent produced breast milk in weeks, months or even years. And while some may think relactation is a modern concept, the practice has been around for hundreds of years. During natural disasters, emergencies or when mothers died during childbirth, it was often customary for other mothers to step in and help.

Interest in relactation has peaked since the recent infant formula shortage, and although its been around for years, Dr. Szugye is quick to point out that relactation has its challenges.

People either underestimate or overestimate the time and effort it takes to relactate, says Dr. Szugye. Some people think the process is easier than it actually is, but it doesnt just happen overnight. Its not impossible, but it takes a lot of time, effort and support.

If you choose not to breastfeed your infant and you dont stimulate your breasts after your baby is born, your breast milk will dry up typically 14 to 21 days after delivery.

You need that suckling or stimulation of the breast to tell the body to continue to make more milk. The emptying of the breasts themselves tells your body to make more, explains Dr. Szugye.

When that milk is left alone in your breasts, a specific protein builds up and acts as an inhibitor causing breast milk production to stop. Fortunately, you may be able to restart breast milk production later on when you feel the time is right.

Parents may stop initial breastfeeding for a variety of reasons. If mom is in the ICU or having medical issues after birth, breastfeeding may be more difficult. Some parents who experience postpartum depression may initially be overwhelmed by breastfeeding challenges but, once treated, find they want to try again. Parents who have to return to work sooner than later may also find breastfeeding difficult when they have to go back to the office. Lastly, if your baby is born prematurely or is sick and needs surgery after delivery, it may be hard to directly breastfeed initially.

Mothers who didnt breastfeed initially may change their minds down the line and want to breastfeed their baby or provide their baby with breast milk, says Dr. Szugye. There are also more unique situations, too, where maybe a mom had a biological child they breastfed previously but now they want to breastfeed an adopted child, so they desire to relactate.

Before you begin relactation, its important to set goals and expectations and to recognize that it takes a lot of patience and support. Dr. Szugye advises seeing a lactation consultant or breastfeeding medicine specialist to understand why you stopped breastfeeding and help you with the process of relactation.

If you faced challenges with breastfeeding initially and that led you to stop breastfeeding, these challenges may resurface when you try to relactate, says Dr. Szugye. For example, if you had an issue with the baby latching onto your breast or producing enough breast milk, those issues may happen again, so we want to make sure we can support you and work through those challenges and troubleshoot.

To reproduce milk, your breasts need to be stimulated and your body needs to know youre removing milk so that it can produce more. You can do this with a number of techniques.

You can begin trying to relactate with your baby directly, but if they have trouble latching onto your breast or theyre a bit older, this may be difficult to do. You never want to force your baby to feed because this can backfire and turn them away from wanting to suckle. Plus, you wont produce milk right away, so this process will take time and require your continued use of formula or donor milk until you begin milk production.

You cant go cold turkey from feeding a baby formula to putting them to the breast. Youre not going to be producing enough for the baby, from a nutritional standpoint, right away, notes Dr. Szugye.

To increase your babys ability to latch onto your breast and begin suckling, you can do the following:

To provide additional nutrition, you can supplement with a bottle, tube and syringe, or use a supplemental nursing system that has a tube connected to a bag of formula or donor milk. You can wear this tube like a necklace or attach it to your breast so your baby gets used to the act of suckling for milk in the right location.

In addition, you may want to try hand-expressing milk from your breasts. You can do this by making a C-hold with your thumb and index finger and compressing your breast from behind the nipple to simulate what a baby would do when suckling.

Once you begin producing milk, you can then turn to a pump to handle larger volumes, or use both simultaneously.

It can become a little tedious to hand express when you start getting bigger volumes of breast milk, but you can combine hand expression with pumping or hands-on pumping, says Dr. Szugye.

Relactation doesnt happen overnight. Youll need to stimulate your breasts for 10 to 15 minutes on each side at least eight to 10 times every day. At least one of these sessions should be done at night or early morning when prolactin, the hormone that helps with milk production, is at its highest.

It takes weeks or months to build up a supply, says Dr. Szugye. Sometimes, it can take weeks just to get drops of milk.

This can sound discouraging and feel daunting, especially given the daily requirements. If youre able to stick with it, in most cases, youll start getting drops of milk after two to four weeks.

Youll want to work with a lactation consultant and pediatrician to keep an eye on your babys weight and growth during this period. Youll also need to supplement the lack of breast milk with formula or donor milk until youre able to produce enough milk on your own. In some cases, your doctor may recommend medications or supplements to help with milk production.

While relactating, youll want to focus on getting enough sleep, staying hydrated and reducing stress as much as possible because all of these things can affect milk production. If youre able to get additional help around the house during this time, that can also be beneficial.

Its almost like having a newborn all over again, says Dr. Szugye.

Here are some additional resources that can be helpful when considering relactation:

See the original post here:
How To Reintroduce Lactation After Stopping Breastfeeding - Health Essentials from Cleveland Clinic

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith