Lakhaanantakun, A. 1992. The effects of triploidy on survival rate, growth rate and feed conversation ratio of walking catfish (Clarias macrocephalus Gunther). M.Sc. Thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 74 pp.

LaPatra, S.E., Lauda, K.A., Jones, G.R., Shewmaker, W.D., Groff, J.M. & Routledoe, D. 1996. Susceptibility and humoral response of brown trout x lake trout hybrids to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: a model for examining disease resistance mechanisms. Aquaculture, 146: 179-188.

LaPatra, S.E., Parsons, J.E., Jones, G.R. & McRoberts, W.O. 1993. Early life stage survival and susceptibility of brook trout, coho salmon, and rainbow trout x brook trout or coho salmon hybrids to IHN. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, 5: 270-264.

Lee, W.J. & Kocher, T.D. 1996. Microsatellite DNA markers for genetic mapping in Oreochromis niloticus. J. Fish Biol. 49: 169-171. Leeprasert, K. 1987. Genetic parameters of some quantitative traits in Pangasius sutchi Fowler. M.Sc. Thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 75 pp.

Lester, L.J., Lawson, K.S., Abella, T.A. & Palada, M.S. 1989. Estimated heritability of sex ratio and sexual dimorphism in tilapia. Aquacult. Fish. Manage. 20: 369-380.

Li, Y, Wilson, K.J., Byrne, K., Whan, V., Iglesis, D., Lehnert, S.A., Swan, J., Ballment, B., Fayazi, Z., Kenway, M., Benzie, J., Pongsomboon, S., Tassanakajon, A. & Moore, S.S. 2000. International collaboration on genetic maping of the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon: progress update. Plant and Animal Genome VIII, p. 8. San Diego, January 9-12, 2000.

Lim, C., Leamaster, B. & Brock, J.A. 1993. Riboflavin requirement of fingerling red hybrid tilapia grown in seawater. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 24: 451-458.

Linhart, O., Flajshans, M., Gela, D., Duda, P., Slechta, V. & Slechtova, V. 1998. Breeding programme of common carp in the Czech Republic. XVIII-th Genetic Days, Ceske Budejovice.

Liu, Q., Goudi, C.A., Simco, B.A., Davis, K.B. & Morizot, D.C. 1992. Gene-centromere mapping of six enzyme loci in aynogenctic channel catfish. J. Hered. 83: 245-248.

Liu, Z.J. & Dunham, R.A. 1998. Genetic linkage and QTL mapping of ictalurid catfish. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Circ. Bull. 321: 1-19.

Liu, Z.J., Li, P., Argue, B. & Dunham, R.A.1998a. Inheritance of RAPD markers in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), blue catfish (I. furcatus) and their Fl, F2 and backcross hybrids. Anim. Genet. 29: 58-62.

Liu, Z.J., Nichols, A., Li, P. & Dunham, R.A. 1998b. Inheritance and usefulness of AFLP markers in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), blue catfish (I. furcatus) and their Fl, F2 and backcross hybrids. Mol. Gen. Genet. 258: 260-268.

Liu, Z.J., Li, P., Argue, B.P. & Dunham, R.A. 1999a. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers: usefulness for gene mapping and analysis of genetic variation of catfish. Aquaculture, 174: 59-68.

Liu, Z.J., Li, P., Kucuktas, H., Nichols, A., Tan, G., Zheng, X., Argue, B.J., Yant, R. & Dunham, R.A. 1999b. Development of AFLP markers for genetic linkage mapping analysis using channel catfish and blue catfish interspecific hybrids. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 128: 317-327.

Liu, Z.J., Tan, G., Kucuktas, H., Li, P., Karsi, A., Yant, D.R. & Dunham, R.A. 1999c. High levels of conservation at microsatellite loci among ictalurid catfishes. J. Hered. 90: 307-312.

Liu, Z.J., Tan, G., Li, P. & Dunham, R.A. 1999d. Transcribed dinucleotide microsatellites and their associated genes from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 259: 190-194.

Liu, Z.J., Karsi, A. & Dunham, R.A. (in press) Development of polymorphic EST markers suitable for genetic linkage mapping of catfish. Mar. Biotechnol.

Macaranas, J.M., Taniguchi, N., Pante, M.J.R., Capili, J.B. & Pullin, R.S.V. 1986. Electrophoretic evidence for extensive hybrid gene introgression into commercial Oreochromis niloticus (L.) stocks in the Philippines. Aquacult. Fish. Manage. 17: 249-258.

Mahapatra, K.D., Meher, P.K., Saha, J.N., Gjerde, B., Reddy, P.V.G.K., Jana, R.K., Sahoo, M. & Rye, M. 2000. Selection response of rohu, Labeo rohita, for two generations of selective breeding. The Fifth Indian Fisheries Forum, 17-20 January, 2000, Abstracts.

Mair, G.C., Abucay, J.S., Beardmore, J.A. & Skibinski, D.O.F. 1995. Growth performance trials of genetically male tilapia (GMT) derived from YY males in Oreochromis niloticus L.: on-station comparisons with mixed sex and sex reversed male populations. Aquaculture, 137: 313-322.

Mair, G.C., Scott, A.G., Penman, D.J., Skibinski, D.O.F. & Beardmore, J.A. 1991. Sex determination in Oreochromis. I. Gynogenesis, triploidy and sex reversal in Oreochromis niloticus. Theor. Appl. Genet. 82: 144-152.

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Review of the Status of Aquaculture Genetics

Recommendation and review posted by simmons

1. See generally Plomin Robert, et al. Behavioral Genetics. 4th ed. 72-92. 2001. (reviewing basic structure of adoption and twin designs); Baker Laura A. Methods for Understanding Genetic and Environmental Influences in Normal and Abnormal Personality. In: Strack S, editor. Differentiating Normal and Abnormal Personality. 2006. (in press) (reviewing the major classical genetic designs as well as their assumptions, strengths, and weaknesses).

2. Genes do not always act in a dominant or recessive fashion (such that one gene masks the effects of another gene). Instead, each gene at a given locus may contribute additively to the phenotype. Even when dominant genes are involved, however, additive effects can appear.

3. Quantitative traits are those that exist on a continuum, such as height, weight, extraversion, or general intelligence; qualitative traits are usually all or nothing phenomena such as disease status, eye color, criminal convictions. The term complex is often used synonymously with quantitative.

4. See generally Sham Pak. Recent Developments in Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis. In: Plomin Robert, et al., editors. Behavioral Genetics IN THE Postgenomic Era. Vol. 41 2003.

5. Id.

6. An allele is a variation of a particular gene at a given locus. Genotype refers to the combination of alleles at a given locus, or more generally to a combination of alleles at two or more loci.

7. See infra Part IV.B.

9. Id.

10. Id.

11. Id.

12. Id.

13. For example, official criminal records represent clear violations of legal norms, but they may be incomplete to the extent that undetected crimes may exist. Self-reported antisocial behavior may be used to assess a broader range of behaviors, including both detected and undetected criminal activity as well as less serious, noncriminal antisocial behavior, but such self-reports will be influenced by the respondent's dishonesty. Parental ratings of antisocial behavior in young children reflect perhaps the most intimate knowledge of the children's behavior (apart from that of the children themselves); however, parents may be unable to judge the child's motivations (such as whether aggressive behavior may be proactive or the result of provocation), and parents have limited observations of the child's behavior outside of the home. Teacher reports provide useful information about school-related behaviors, but these may also lack information about the child's motivations and may not adequately distinguish between victims and perpetrators during conflicts among children.

14. See Rhee & Waldman, supra note 8, at 515.

15. Id. at 514.

16. Id.

17. Id.

18. Id.

19. Id. at 512-14.

20. Id. at 512-13.

21. Id. at 512-14.

22. Id. at 495.

23. Baker Laura A., et al. Genetic and Environmental Bases of Antisocial Behavior in Children. unpublished manuscript, on file with Law and Contemporary Problems.

24. Id.

25. Id.

26. Id.

27. Id. Compare Rhee & Waldman, supra note 8, at 516-17, 522.

28. See, e.g., Rhee & Waldman, supra note 8.

29. Id.

31. See, e.g. , Dilalla Lisabeth Fisher, Gottesman Irving I. Heterogeneity of Causes for Delinquency and Criminality: Lifespan Perspectives. 1 Dev. & Psychopathology. 1990;339

32. Rhee & Waldman, supra note 8, at 494.

37. See, e.g ., Torgersen S, et al. The Psychometric-Genetic Structure of DSM-III-R Personality Disorder Criteria. 7 J. Personality Disorders. 1993;196

38. See Cloninger CR, Gottesman II. Genetic and Environmental Factors in Antisocial Behavior Disorders. In: Mednick SA, et al., editors. The Causes of Crime: New Biological Approaches. Vol. 92. 1987. pp. 96100.

40. Hutchins & Mednick, supra note 36.

41. Wilson James Q., Herrnstein Richard J. Crime and Human Nature. 1985:10412.;cf. Hyde Janet S. How Large Are Gender Differences in Aggression? A Developmental Analysis. 20 Developmental Psychol. 1984;722 (discussing gender variation in aggression).

42. See Rhee & Waldman, supra note 8, at 494 (noting that genetic effects on antisocial behavior are equal between the sexes, but that genetic effects on aggression are not equal).

43. See Cloninger & Gottesman, supra note 38.

44. Rhee & Waldman, supra note 8.

45. Cloninger & Gottesman, supra note 38.

46. Baker et al., supra note 23.

47. Baker Laura A., Raine Adrian. The Delinquency Interview for Children (DI-C): A Self-report Measure of Antisocial Behavior. 2005 unpublished manuscript, on file with Law and Contemporary Problems.

48. Id.

49. Id.

50. Raine Adrian, et al. Biological Risk Factors for Antisocial and Criminal Behavior. In: Raine Adrian., editor. Crime and schizophrenia: Causes and Cures. forthcoming.

51. Baker & Raine, supra note 47.

52. Rhee & Waldman, supra note 8.

53. Baker & Raine, supra note 47.

54. See infra Part V.A.

60. Robert Cloninger C, et al. Epidemiology and Axis I Comorbidity of Antisocial Personality. In: Stoff David M., et al., editors. Handbook of Antisocial Behavior. Vol. 12 1997.

61. Robins Lee N. Deviant Children Grown Up: A Sociological and Psychiatric Study of Sociopathic Personality. 1966

62. See Robins Lee N., et al. Antisocial Personality. In: Robins Lee N., Regier Darrel A., editors. Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemilogic Catchment Area Study. Vol. 258. 1991. p. 264. (describing the common remission of the disorder as the individual advances into adulthood).

63. Id. at 25960.

64. Id. at 260.

65. Id.

66. van den Bree Marian B.M., et al. Antisocial Personality and Drug Use DisordersAre They Genetically Related? In: Fishbein Diane H., editor. The Science, Treatment, and Prevention of Antisocial Behaviors: Application to the Criminal Justice System. 8-1. 2000. pp. 8-18-2.

67. Robins et al, supra note 62, at 271.

68. Cloninger & Gottesman, supra note 38.

69. Van den Bree et al., supra note 66, at 8-6.

70. Id.

72. American Psychological Ass'n . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Vol. 85. 1994.

74. Id.

76. Robins, supra note 61, at 141-42.

79. See Robins, supra note 61, at 163-66.

80. See, e.g., Lahey & Loeber, supra note 77.

81. Scourfield et al., supra note 71, at 489.

83. Gelhorn et al., supra note 73, at 588. Thapar et al., supra note 82, at 226. Cadoret et al., supra note 34.

84. Scourfield et al., supra note 71, at 494. Eaves et al., supra note 57, at 973.

86. Id.

87. Id., at 352.

88. Coolidge et al., supra note 82, at 282 tbl.4 (finding a heritability estimate of 0.61); Eaves et al., supra note 57, at 974 tbl.3 (finding heritability of fourteen percent for girls as measured by their fathers' responses to questionnaires and heritability of sixty-five percent for boys as measured from interviews with their fathers).

89. Goldman David, Fishbein Diana H. Genetic Bases for Impulsive and Antisocial Behaviors Can Their Course Be Altered? The Science, Treatment, and Prevention of Antisocial Behaviors: Application to the Criminal Justice System , supra note 70, at 9-1, 9-2.

91. Goldman & Fishbein, supra note 89, at 9-6.

94. Coccarro et al., supra note 90 at 234-35.

95. Goldman & Fishbein, supra note 89, at 9-6.

96. Coccarro et al., supra note 90 at 234-35.

98. Goldman & Fishbein, supra note 89, at 9-2.

100. Thapar et al., supra note 99 at 105.

102. See Lahey Benjamin, Loeber Rolf. Handbook of Antisocial Behavior. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Adult Antisocial Behavior: A Life Span Perspective. supra note 60, at 51.

105. Thapar et al., supra note 99, at 109; Barkley, supra note 99.

106. Barkley Russell A. ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control. 1997:3741.

107. Thapar et al., supra note 99, at 106-09. Indeed, first-degree relatives of male probands were five times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than relatives of the normal controls.

110. Thapar et al., supra note 99, at 107.

113. See, e.g., Levy et al., supra note 109. Sherman et al., supra note 109. Silberg et al., supra note 111.

115. Barkley, supra note 99, at 4041.

118. Coolidge et al., supra note 82.

120. See id. at 58-65.

122. Coolidge et al., supra note 117.

123. Id.

124. See Raine Adrian. The Psychopathology of Crime: Criminal Behavior as Clinical Disorder. 1993:21516.

125. Coolidge et al., supra note 82, at 275. See generally American Psychological Ass'n, supra note 72.

126. Coolidge et al., supra note 82, at 275.

127. Id.

128. Alcohol use is presumed to contribute to violence because of the pharmacological properties of the drug, as well as expectancies and societal norms surrounding these aspects. See generally White Helene Raskin. Alcohol, Illicit Drugs, and Violence. Handbook of Antisocial Behavior , supra note 60, at 511.

129. White, supra note 128.

130. Id. at 512.

132. Id.

135. Hicks et al., supra note 131, at 923. Kendler et al., supra note 134. Krueger et al., supra note 134. Jacobson et al., supra note 134.

136. See, e.g., Hicks et al., supra note 131, at 923. Kendler et al., supra note 134, at 92930. Krueger et al., supra note 134, at 41113. Jacobson et al., supra note 134.

137. See, e.g., Hicks et al., supra note 131, at 923.

138. Id. at 92427.

141. Falconer DS, Mackay Trudy F.C. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. 4th ed. 1996. pp. 31213.

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BEHAVIORAL GENETICS: THE SCIENCE OF ... - PubMed Central (PMC)

Recommendation and review posted by simmons

Progress in basic research, starting with the work on neural stem cells in the middle 1990's to embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells at present, will lead the cell therapy (regenerative medicine) of various organs, including the central nervous system to a big medical field in the future. The author's group transplanted iPS cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell sheets to the eye of a patient with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 2014 as a clinical research. Replacement of the RPE with the patient's own iPS cell-derived young healthy cell sheet will be one new radical treatment of AMD that is caused by cellular senescence of RPE cells. Since it was the first clinical study using iPS cell-derived cells, the primary endpoint was safety judged by the outcome one year after surgery. The safety of the cell sheet has been confirmed by repeated tumorigenisity tests using immunodeficient mice, as well as purity of the cells, karyotype and genetic analysis. It is, however, also necessary to prove the safety by clinical studies. Following this start, a good strategy considering cost and benefit is needed to make regenerative medicine a standard treatment in the future. Scientifically, the best choice is the autologous RPE cell sheet, but autologous cell are expensive and sheet transplantation involves a risky part of surgical procedure. We should consider human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matched allogeneic transplantation using the HLA 6 loci homozyous iPS cell stock that Prof. Yamanaka of Kyoto University is working on. As the required forms of donor cells will be different depending on types and stages of the target diseases, regenerative medicine will be accomplished in a totally different manner from the present small molecule drugs. Proof of concept (POC) of photoreceptor transplantation in mouse is close to being accomplished using iPS cell-derived photoreceptor cells. The shortest possible course for treatment is now being investigated in preclinical research. Among the mixture of rod and cone photoreceptors in the donor cells, the percentage of cone photoreceptors is still low. Donor cells with more. cone photoreceptors will be needed. If that will work well, photoreceptor transplantation will be the first example of neural network reconstruction in the central nervous system. These efforts will reach to variety of retinal cell transplantations in the future.

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[Retinal Cell Therapy Using iPS Cells].

Recommendation and review posted by sam

14th International Conference on Clinical & Experimental Cardiology is among the Worlds leading Scientific Conference. The three day event on Cardiology practices will host 60+ Scientific and technical sessions and sub-sessions on cutting edge research and latest research innovations in the field of cardiology and cardiac surgeries across the globe. This year annual Cardiology conference will comprises of 14 major sessions designed to offer comprehensive sessions that address current issues in various field of Cardiology. The attendees can find some- Exclusive Sessions and Panel discussions on latest innovations in Cardiac Surgeries and Heart Failure. This is the excellent platform to showcase the latest products and formulations in the field of Cardiology.

Theme:The Science of Heart Discovery

Scientific sessions:

Track: Clinical Cardiology

Cardiology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart be it human or animal. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists, a specialty of internal medicine. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons, a specialty of general surgery. Clinical Cardiology is an American journal about Cardiology founded in 1978. It provides a forum for the coordination of clinical research in diagnostics, cardiovascular medicine and cardiovascular surgery.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Heart Failure

Heart failure is a condition caused by the heart failing to pump enough blood around the body at the right pressure. It usually occurs because the heart muscle has become too weak or stiff to work properly. If you have heart failure, it does not mean your heart is about to stop working. It means the heart needs some support to do its job, usually in the form of medicines. Breathlessness, feeling very tired and ankle swelling is the main symptoms of heart failure. But all of these symptoms can have other causes, only some of which are serious. The symptoms of heart failure can develop quickly (acute heart failure). If this happens, you will need to be treated in hospital. But they can also develop gradually (chronic heart failure). The most common causes are heart attack, high blood pressure, cardiomyopathy (diseases of the heart muscle. Sometimes these are inherited from your family and sometimes they are caused by other things, such as viral infections).

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Heart Diseases

Heart disease include heart diseases that is any type of disorder that affects the heart. Heart disease meetings comes under cardiology conferences that comprises the heart diseases tracks that means the same as cardiac disease but not the cardiovascular diseases. This condition results from a buildup of plaque on the inside of the arteries, which reduces blood flow to the heart and increases the risk of a heart attack and other heart complications. In this sub topic Heart disease we have different types of heart diseases i.e. Coronary heart diseases, Pediatric heart diseases, Congenital Heart Diseases, myocardial infarction etc.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Obesity and Heart

People with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher are considered obese. The term obesity is used to describe the health condition of anyone significantly above his or her ideal healthy weight. Obesity increases the risk for heart disease and stroke. But it harms more than just the heart and blood vessel system. It's also a major cause of gallstones, osteoarthritis and respiratory problems. Obesity is intimately intertwined with multiple health conditions that underlie cardiovascular disease including high blood pressure, diabetes, and abnormal blood cholesterol. In addition, weight gain is a frequent consequence of heart-damaging lifestyle choices such as lack of exercise and a fat-laden diet. Obesity also can lead to heart failure. This is a serious condition in which your heart can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Cardiac Drugs

Cardiac Drugs are the drugs which are used in any way to treat conditions of the heart or the circulatory or vascular system. Many classes of cardiovascular agents are available to treat the various cardiovascular conditions. They are a complicated group of drugs with many being used for multiple heart conditions. Prescription drugs and medicines for diseases relating to the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels. In this sub topic we have Sodium, potassium, calcium channel blockers, ACE-inhibitors and Cardiac biomarkers. There are 6 associations and societies and the main association for Cardiac Therapeutic Agents in USA. 50 universities are working on Cardiac Therapeutic Agents. There are 120 Companies in USA that are making Cardiac Therapeutic Agents in Cardiology. 3new drugs were introduced in 2015. There are many types of cardiovascular drugs in the market that include Cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmic agents, antianginal agents and antihypertensive agents.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Cardiac Imaging and technology

Advances in imaging technology have sparked fundamental changes in the approach to cardiac care. One of the most accurate diagnostic techniques cardiac imaging employs new, non-invasive and minimally invasive radiology technology to produce three-dimensional images of the heart. The imaging tools help to discover medical problems that several years ago were undetectable using conventional methods of diagnosis. Cardiac imaging techniques include coronary catheterization, echocardiogram, and intravascular ultrasound.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Women & CVD

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) heart disease and stroke is the biggest killer of women globally, killing more women than all cancers, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria combined. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for women in the United States, killing 292,188 women in 2009 thats 1 in every 4 female deaths. While some women have no symptoms, others experience angina (dull, heavy to sharp chest pain or discomfort), pain in the neck/jaw/throat or pain in the upper abdomen or back. These may occur during rest, begin during physical activity, or be triggered by mental stress. Sometimes heart disease may be silent and not diagnosed until a woman experiences signs or symptoms of a heart attack, heart failure, an arrhythmia or stroke. Women with diabetes have higher CVD mortality rates than men with diabetes. Women who engage in physical activity for less than an hour per week have 1.48 times the risk of developing coronary heart disease, compared to women who do more than three hours of physical activity per week. Go Red for Women is a major international awareness campaign dedicated to the prevention, diagnosis and control of heart disease and stroke in women.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Pediatric Cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology is responsible for the diagnosis of congenital heart defects, performing diagnostic procedures such as echocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations, and for the ongoing management of the sequel of heart disease in infants, children and adolescents. The division is actively involved in research aimed at preventing both congenital and acquired heart disease in children. Finally, the division is committed to educating the next generation of physicians, and offers advanced training in pediatric cardiology.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Cardiac Nursing

Cardiac nursing is a nursing specialty that works with patients who suffer from various conditions of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac nurses help treat conditions such as unstable angina, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction and cardiac dysrhythmia under the direction of a cardiologist. Cardiac nurses perform postoperative care on a surgical unit, stress test evaluations, cardiac monitoring, vascular monitoring, and health assessments. Cardiac nurses work in many different environments, including coronary care units (CCU), cardiac catheterization, intensive care units (ICU), operating theatres, cardiac rehabilitation centers, clinical research, cardiac surgery wards, cardiovascular intensive care units (CVICU), and cardiac medical wards.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Diabetic Cardiovascular Diseases

The term diabetic heart disease (DHD) refers to heart disease that develops in people who have diabetes. Diabetes is a disease in which the body's blood glucose (sugar) level is too high. Normally, the body breaks down food into glucose and carries it to cells throughout the body. The cells use a hormone called insulin to turn the glucose into energy. There is a clear-cut relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Coronary heart disease is recognized to be the cause of death for 80% of people with diabetes; however, the NHS states that heart attacks are largely preventable. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality for people with diabetes. Hypertension, abnormal blood lipids and obesity, all risk factors in their own right for cardiovascular disease, occur more frequently in people with diabetes. Several advances in treating heart disease over the past two decades have improved the chances of surviving a heart attack or stroke. However, as the incidence of diabetes steadily increases, so does the number of new cases of heart disease and cardiovascular complications.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Cardiac Surgery

Cardiovascular surgery is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. Frequently, it is done to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, coronary artery bypass grafting), correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease from various causes including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation. The development of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques has reduced the mortality rates of these surgeries to relatively low ranks. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the most common type of heart surgery. CABG improves blood flow to the heart. Surgeons use CABG to treat people who have severe coronary heart disease (CHD).

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Current Research in Cardiology

Advances in medicine means that if CHD is detected at an early stage it can be treated successfully to extend the survival rate. Successful treatment is more likely if the disease is detected at its earliest stages. Our current research focuses on the early detection of CHD in order to halt or reverse the progress of the disease. The ongoing research includes pioneering the use of heart scanning in the early diagnosis of heart disease in diabetics, Development of Nuclear Cardiology techniques for the detection of heart disease, Drug development and evaluation of treatments used in heart disease, Identification of novel biological markers to predict the presence of heart disease, analysis of ethnic and socio-economic differences in heart disease risk.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Cardiologists Training & Education

Cardiologists provide health care to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases and conditions of the heart and cardiovascular system, including the arteries. Because the field of cardiology encompasses so many different types of diseases and procedures, there are many different types of cardiology one may choose to practice depending on his or her interests and skill sets, and the type of work theyd like to do. Cardiologists receive extensive education, including four years of medical school and three years of training in general internal medicine. After this, a cardiologist spends three or more years in specialized training. Many cardiologists are specially trained in this technique, but others specialize in office diagnosis, the performance and interpretation of echocardiograms, ECGs, and exercise tests. Still others have special skill in cholesterol management or cardiac rehabilitation and fitness. All cardiologists know how and when these tests are needed and how to manage cardiac emergencies.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

Track:Advances in Cardiologists Education

Advances in Cardiology Education presents the current thinking of international experts regarding the underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular risk and the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of heart and its related disorders. This session gives new insights into the relationship between arterial stiffness, cardiovascular diagnosis, vascular study and atherosclerosis, but also establishes the possible interactions with age and other cardiovascular factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes and hyperlipidemia.

RelevantConferences:9thArrhythmiasConference July 14-15, 2016 Brisbane, Australia;CardioVascular MedicineConference August 01-02, 2016 Manchester, UK;EchocardiographyConference July 18-19, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 8th Global Cardiologists Annual Meeting July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; Atherosclerosis and Clinical Cardiology Conference July 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ischemic Heart Diseases Conference October 20-21, 2016 Chicago, Illinois, USA; Hypertension & Health Care Conference August 11-12, 2016 Toronto, Canada; 11thCardiac Conference September 12-13, 2016 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 13thEuropean Cardiology Congress October 17-19, 2016 Rome, Italy; 19th Annual Update on Pediatric and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease February 24- 28, 2016, Orlando, USA; American Cardiology Congress 2016; ACC Annual Meeting 2016; American Cardiology Congress 2016; European Cardiology Congress August 27 - 31, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference and Expo on Cardiology and Cardiac surgery April 04-06, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 21st World Congress on Heart Disease, July 30-August 1, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.

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HGH.com - Natural Human Growth Hormone Supplements

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Hypopituitarism Definition

Hypopituitarism is loss of function in an endocrine gland due to failure of the pituitary gland to secrete hormones which stimulate that glands function. The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. Patients diagnosed with hypopituitarism may be deficient in one single hormone, several hormones, or have complete pituitary failure.

The pituitary is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain, and surrounded by bone. The hypothalamus, another endocrine organ in the brain, controls the function of the pituitary gland by providing hormonal orders. In turn, the pituitary gland regulates the many hormones that control various functions and organs within the body. The posterior pituitary acts as a sort of storage area for the hypothalamus and passes on hormones that control function of the muscles and kidneys. The anterior pituitary produces its own hormones which help to regulate several endocrine functions.

In hypopituitarism, something interferes with the production and release of these hormones, thus affecting the function of the target gland. Commonly affected hormones may include:

Gonadotropin deficiency involves two distinct hormones affecting the reproductive system. Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the testes in men and the ovaries in women. This deficiency can affect fertility in men and women and menstruation in women. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) has similar effects to LH.

Also known as corticotropin, adrenocorticotopic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal gland to produce a hormone similar to cortisone, called cortisol. The loss of this hormone can lead to serious problems.

Growth hormone (GH) regulates the bodys growth. Patients who lose supply of this hormone before physical maturity will suffer impaired growth. Loss of the hormone can also affect adults.

Deficiency of a single pituitary hormone occurs less commonly than deficiency of more than one hormone. Sometimes referred to as progressive pituitary hormone deficiency or partial hypopituitarism, there is usually a predictable order of hormone loss. Generally, growth hormone is lost first, then luteinizing hormone deficiency follows. The loss of follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotopic hormones follow much later. The progressive loss of pituitary hormone secretion is usually a slow process, which can occur over a period of months or years. Hypopituitarism does occasionally start suddenly with rapid onset of symptoms.

This condition represents the loss of all hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland. Panhypopituitarism is also known as complete pituitary failure.

There are three major mechanisms which lead to the development of hypopituitarism. The first involves decreased release of hypothalamic hormones that stimulate pituitary function. The cause of decreased hypothalamic function may be congenital or acquired through interference such as tumors, inflammation, infection, mass lesions or interruption of blood supply. A second category of causes is any event or mass which interrupts the delivery of hormones from the hypothalamus. These may include particular tumors and aneurysms. Damage to the pituitary stalk from injury or surgery can also lead to hypopituitarism.

Hypopituitarism is a partial or complete insufficiency of pituitary hormone secretion that may derive from pituitary or hypothalamic disease. The onset can

Read more: Pediatric Hypopituitarism: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

Symptoms of Hypopituitarism

The list of signs and symptoms mentioned in various sources for Hypopituitarism includes the 21 symptoms listed below:

Research symptoms & diagnosis of Hypopituitarism:

Review the available symptom checkers for these symptoms of Hypopituitarism:

Review the available Assessment Questionnaires for the symptoms of Hypopituitarism:

Read information about complications of Hypopituitarism.

Do I have Hypopituitarism?

Home medical tests related to Hypopituitarism:

The list of other diseases or medical conditions that may be on the differential diagnosis list of alternative diagnoses for Hypopituitarism includes:

See the full list of 12

More information about symptoms of Hypopituitarism and related conditions:

Click on any of the symptoms below to see a full list of other causes including diseases, medical conditions, toxins, drug interactions, or drug side effect causes of that symptom.

When considering symptoms of Hypopituitarism, it is also important to consider Hypopituitarism as a possible cause of other medical conditions. The Disease Database lists the following medical conditions that Hypopituitarism may cause:

For a more detailed analysis of Hypopituitarism as a symptom, including causes, drug side effect causes, and drug interaction causes, please see our Symptom Center information for Hypopituitarism.

These general reference articles may be of interest in relation to medical signs and symptoms of disease in general:

Full list of premium articles on symptoms and diagnosis

The symptom information on this page attempts to provide a list of some possible signs and symptoms of Hypopituitarism. This signs and symptoms information for Hypopituitarism has been gathered from various sources, may not be fully accurate, and may not be the full list of Hypopituitarism signs or Hypopituitarism symptoms. Furthermore, signs and symptoms of Hypopituitarism may vary on an individual basis for each patient. Only your doctor can provide adequate diagnosis of any signs or symptoms and whether they are indeed Hypopituitarism symptoms.

Continue reading here: Symptoms of Hypopituitarism RightDiagnosis.com

by Ian M. Chapman, MBBS, PhD

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* THIS IS THE CONSUMER VERSION *

Hypopituitarism is an underactive pituitary gland that results in deficiency of one or more pituitary hormones.

Hypopituitarism can be caused by several factors, including certain inflammatory disorders, a tumor of the pituitary gland, or an insufficient blood supply to the pituitary gland.

Symptoms depend on what hormone is deficient and may include short height, infertility, intolerance to cold, fatigue, and an inability to produce breast milk.

The diagnosis is based on measuring the blood levels of hormones produced by the pituitary gland and on imaging tests done on the pituitary gland.

Treatment focuses on replacing deficient hormones with synthetic ones but sometimes includes surgical removal or irradiation of any pituitary tumors.

Hypopituitarism, an uncommon disorder, can be caused by a number of factors, including a pituitary tumor or an insufficient blood supply to the pituitary gland.

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The rest is here: Hypopituitarism Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders Merck

Hypopituitarism What is hypopituitarism?

Hypopituitarism, also called an underactive pituitary gland, is a condition that affects the anterior lobe of the pituitary glandusually resulting in a partial or complete loss of functioning of that lobe. The resulting symptoms depend on which hormones are no longer being produced by the gland. Because the pituitary gland affects the other endocrine organs, effects of hypopituitarism may be gradual or sudden and dramatic.

Symptoms vary depending on what hormones are insufficiently produced by the pituitary gland. The following are common symptoms associated with reduced production of certain hormones:

Insufficient gonadotropins production (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone)

In premenopausal women, this leads to absent menstrual cycles, infertility, vaginal dryness, and loss of some female characteristics. In men, this deficiency leads to impotence, shriveling of testes, decreased sperm production, infertility, erectile dysfunction,and loss of some male characteristics.

Insufficient growth hormone production

This usually produces no symptoms in adults. However, it can cause loss of bone density and loss of muscle mass in adults. In children, this deficiency can lead to stunted growth and dwarfism.

Insufficient thyroid-stimulating hormone production

This usually leads to an underactive thyroid and may cause confusion, cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, and dry skin.

Insufficientadrenocorticotropin hormone production

This rare deficiency leads to an underactive adrenal gland, resulting in low blood pressure, a low blood sugar level, fatigue, and a low tolerance for stress.

Insufficient prolactin production

This rare deficiency may cause an inability to produce breast milk after childbirth in some women.

The symptoms of hypopituitarism may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult yourdoctor for a diagnosis.

Causes of hypopituitarism can directly affect the pituitary gland, or indirectly affect the glandthrough changes inthe hypothalamus.

Causes of primary hypopituitarism (directly affecting pituitary gland)

Causes of secondary hypopituitarism (affecting the hypothalamus)

Pituitary tumors

Inadequate blood supply to pituitary gland (stroke)

Infections and/or inflammatory diseases

Sarcoidosis. A rare inflammation of the lymph nodes and other tissues throughout the body

Amyloidosis.A rare disease which causes the buildup of amyloid, a protein and starch, in tissues and organs

Radiation therapy

Surgical removal of pituitary tissue

Autoimmune diseases

Head trauma

Genetic diseases

Tumors of the hypothalamus

Inflammatory disease or a disease that spreads, such as cancer

Head injuries

Surgical damage to thehypothalamusand/or blood vessels or nerves leading to it

Symptoms of several underactive glands may help adoctor diagnose hypopituitarism. In addition to a complete medical history and medical examination, diagnostic procedures for hypopituitarism may include:

Computed tomography (CT or CAT scan).A noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images of the body to detect any abnormalities that may not show up on an ordinary X-ray.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).A noninvasive procedure that produces two-dimensional views of an internal organ or structure.

Blood and urine tests.These tests will measure various hormone levels.

Treatment of hypopituitarism depends on its cause. The goal of treatment is to restore the pituitary gland to normal function when possible, or to replace or substitute for inadequate hormones when necessary.

Treatment may include replacement hormone therapy, surgical tumor removal, and/or radiation therapy.

View post: Hypopituitarism Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA

There are notable differences between the terms hypopituitarism and panhypopituitarism. Hypopituitarism is a rare condition that refers to a decrease of function of two or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland. When all pituitary hormone production is deficient or decreased, the term Panhypopituitarism is used. Both Hypopituitarism and Panhypopituitarism are very complicated. They involved many endocrine functions and hormones.

The Introduction will help you understand the differences withspecific details.

Introduction Panhypopituitarism

MAGIC is made up of parents of affected children. If youwould like to talk withsomeone-

LEGAL NOTE:The information in this article is copywritten and legally protected against unauthorized reproduction in any complete or partial form. This article was prepared specifically for The MAGIC Foundation. Any type of reproduction is strictly prohibited pending the foundation and authors written authorization. Privacy and enforcement of our authors, families and materials is taken very seriously. Failure to comply with the legal posting of this notice, will be met with legal action. This brochure is for informational purposes only. Neither the MAGIC Foundation nor the contributing medical specialists assumes any liability for its content. Consult your physician for diagnosis and treatment.

Continued here: The MAGIC Foundation Panhypopituitarism General Information

Sedentary Work Exerting up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force occasionally and/or a negligible amount of force frequently or constantly to lift, carry, push, pull, or otherwise move objects, including the human body. Sedentary work involves sitting most of the time, but may involve walking or standing for brief periods of time. Jobs are sedentary if walking and standing are required only occasionally and other sedentary criteria are met.

Light Work Exerting up to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force occasionally and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force frequently, and/or negligible amount of force constantly to move objects. Physical demand requirements are in excess of those for Sedentary Work. Light Work usually requires walking or standing to a significant degree. However, if the use of the arm and/or leg controls requires exertion of forces greater than that for Sedentary Work and the worker sits most the time, the job is rated Light Work.

Medium Work Exerting up to 50 (22.7 kg) pounds of force occasionally, and/or up to 25 pounds (11.3 kg) of force frequently, and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of forces constantly to move objects.

Heavy Work Exerting up to 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or up to 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects.

Very Heavy Work Exerting in excess of 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or in excess of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects.

Job Classification

In most duration tables, five job classifications are displayed. These job classifications are based on the amount of physical effort required to perform the work. The classifications correspond to the Strength Factor classifications described in the United States Department of Labors Dictionary of Occupational Titles. The following definitions are quoted directly from that publication.

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Hypopituitarism Hypopituitarism

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Setian N, Aquiar CH, Galvao JA. Rathke's cleft cyst as a cause of growth hormone deficiency and micropenis. Child's Nervous System. 1999. Vol 5: 271-3.

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Rosenbloom AL, Almonte AS, Brown MR, et al. Clinical and biochemical phenotype of familial anterior hypopituitarism from mutation of the PROP1 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jan. 84(1):50-7. [Medline].

Ward L, Chavez M, Huot C, et al. Severe congenital hypopituitarism with low prolactin levels and age- dependent anterior pituitary hypoplasia: a clue to a PIT-1 mutation. J Pediatr. 1998 Jun. 132(6):1036-8. [Medline].

Vieira TC, Boldarine VT, Abucham J. Molecular analysis of PROP1, PIT1, HESX1, LHX3, and LHX4 shows high frequency of PROP1 mutations in patients with familial forms of combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007 Oct. 51(7):1097-103. [Medline].

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Bettendorf M, Fehn M, Grulich-Henn J, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis with central diabetes insipidus and consequent panhypopituitarism preceding a multifocal, intracranial germinoma in a prepubertal girl. Eur J Pediatr. 1999 Apr. 158(4):288-92. [Medline].

Maghnie M, Genovese E, Sommaruga MG, et al. Evolution of childhood central diabetes insipidus into panhypopituitarism with a large hypothalamic mass: is 'lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis' in children a different entity?. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Dec. 139(6):635-40. [Medline].

Mikami-Terao Y, Akiyama M, Yanagisawa T, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis with central diabetes insipidus and subsequent hypopituitarism masking a suprasellar germinoma in a 13-year-old girl. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006 Mar 25. [Medline].

Tanriverdi F, Senyurek H, Unluhizarci K, et al. High risk of hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury: a prospective investigation of anterior pituitary function in the acute phase and at 12-months after the trauma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Mar 7. [Medline].

Behan LA, Phillips J, Thompson CJ, Agha A. Neuroendocrine disorders after traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Jul. 79(7):753-9. [Medline].

Acerini CL, Tasker RC, Bellone S, Bona G, Thompson CJ, Savage MO. Hypopituitarism in childhood and adolescence following traumatic brain injury: the case for prospective endocrine investigation. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Nov. 155(5):663-9. [Medline].

Abdu TA, Elhadd TA, Neary R, Clayton RN. Comparison of the low dose short synacthen test (1 microg), the conventional dose short synacthen test (250 microg), and the insulin tolerance test for assessment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with pituitary disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Mar. 84(3):838-43. [Medline].

Streeten DH. Shortcomings in the low-dose (1 microg) ACTH test for the diagnosis of ACTH deficiency states. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Mar. 84(3):835-7. [Medline].

Chanoine JP, Rebuffat E, Kahn A, et al. Glucose, growth hormone, cortisol, and insulin responses to glucagon injection in normal infants, aged 0.5-12 months. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Oct. 80(10):3032-5. [Medline].

Fischli S, Jenni S, Allemann S, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in the assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Feb. 93(2):539-42. [Medline].

Coutant R, Biette-Demeneix E, Bouvattier C, et al. Baseline inhibin B and anti-Mullerian hormone measurements for diagnosis of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) in boys with delayed puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Dec. 95(12):5225-32. [Medline].

Carel JC, Tresca JP, Letrait M, et al. Growth hormone testing for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in childhood: a population register-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jul. 82(7):2117-21. [Medline].

Marin G, Domene HM, Barnes KM, et al. The effects of estrogen priming and puberty on the growth hormone response to standardized treadmill exercise and arginine-insulin in normal girls and boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Aug. 79(2):537-41. [Medline].

Li G, Shao P, Sun X, Wang Q, Zhang L. Magnetic resonance imaging and pituitary function in children with panhypopituitarism. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010. 73(3):205-9. [Medline].

DeVile CJ, Stanhope R. Hydrocortisone replacement therapy in children and adolescents with hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Jul. 47(1):37-41. [Medline].

Charmandari E, Lichtarowicz-Krynska EJ, Hindmarsh PC, et al. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: management during critical illness. Arch Dis Child. 2001 Jul. 85(1):26-8. [Medline].

Bates AS, Van't Hoff W, Jones PJ, Clayton RN. The effect of hypopituitarism on life expectancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Mar. 81(3):1169-72. [Medline].

Rosen T, Bengtsson BA. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet. 1990 Aug 4. 336(8710):285-8. [Medline].

Twickler TB, Wilmink HW, Schreuder PC, et al. Growth hormone (GH) treatment decreases postprandial remnant-like particle cholesterol concentration and improves endothelial function in adult-onset GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Dec. 85(12):4683-9. [Medline].

Claessen KM, Appelman N, Pereira AM, Joustra SD, Mutsert R, Gast KB, et al. Abnormal metabolic phenotype in middle-aged Growth Hormone Deficient (GHD) adults despite long-term recombinant human GH (rhGH) replacement. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013 Nov 11. [Medline].

Hoffman RP. Growth hormone (GH) treatment does not restore endothelial function in children with GH deficiency. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Apr. 21(4):323-8. [Medline].

Lanes R, Soros A, Flores K, Gunczler P, Carrillo E, Bandel J. Endothelial function, carotid artery intima-media thickness, epicardial adipose tissue, and left ventricular mass and function in growth hormone-deficient adolescents: apparent effects of growth hormone treatment on these parameters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jul. 90(7):3978-82. [Medline].

O'Neal D, Hew FL, Sikaris K, Ward G, Alford F, Best JD. Low density lipoprotein particle size in hypopituitary adults receiving conventional hormone replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Jul. 81(7):2448-54. [Medline].

Santoro SG, Guida AH, Furioso AE, Glikman P, Rogozinski AS. Panhypopituitarism due to Wegener's granulomatosis. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2011 Oct. 55(7):481-5. [Medline].

Gazzaruso C, Gola M, Karamouzis I, Giubbini R, Giustina A. Cardiovascular Risk in Adult Patients With Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency and Following Substitution with GH--An Update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Nov 11. [Medline].

Carel JC, Ecosse E, Landier F, Meguellati-Hakkas D, Kaguelidou F, Rey G, et al. Long-term mortality after recombinant growth hormone treatment for isolated growth hormone deficiency or childhood short stature: preliminary report of the French SAGhE study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Feb. 97(2):416-25. [Medline].

Svendahl L, Maes M, Albertsson-Wikland K, Borgstrm B, Carel JC, Henrard S, et al. Long-term mortality and causes of death in isolated GHD, ISS, and SGA patients treated with recombinant growth hormone during childhood in Belgium, The Netherlands, and Sweden: preliminary report of 3 countries participating in the EU SAGhE study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Feb. 97(2):E213-7. [Medline].

Mo D, Hardin DS, Erfurth EM, Melmed S. Adult mortality or morbidity is not increased in childhood-onset growth hormone deficient patients who received pediatric GH treatment: an analysis of the Hypopituitary Control and Complications Study (HypoCCS). Pituitary. 2013 Oct 12. [Medline].

Read the original post:
Panhypopituitarism: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

Recommendation and review posted by sam

Hypopituitary Overview

Hypopituitarism is a condition in which the pituitary gland (a small gland at the base of the brain) does not produce one or more of its hormones or else not enough of them. This condition may occur because of disease in the pituitary or hypothalamus (a part of the brain that contains hormones that control the pituitary gland). When there is low or no production of all the pituitary hormones, the condition is called panhypopituitarism. This condition may affect either children or adults.

The pituitary gland sends signals to other glands, for example the thyroid gland, to produce hormones, such as thyroid hormone. The hormones produced by the pituitary gland and other glands have a significant impact on bodily functions, such as growth, reproduction, blood pressure, and metabolism. When one or more of these hormones is not produced properly, the bodys normal functions can be affected. Some of the problems with hormones, such as with cortisol or thyroid hormone, may require prompt treatment. Others may not be life threatening.

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The pituitary gland produces several hormones. Some important hormones include:

In hypopituitarism, one or more of these pituitary hormones is missing. The lack of hormone results in a loss of function of the gland or organ that it controls.

A loss of function of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus results in low or absent hormones. Tumors can cause damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus and can therefore result in a loss of function. Damage to the pituitary gland can also be caused by radiation, surgery, infections such as meningitis, or various other conditions. In some cases, the cause is unknown.

Some people may have no symptoms or a gradual onset of symptoms. In other people, the symptoms may be sudden and dramatic. The symptoms depend on the cause, how fast they come on, and the hormone that is involved.

Call the doctor or health care practitioner if any of the above symptoms develop.

The doctor or health care practitioner may perform blood tests to determine which hormone level is low and to rule out other causes. The following tests may be performed:

An MRI or CT scan of the pituitary gland may be obtained to determine if a tumor is present.

In children, X-rays of the hands may be taken to determine if bones are growing normally.

Medical treatment consists of hormone replacement therapy and treatment of the underlying cause.

Drugs used to treat hypopituitarism replace the deficient hormone.

If a tumor is involved, surgery may be performed, depending on its type and location.

Checkups with the doctor or health care practitioner are important. The doctor may need to adjust the dose of hormone replacement therapy.

If hormone replacement therapy is adequate, the prognosis is good. Complications are often related to the underlying disease.

Visit the Pituitary Network Association web site.

hypopituitarism, panhypopituitarism, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pituitary insufficiency, underactive pituitary gland, thyroid hormone deficiency, growth hormone deficiency, FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone, LH, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropin hormone, ACTH, prolactin, ADH, antidiuretic hormone, low hormones

Continue reading here:
Hypopituitary: Pituitary Gland Disorder Causes & Treatments

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Symptoms of Hypopituitarism

The list of signs and symptoms mentioned in various sources for Hypopituitarism includes the 21 symptoms listed below:

Research symptoms & diagnosis of Hypopituitarism:

Review the available symptom checkers for these symptoms of Hypopituitarism:

Review the available Assessment Questionnaires for the symptoms of Hypopituitarism:

Read information about complications of Hypopituitarism.

Do I have Hypopituitarism?

Home medical tests related to Hypopituitarism:

The list of other diseases or medical conditions that may be on the differential diagnosis list of alternative diagnoses for Hypopituitarism includes:

See the full list of 12

More information about symptoms of Hypopituitarism and related conditions:

Click on any of the symptoms below to see a full list of other causes including diseases, medical conditions, toxins, drug interactions, or drug side effect causes of that symptom.

When considering symptoms of Hypopituitarism, it is also important to consider Hypopituitarism as a possible cause of other medical conditions. The Disease Database lists the following medical conditions that Hypopituitarism may cause:

For a more detailed analysis of Hypopituitarism as a symptom, including causes, drug side effect causes, and drug interaction causes, please see our Symptom Center information for Hypopituitarism.

These general reference articles may be of interest in relation to medical signs and symptoms of disease in general:

Full list of premium articles on symptoms and diagnosis

The symptom information on this page attempts to provide a list of some possible signs and symptoms of Hypopituitarism. This signs and symptoms information for Hypopituitarism has been gathered from various sources, may not be fully accurate, and may not be the full list of Hypopituitarism signs or Hypopituitarism symptoms. Furthermore, signs and symptoms of Hypopituitarism may vary on an individual basis for each patient. Only your doctor can provide adequate diagnosis of any signs or symptoms and whether they are indeed Hypopituitarism symptoms.

Read more here:
Symptoms of Hypopituitarism - RightDiagnosis.com

Recommendation and review posted by sam

Aging is inevitable, but how you age is not! Americans are living longer, but are not necessarily healthier. We all want to be active and productive as long as possible. The good news is that our concept of aging is changing, and there are new medical approaches to living healthier as we age. Taking into account genetics, environmental influences, nutrition and lifestyle, hormonal balancing, digestive health, as well as minimizing markers of inflammation and oxidative stress are all vitally important to your overall health.

By combining both Functional Medicine and Age Management medicine, we can begin to bridge the gap between the traditional medical model and complimentary therapies. Functional Medicine and Age Management medicine both treat the whole person, and identifies the root cause of chronic diseases and symptoms of aging. It starts at the cellular level healthy cells lead to healthier bodies. Finding the right balance is the ultimate goal. It starts at the cellular level healthy cells lead to healthier bodies. Finding the right balance is the ultimate goal.

Original post:
Integrative Medicine Denver | Hormone Replacement Therapy

Recommendation and review posted by sam

On behalf of the organizing committee, it is my distinct pleasure to invite you to attend the Stem Cell Congress-2017. After the success of the Cell Science-2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, Conference series.LLC is proud to announce the 6th World Congress and expo on Cell & Stem Cell Research (Stem Cell Congress-2017) which is going to be held during March 20-22, 2017, Orlando, Florida, USA. The theme of Stem Cell Congress-2017 is Explore and Exploit the Novel Techniques in Cell and Stem Cell Research.

This annual Cell Science conference brings together domain experts, researchers, clinicians, industry representatives, postdoctoral fellows and students from around the world, providing them with the opportunity to report, share, and discuss scientific questions, achievements, and challenges in the field.

Examples of the diverse cell science and stem cell topics that will be covered in this comprehensive conference include Cell differentiation and development, Cell metabolism, Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, Stem cell therapy, Cell and gene therapy, Novel stem cell technologies, Stem cell and cancer biology, Stem cell treatment, Tendency in cell biology of aging and Apoptosis and cancer disease, Drugs and clinical developments. The meeting will focus on basic cell mechanism studies, clinical research advances, and recent breakthroughs in cell and stem cell research. With the support of many emerging technologies, dramatic progress has been made in these areas. In Stem Cell Congress-2017, you will be able to share experiences and research results, discuss challenges encountered and solutions adopted and have opportunities to establish productive new academic and industry research collaborations.

In association with the Stem Cell Congress-2017 conference, we will invite those selected to present at the meeting to publish a manuscript from their talk in the journal Cell Science with a significantly discounted publication charge. Please join us in Philadelphia for an exciting all-encompassing annual Stem Cell get together with the theme of better understanding from basic cell mechanisms to latest Stem Cell breakthroughs!

Haval Shirwan, Ph.D. Executive Editor, Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology Dr. Michael and Joan Hamilton Endowed Chair in Autoimmune Disease Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Director, Molecular Immunomodulation Program, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY

Track01:Stem Cells

The most well-established and widely used stem cell treatment is thetransplantationof blood stem cells to treat diseases and conditions of the blood and immune system, or to restore the blood system after treatments for specific cancers. Since the 1970s,skin stem cellshave been used to grow skin grafts for patients with severe burns on very large areas of the body. Only a few clinical centers are able to carry out this treatment and it is usually reserved for patients with life-threatening burns. It is also not a perfect solution: the new skin has no hair follicles or sweat glands. Research aimed at improving the technique is ongoing.

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Track 02: Stem Cell Banking:

Stem Cell Banking is a facility that preserves stem cells derived from amniotic fluid for future use. Stem cell samples in private or family banks are preserved precisely for use by the individual person from whom such cells have been collected and the banking costs are paid by such person. The sample can later be retrieved only by that individual and for the use by such individual or, in many cases, by his or her first-degree blood relatives.

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Track 03: Stem Cell Therapy:

Autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures. Adult stem cells are frequently used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation. Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in vivo and stimulated to produce pancreatic -cells and later transplanted to the patient. Its success depends on response of the patients immune system and ability of the transplanted cells to proliferate, differentiate and integrate with the target tissue.

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Track 04: Novel Stem Cell Technologies:

Stem cell technology is a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Stem cells are defined as totipotent progenitor cells capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Stem cells survive well and show stable division in culture, making them ideal targets for in vitro manipulation. Although early research has focused on haematopoietic stem cells, stem cells have also been recognised in other sites. Research into solid tissue stem cells has not made the same progress as that on haematopoietic stem cells.

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Track 05: Stem Cell Treatment:

Bone marrow transplant is the most extensively used stem-cell treatment, but some treatment derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.

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7th InternationalConference on BioinformaticsOctober 27-28, 2016 Chicago, USA; InternationalConference on Synthetic BiologySeptember 28-30, 2015 Houston, USA; 7thAnnual Conference on Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineAug 4-5, 2016, Manchester, UK; 4th InternationalConference on Integrative BiologyJuly 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 1st InternationalConference on Pharmaceutical BioinformaticsJan 2426 2016, Pattaya, Thailand; EMBL Conference: TheEpitranscriptome, Apr 2022 2016, Heidelberg, Germany; 2016Whole-Cell ModelingSummer School, Apr 38 2016, Barcelona, Spain; 3rd InternationalMolecular Pathological Epidemiology, May 1213 2016, Boston, USA; 5thDrug FormulationSummit, Jan 2527 2016, Philadelphia, USA

Track 06: Stem cell apoptosis and signal transduction:

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay. Most cytotoxic anticancer agents induce apoptosis, raising the intriguing possibility that defects in apoptotic programs contribute to treatment failure. Because the same mutations that suppress apoptosis during tumor development also reduce treatment sensitivity, apoptosis provides a conceptual framework to link cancer genetics with cancer therapy.

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InternationalConference on Restorative MedicineOctober 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA;; 3rdWorld Congress onHepatitis and Liver Diseases October 17-19, 2016 Dubai, UAE; InternationalConference on Molecular BiologyOctober 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 2nd InternationalConference on Tissue preservation and Biobanking September12-13, 2016 Philadelphia USA; 26thEuropean Congress ofClinical Microbiology, April 912 2016, Istanbul, Turkey;Conference onCell Growth and Regeneration, Jan 1014 2016, Breckenridge, USA ;

Track 07: Stem Cell Biomarkers:

Molecular biomarkers serve as valuable tools to classify and isolate embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and to monitor their differentiation state by antibody-based techniques. ESCs can give rise to any adult cell type and thus offer enormous potential for regenerative medicine and drug discovery. A number of biomarkers, such as certain cell surface antigens, are used to assign pluripotent ESCs; however, accumulating evidence suggests that ESCs are heterogeneous in morphology, phenotype and function, thereby classified into subpopulations characterized by multiple sets of molecular biomarkers.

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Track 08: Cellular therapies:

Cellular therapy also called Cell therapy is therapy in which cellular material is injected into a patient, this generally means intact, living cells. For example, T cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity may be injected in the course of immunotherapy.

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Track 09: Stem cells and cancer:

Cancer can be defined as a disease in which a group of abnormal cells grow uncontrollably by disregarding the normal rules of cell division. Normal cells are constantly subject to signals that dictate whether the cells should divide, differentiate into another cell or die. Cancer cells develop a degree of anatomy from these signals, resulting in uncontrolled growth and proliferation. If this proliferation is allowed to continue and spread, it can be fatal.

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Track 10: Embryonic stem cells:

Embryonic stem cells have a major potential for studying early steps of development and for use in cell therapy. In many situations, however, it will be necessary to genetically engineer these cells. A novel generation of lentivectors which permit easy genetic engineering of mouse and human embryonic stem cells.

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Track 11: Cell differentiation and disease modeling:

Cellular differentiation is the progression, whereas a cell changes from one cell type to another. Variation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiationalmost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.

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Track 12: Tissue engineering:

Tissue Engineering is the study of the growth of new connective tissues, or organs, from cells and a collagenous scaffold to produce a fully functional organ for implantation back into the donor host. Powerful developments in the multidisciplinary field of tissue engineering have produced a novel set of tissue replacement parts and implementation approaches. Scientific advances in biomaterials, stem cells, growth and differentiation factors, and biomimetic environments have created unique opportunities to fabricate tissues in the laboratory from combinations of engineered extracellular matrices cells, and biologically active molecules.

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Track 13: Stem cell plasticity and reprogramming:

Stem cell plasticity denotes to the potential of stem cells to give rise to cell types, previously considered outside their normal repertoire of differentiation for the location where they are found. Included under this umbrella title is often the process of transdifferentiation the conversion of one differentiated cell type into another, and metaplasia the conversion of one tissue type into another. From the point of view of this entry, some metaplasias have a clinical significance because they predispose individuals to the development of cancer.

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Track 14: Gene therapy and stem cells

Gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. Gene therapy could be a way to fix a genetic problem at its source. The polymers are either expressed as proteins, interfere with protein expression, or possibly correct genetic mutations. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.

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Track 15: Tumour cell science:

An abnormal mass of tissue. Tumors are a classic sign of inflammation, and can be benign or malignant. Tomour usually reflect the kind of tissue they arise in. Treatment is also specific to the location and type of the tumor. Benign tumors can sometimes simply be ignored, cancerous tumors; options include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.

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Track 16: Reprogramming stem cells: computational biology

Computational Biology, sometimes referred to as bioinformatics, is the science of using biological data to develop algorithms and relations among various biological systems. Bioinformatics groups use computational methods to explore the molecular mechanisms underpinning stem cells. To accomplish this bioinformaticsdevelop and apply advanced analysis techniques that make it possible to dissect complex collections of data from a wide range of technologies and sources.

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The fields of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine research are fundamentally about understanding dynamic cellular processes such as development, reprogramming, repair, differentiation and the loss, acquisition or maintenance of pluripotency. In order to precisely decipher these processes at a molecular level, it is critical to identify and study key regulatory genes and transcriptional circuits. Modern high-throughput molecular profiling technologies provide a powerful approach to addressing these questions as they allow the profiling of tens of thousands of gene products in a single experiment. Whereas bioinformatics is used to interpret the information produced by such technologies.

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8th World Congress on Cell & Stem Cell Research

The success of the 7 Cell Science conferences series has given us the prospect to bring the gathering one more time for our 8thWorld Congress 2017 meet in Orlando, USA. Since its commencement in 2011 cell science series has perceived around 750 researchers of great potentials and outstanding research presentations around the globe. The awareness of stem cells and its application is increasing among the general population that also in parallel offers hope and add woes to the researchers of cell science due to the potential limitations experienced in the real-time.

Stem Cell Research-2017has the goal to fill the prevailing gaps in the transformation of this science of hope to promptly serve solutions to all in the need.World Congress 2017 will have an anticipated participation of 100-120 delegates from around the world to discuss the conference goal.

History of Stem cells Research

Stem cells have an interesting history, in the mid-1800s it was revealed that cells were basically the building blocks of life and that some cells had the ability to produce other cells. Efforts were made to fertilize mammalian eggs outside of the human body and in the early 1900s, it was discovered that some cells had the capacity to generate blood cells. In 1968, the first bone marrow transplant was achieved successfully to treat two siblings with severe combined immunodeficiency. Other significant events in stem cell research include:

1978: Stem cells were discovered in human cord blood 1981: First in vitro stem cell line developed from mice 1988: Embryonic stem cell lines created from a hamster 1995: First embryonic stem cell line derived from a primate 1997: Cloned lamb from stem cells 1997: Leukaemia origin found as haematopoietic stem cell, indicating possible proof of cancer stem cells

Funding in USA:

No federal law forever did embargo stem cell research in the United States, but only placed restrictions on funding and use, under Congress's power to spend. By executive order on March 9, 2009, President Barack Obama removed certain restrictions on federal funding for research involving new lines of humanembryonic stem cells. Prior to President Obama's executive order, federal funding was limited to non-embryonic stem cell research and embryonic stem cell research based uponembryonic stem celllines in existence prior to August 9, 2001. In 2011, a United States District Court "threw out a lawsuit that challenged the use of federal funds for embryonic stem cell research.

Members Associated with Stem Cell Research:

Discussion on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the fundamental question of how a single cell, the fertilized egg, ultimately produces a complex fully patterned adult organism, as well as the intimately related question of how adult structures regenerate. Stem cells play critical roles both during embryonic development and in later renewal and repair. More than 65 faculties in Philadelphia from both basic science and clinical departments in the Division of Biological Sciences belong to Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology. Their research uses traditional model species including nematode worms, fruit-flies, Arabidopsis, zebrafish, amphibians, chick and mouse as well as non-traditional model systems such as lampreys and cephalopods. Areas of research focus include stem cell biology, regeneration, developmental genetics, and cellular basis of development, developmental neurobiology, and evo-devo (Evolutionary developmental biology).

Stem Cell Market Value:

Worldwide many companies are developing and marketing specialized cell culture media, cell separation products, instruments and other reagents for life sciences research. We are providing a unique platform for the discussions between academia and business.

Global Tissue Engineering & Cell Therapy Market, By Region, 2009 2018

$Million

Why to attend???

Stem Cell Research-2017 could be an outstanding event that brings along a novel and International mixture of researchers, doctors, leading universities and stem cell analysis establishments creating the conference an ideal platform to share knowledge, adoptive collaborations across trade and world, and assess rising technologies across the world. World-renowned speakers, the most recent techniques, tactics, and the newest updates in cell science fields are assurances of this conference.

A Unique Opportunity for Advertisers and Sponsors at this International event:

http://stemcell.omicsgroup.com/sponsors.php

UAS Major Universities which deals with Stem Cell Research

University of Washington/Hutchinson Cancer Center

Oregon Stem Cell Center

University of California Davis

University of California San Francisco

University of California Berkeley

Stanford University

Mayo Clinic

Major Stem Cell Organization Worldwide:

Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research

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Stem Cell Conferences | Cell and Stem Cell Congress | Stem ...

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

About 5% to 10% of breast cancers are thought to be hereditary, caused by abnormal genes passed from parent to child.

Genes are particles in cells, contained in chromosomes, and made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA contains the instructions for building proteins. And proteins control the structure and function of all the cells that make up your body.

Think of your genes as an instruction manual for cell growth and function. Abnormalities in the DNA are like typographical errors. They may provide the wrong set of instructions, leading to faulty cell growth or function. In any one person, if there is an error in a gene, that same mistake will appear in all the cells that contain the same gene. This is like having an instruction manual in which all the copies have the same typographical error.

Most inherited cases of breast cancer are associated with two abnormal genes: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene two).

Everyone has BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The function of the BRCA genes is to repair cell damage and keep breast, ovarian, and other cells growing normally. But when these genes contain abnormalities or mutations that are passed from generation to generation, the genes don't function normally and breast, ovarian, and other cancer risk increases. Abnormal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes may account for up to 10% of all breast cancers, or 1 out of every 10 cases.

Having an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene doesn't mean you will be diagnosed with breast cancer. Researchers are learning that other mutations in pieces of chromosomes -- called SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) -- may be linked to higher breast cancer risk in women with an abnormal BRCA1 gene as well as women who didn't inherit an abnormal breast cancer gene.

Women who are diagnosed with breast cancer and have an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene often have a family history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other cancers. Still, most people who develop breast cancer did not inherit an abnormal breast cancer gene and have no family history of the disease.

You are substantially more likely to have an abnormal breast cancer gene if:

If one family member has an abnormal breast cancer gene, it does not mean that all family members will have it.

The average woman in the United States has about a 1 in 8, or about 12%, risk of developing breast cancer in her lifetime. Women who have an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene (or both) can have up to an 80% risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetimes. Breast cancers associated with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene tend to develop in younger women and occur more often in both breasts than cancers in women without these abnormal genes.

Women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene also have an increased risk of developing ovarian, colon, and pancreatic cancers, as well as melanoma.

Men who have an abnormal BRCA2 gene have a higher risk of breast cancer than men who don't -- about 8% by the time they're 80 years old. This is about 80 times greater than average.

Men with an abnormal BRCA1 gene have a slightly higher risk of prostate cancer. Men with an abnormal BRCA2 gene are 7 times more likely than men without the abnormal gene to develop prostate cancer. Other cancer risks, such as cancer of the skin or digestive tract, also may be slightly higher in men with abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.

Changes in other genes are also associated with breast cancer. These abnormal genes are much less common and don't seem to increase risk as much as abnormal BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are considered rare. Still, because these genetic mutations are rarer, they haven't been studied as much as the BRCA genes.

In 2015, an abnormal version of the SEC23B gene also was linked to Cowden syndrome. The SEC23B gene also helps regulate cell growth. Because this discovery is so new, there is not a clinical test available for an abnormal SEC23B gene.

Inheriting two abnormal copies of the BRCA2, BRIP1, MRE11A, NBN, PALB2, RAD50, or RAD51C genes causes the disease Fanconi anema, which suppresses bone marrow function and leads to extremely low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. People with Fanconi anemia also have a higher risk of several other types of cancer, including kidney cancer and brain cancer.

There are genetic tests available to determine if someone has an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. A genetic counselor also may order testing for an abnormal ATM, CDH1, CHEK2, MRE11A, NBN, PALB2, PTEN, RAD50, RAD51C, or TP53 gene, individually or as part of a larger gene panel that includes BRCA1 and BRCA2 if it's determined from your personal or family history that these tests are an option. Right now, there is not a clinical test for an abnormal SEC23B gene.

For more information, visit the Breastcancer.org Genetic Testing pages.

If you know you have an abnormal gene linked to breast cancer, there are lifestyle choices you can make to keep your risk as low it can be:

These are just a few steps you can take. Review the links on the left side of this page for more options.

Along with these lifestyle choices, there are other risk-reduction options for women at high risk because of abnormal genetics.

Hormonal therapy medicines: Two SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) and two aromatase inhibitors have been shown to reduce the risk of developing hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer in women at high risk.

Hormonal therapy medicines do not reduce the risk of hormone-receptor-negative breast cancer.

More frequent screening: If you're at high risk because of an abnormal breast cancer gene, you and your doctor will develop a screening plan tailored to your unique situation. You may start being screened when you're younger than 40. In addition to the recommended screening guidelines for women at average risk, a screening plan for a woman at high risk may include:

Women with an abnormal breast cancer gene need to be screened twice a year because they have a much higher risk of cancer developing in the time between yearly screenings. For example, the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, NY recommends that women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have both a digital mammogram and an MRI scan each year, about 6 months apart (for example, a mammogram in December and an MRI in June).

A breast ultrasound is another powerful tool that can help detect breast cancer in women with an abnormal breast cancer gene. This test does not take the place of digital mammography and MRI scanning.

Talk to your doctor, radiologist, and genetic counselor about developing a specialized program for early detection that addresses your breast cancer risk, meets your individual needs, and gives you peace of mind.

Protective surgery: Removing the healthy breasts and ovaries -- called prophylactic surgery ("prophylactic" means "protective") -- are very aggressive, irreversible risk-reduction options that some women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene choose.

Prophylactic breast surgery may be able to reduce a woman's risk of developing breast cancer by as much as 97%. The surgery removes nearly all of the breast tissue, so there are very few breast cells left behind that could develop into a cancer.

Women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene may reduce their risk of breast cancer by about 50% by having prophylactic ovary and fallopian tube removal (salpingo-oophorectomy) before menopause. Removing the ovaries lowers the risk of breast cancer because the ovaries are the main source of estrogen in a premenopausal womans body. Removing the ovaries doesnt reduce the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women because fat and muscle tissue are the main producers of estrogen in these women. Prophylactic removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes reduces the risk of ovarian cancer in women at any age, before or after menopause.

Research also has shown that women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene who have prophylactic ovary removal have better survival if they eventually are diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer.

The benefit of prophylactic surgeries is usually counted one year at a time. Thats why the younger you are at the time of surgery, the larger the potential benefit, and the older you are, the lower the benefit. Also, as you get older youre more likely to develop other medical conditions that affect how long you live, such as diabetes and heart disease.

Of course, each woman's situation is unique. Talk to your doctor about your personal level of risk and how best to manage it.

It's important to remember that no procedure -- not even removing both healthy breasts and ovaries at a young age -- totally eliminates the risk of cancer. There is still a small risk that cancer can develop in the areas where the breasts used to be. Close follow-up is necessary, even after prophylactic surgery.

Prophylactic surgery decisions require a great deal of thought, patience, and discussion with your doctors, genetic counselor, and family over time -- together with a tremendous amount of courage. Take the time you need to consider these options and make decisions that feel comfortable to you.

For more information, visit the Breastcancer.org Prophylactic Mastectomy and Prophylactic Ovary Removal pages.

Think Pink, Live Green: A Step-by-Step Guide to Reducing Your Risk of Breast Cancer teaches you the biology of breast development and how modern life affects breast cancer risk. Order a free booklet by mail or download the PDF of the booklet to learn 31 risk-reducing steps you can take today.

See the article here:
Breast Cancer Risk Factors: Genetics

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

The genetics of cat coat coloration, pattern, length, and texture is a complex subject, and many different genes are involved.

Cat coat genetics can produce a variety of colors and coat patterns. These are physical properties and should not be confused with a breed of cat. Furthermore, cats may show the color and/or pattern particular to a certain breed without actually being of that breed. For example, cats may have point coloration, but not be Siamese.

A cat with Oo and white spotting genes is commonly called a calico. The reason for the patchwork effect in female cats heterozygous for the O gene (Oo) is X-inactivation one or the other X chromosome in every cell in the embryo is randomly inactivated (see Barr body), and the gene in the other X chromosome is expressed.

For a cat to be tortoiseshell, calico, or one of the variants such as blue-cream or chocolate tortoiseshell, the cat must simultaneously express two alleles, O and o, which are located on the X chromosome. Males normally cannot do this, as they have only one X chromosome, and therefore only one allele, and so calico cats are normally only female. Male tortoiseshell or calico cats occur only if they have chromosomal abnormalities such as the genotype XXY (in which case they are sterile), chromosomal mosaicism (only portions of their cells have the genotype XXY, so these cats may be fertile), or chimerism (a single individual formed from two fused embryos, at least one of which was male). Approximately 1 in 3,000 calico/tortoiseshell cats are male.[4] Chimericism (which may result in fertile male cats) appears to be the most common mechanism.

One can deduce that a grey male cat with a white bib and paws, but showing no tabby pattern:

Tabby cats (AA or Aa), normally have:

Most or all striping disappears in the chinchilla or shaded cat, but it is still possible to identify the cat as a tabby from these other features.

The genetics involved in producing the ideal tabby, tipped, shaded, or smoke cat is complex. Not only are there many interacting genes, but genes sometimes do not express themselves fully, or conflict with one another. For example, the melanin inhibitor gene sometimes does a poor job blocking pigment, resulting in an excessively gray undercoat, or in tarnishing (yellowish or rusty fur).

Likewise, poorly-expressed non-agouti or over-expression of melanin inhibitor will cause a pale, washed out black smoke. Various polygenes (sets of related genes), epigenetic factors, or modifier genes, as yet unidentified, are believed to result in different phenotypes of coloration, some deemed more desirable than others by fanciers.

Here are the genetic influences on tipped or shaded cats:

Cat fur length is governed by the Long hair gene in which the dominant form, L, codes for short hair, and the recessive l codes for long hair. In the longhaired cat, the transition from anagen (hair growth) to catagen (cessation of hair growth) is delayed due to this mutation. A rare recessive shorthair gene has been observed in some lines of Persian cat (silvers) where two longhaired parents have produced shorthaired offspring.

There have been many genes identified that result in unusual cat fur. These genes were discovered in random-bred cats and selected for. Some of the genes are in danger of going extinct because the cats are not sold beyond the region where the mutation originated or there is simply not enough demand for cats expressing the mutation.

In many breeds, coat gene mutations are unwelcome. An example is the rex allele which appeared in Maine Coons in the early 1990s. Rexes appeared in America, Germany and the UK, where one breeder caused consternation by calling them "Maine Waves". Two UK breeders did test mating which indicated that this was probably a new rex mutation and that it was recessive. The density of the hair was similar to normally coated Maine Coons, but consisted only of down type hairs with a normal down type helical curl, which varied as in normal down hairs. Whiskers were more curved, but not curly. Maine Coons do not have awn hairs, and after moulting, the rexes had a very thin coat.

There are various genes producing curly coated or "rex" cats. New types of rex pop up spontaneously in random-bred cats now and then. Here are some of the rex genes that breeders have selected for:

There are also genes for hairlessness:

Some rex cats are prone to temporary hairlessness, known as baldness, during moulting.

Here are a few other genes resulting in unusual fur:

More:
Cat coat genetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

About Cloning

What is Cloning?

Learn the basics about cloning and see how its done.

Why Clone?

Evaluate the reasons for using cloning technologies.

The History of Cloning

Explore the history of cloning technologies.

Cloning Myths

Here we help you separate the facts from the fiction.

Click and Clone

Try it yourself in the mouse cloning laboratory.

Is it Cloning? Or Not?

Test your cloning savvy with this interactive quiz.

APA format:

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2014, July 10) Cloning. Retrieved August 24, 2016, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/

CSE format:

Cloning [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): Genetic Science Learning Center; 2014 [cited 2016 Aug 24] Available from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/

Chicago format:

Genetic Science Learning Center. "Cloning." Learn.Genetics.July 10, 2014. Accessed August 24, 2016. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/.

The rest is here:
Cloning - Learn Genetics

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Infertility is defined as a failure to conceive in a couple trying to reproduce for a period of two years without conception. Approximately 15 percent of couples are infertile, and among these couples, male factor infertility accounts for approximately 50 percent of causes. Male infertility is a multifactorial syndrome encompassing a wide variety of disorders. In more than half of infertile men, the cause of their infertility is unknown (idiopathic) and could be congenital or acquired. Infertility in men can be diagnosed initially by semen analysis. Seminograms of infertile men may reveal many abnormal conditions, which include azoospermia, oligozoospermia, teratozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, necrospermia and pyospermia. The current estimate is that about 30 percent of men seeking help at the infertility clinic are found to have oligozoospermia or azoospermia of unknown aetiology. Therefore, there is a need to find the cause of infertility. The causes are known in less than half of these cases, out of which genetic or inherited disease and specific abnormalities in the Y chromosome are major factors. About 10-20 percent of males presenting without sperm in the ejaculate carry a deletion of the Y chromosome. This deleted region includes the Azoospermia Factor (AZF) locus, located in the Yq11, which is divided into four recurrently deleted non-overlapping subregions designated as AZFa, AZFb, AZFc and AZFd. Each of these regions may be associated with a particular testicular histology, and several candidate genes have been found within these regions. The Deleted in Azoospermia (DAZ) gene family is reported to be the most frequently deleted AZF candidate gene and is located in the AZFc region. Recently, a partial, novel Y chromosome 1.6-Mb deletion, designated "gr/gr" deletion, has been described specifically in infertile men with varying degrees of spermatogenic failure. The DAZ gene has an autosomal homologue, DAZL (DAZ-Like), on the short arm of the chromosome 3 (3p24) and it is possible that a defective autosomal DAZL may be responsible for the spermatogenic defect. The genetic complexity of the AZF locus on the long arm of the Y chromosome could be revealed only with the development of sequence tagged sites. Random attacks on the naked mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of sperm by reactive oxygen species or free radicals will inevitably cause oxidative damage or mutation to the mitochondrial genome with pathological consequences and lead to infertility in males. The key nuclear enzyme involved in the elongation and repair of mtDNA strands is DNA polymerase gamma, mapped to the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q25), and includes a CAG repeat region. Its mutation affects the adenosine triphosphate production. The introduction of molecular techniques has provided great insight into the genetics of infertility. Yet, our understanding of the genetic causes of male infertility remains limited.

Visit link:
Genetics of human male infertility.

Recommendation and review posted by sam

Definitions for terms in genetics problems

All the different forms of the same gene.

All genes on chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes (X and Y).

One strand of a replicated chromosome as illustrated in the image of a chromosome at the right. A single strand by itself with it's own centromere is a chromosome and not a chromatid.

A single (before replication) or double (after replication) strand of DNA with only a single centromere. Chromosomes contain the loci for alleles of different genes. The illustration below shows a chromosome with the parts labeled before (on the left) and after (on the right) replication.

A process that occurs during prophase I of meiosis in which genetic material from the chromatid of one chromosome exchanges places with the material from the same area of a chromatid on it's homolog. This process increases the variation in gametes produced by an individual. The images below illustrate a homologous pair of chromosomes before (on the left) and after (on the right) crossing over has occurred.

Cells which have two copies of a gene, on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

An allele which, if present, masks the effect of any recessive allele paired with it. Indicated by a capital letter.

first-generation offspring (children).

second-generation offspring (grand children).

The haploid cells produced by meiosis which later fuse to form the diploid zygote. In humans, these are the eggs and sperm.

Units of information about specific traits, passed from parents to offspring. Each gene has a specific location (locus) on a chromosome and may come in several forms (alleles).

The actual genes for a trait present in an individual.

The expected numbers of different genotypes produced by a particular cross. Example: 1 RR, 2 Rr, and 1 rr individuals could result from a cross of two Rr individuals. The genotypic ration is 1:2:1.

Cells which have only one allele from the originally homologous pair. In humans, gametes are the only haploid cells.

The two alleles of a pair are not identical (for example: one dominant and one recessive allele for the color trait in roses).

A pair of chromosomes in the same individual that carry the same type of information (eye color) but not necessarily the same alleles (blue or brown). One of these "homologs" comes from the individual's mother and one from the father.

Both alleles of a gene in a homologous pair are identical.

Genes that appear on the same chromosome and that do not sort independently during meiosis.

The physical location of the alleles of a gene on it's chromosome (See the definition for chromosome for an image).

A type of cell division that produces haploid gametes. The image below shows the very basic steps of meiosis and it's products.

A change in a gene's molecular structure and thus it's information about a trait.

parental generation

An individual's observable traits (how the organism looks, behaves, etc.).

The expected numbers of different phenotypes produced by a particular cross. Example: 3 red flowered plants and 1 white flowered plant result from a cross of two red flowered plants. The phenotypic ratio is 3:1.

A graphical representation of a cross between two individuals and the possible genotypes of the offspring produced. The gametes of one individual are placed across the top of the square and the gametes of the other individual are placed down the left side. The gametes are then combined in the cells of the square. Below is an example of a dihybrid cross between two individuals worked in the punnett square.

An allele which must be homozygous for it's effect to be observed. Indicated by a lowercase letter.

sex-linked genes are those that are carried on the X chromosome. In humans, females carry 2 X chromosomes while males carry only one.

See the article here:
Definitions for Terms in Genetics Problems

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Track-1 Cell Therapy:

Cell therapyas performed by alternativemedicinepractitioners is very different from the controlled research done by conventionalstem cellmedical researchers. Alternative practitioners refer to their form of cell therapy by several other different names includingxenotransplanttherapy,glandular therapy, and fresh cell therapy. Proponents ofcell therapyclaim that it has been used successfully to rebuild damaged cartilage in joints, repair spinal cord injuries,strengthen a weakenedimmune system, treat autoimmune diseases such as AIDS, and help patients withneurological disorderssuch as Alzheimers disease,Parkinson's diseaseand epilepsy.

Related Conferences:

6th International Conference onTissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Baltimore, USA, Aug 20-22, 2017,8th World Congress and Expo onCell & Stem Cell Research,Orlando, USA, March 20-22, 2017,15thWorld Congress on Biotechnology and Biotech Industries Meet,Rome, Italy,March 20-21,2017 ,2nd International Conference onGenetic Counselling and Genomic Medicine ,Beijing, China,July 10-12, 2017, International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, Las Vegas, USA, April 24-26, 2017.

Track-2 Gene therapy:

Gene therapyand cell therapy are overlapping fields of biomedical research with the goals of repairing the direct cause of genetic diseases in the DNA orcellularpopulation, respectively. The development of suitablegene therapytreatments for manygenetic diseasesand some acquired diseases has encountered many challenges and uncovered new insights into gene interactions and regulation. Further development often involves uncovering basic scientific knowledge of the affected tissues, cells, and genes, as well as redesigning vectors, formulations, and regulatory cassettes for the genes.Cell therapyis expanding its repertoire of cell types for administration.Cell therapytreatment strategies include isolation and transfer of specific stem cell populations, administration of effector cells, and induction of mature cells to becomepluripotent cells, and reprogramming of mature cells.

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2nd International Conference onMolecular Biology,London, UK,June 22-24, 2017,3rd World Bio Summit & Expo, Abu Dhabi, UAE, June 19-21, 2017,5th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, London, UK, June 19-21,2017,2nd World Congress on Human Genetics, Chicago, USA, July 24-26, 2017,9th International Conference onGenomics and Pharmacogenomics, Chicago, USA, July 13-14, 2017.

Track-3 Cell and gene therapy products:

Articles containing or consisting ofhuman cellsor tissues that are intended for implantation,transplantation, infusion, or transfer to a human recipient.Gene therapiesare novel and complex products that can offer unique challenges in product development. Hence, ongoing communication between the FDA and stakeholders is essential to meet these challenges.Gene therapy productsare being developed around the world, the FDA is engaged in a number of international harmonization activities in this area.

Examples:Musculoskeletal tissue, skin, ocular tissue, human heart valves;vascular graft, dura mater, reproductive tissue/cells, Stem/progenitor cells,somatic cells, Cells transduced withgene therapyvectors , Combination products (e.g., cells or tissue + device)

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Track-4 Cellular therapy:

Cellular therapy, also calledlive cell therapy, cellular suspensions, glandular therapy, fresh cell therapy, sick cell therapy,embryonic cell therapy, andorgan therapy- refers to various procedures in which processed tissue from animal embryos, foetuses or organs, is injected or taken orally. Products are obtained from specific organs or tissues said to correspond with the unhealthy organs or tissues of the recipient. Proponents claim that the recipient's body automatically transports the injected cells to thetarget organs, where they supposedly strengthen them and regenerate their structure. The organs and glands used in cell treatment include brain, pituitary,thyroid, adrenals, thymus, liver,kidney, pancreas, spleen, heart,ovary, testis, and parotid. Several different types of cell or cell extract can be given simultaneously - some practitioners routinely give up to 20 or more at once.

Related Conferences:

3rd International Conference onSynthetic Biology, Munich, Germany, July 20-21, 2017, 5th International Conference and Exhibition onCell and Gene Therapy,Madrid, Spain,Mar 2-3,2017,International Conference onCell Signalling and Cancer Therapy, Aug 20-22, 2017, Paris, France,7th Annual Conference on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Aug 04-05, 2016, Paris, France,3rd International Conference & Exhibition onTissue Preservation and Bio banking, June 29-30, 2017, Baltimore, USA.

Track-5 Cancer gene therapy:

Cancer therapiesare drugs or other substances that block the growth and spread ofcancerby interfering with specific molecules ("molecular targets") that are involved in the growth, progression, and spread ofcancer. Many cancer therapies have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat specific types of cancer. The development of targetedtherapiesrequires the identification of good targets that is, targets that play a key role in cancer cell growth and survival. One approach to identify potential targets is to compare the amounts of individualproteinsin cancer cells with those in normal cells.Proteinsthat are present in cancer cells but not normal cells or that are more abundant incancercells would be potential targets, especially if they are known to be involved incell growthor survival.

Related Conferences:

2nd Biotechnology World Convention,London, UK,May 25-27, 2017, ,International Conference on Animal and Human Cell Culture, Jackson Ville, USA, Sep 25-27, 2017,9th International Conference onCancer Genomics, Chicago, USA, May 29-31, 2017, 6th International Conference onTissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Baltimore, USA, Aug 20-22, 2017,8th World Congress and Expo onCell & Stem Cell Research, Orlando, USA, March 20-22, 2017.

Track-6 Nano therapy:

Nano Therapymay be defined as the monitoring, repair, construction and control of human biological systems at themolecular level, using engineerednanodevicesand nanostructures. Basic nanostructured materials, engineeredenzymes, and the many products of biotechnology will be enormously useful in near-term medical applications. However, the full promise ofnanomedicineis unlikely to arrive until after the development of precisely controlled or programmable medical Nano machines andnanorobots.

Related Conferences:

15thWorld Congress on Biotechnology and Biotech Industries Meet March,Rome, Italy,20-21, 2017,2nd International Conference onGenetic Counselling and Genomic Medicine ,Beijing, China,July 10-12, 2017, , International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, Las Vegas, USA, April 24-26, 2017, 15th Euro Biotechnology Congress, Valencia, Spain, June 05-07, 2017,International Conference onIntegrative Medicine & Nutrition, Dubai, UAE, May11-13, 2017.

Track-7 Skin cell therapy:

Stem cellshave newly become a huge catchphrase in theskincarebiosphere. Skincare specialists are not usingembryonic stem cells; it is impossible to integrate live materials into a skincare product. Instead, scientists are creating products with specialized peptides andenzymesor plantstem cellswhich, when applied topically on the surface, help to protect the human skinstem cellsfrom damage and deterioration or stimulate the skins own stem cells. Currently, the technique is mainly used to save the lives of patients who have third degree burns over very large areas of their bodies.

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5th International Conference and Exhibition onCell and Gene Therapy,Madrid,Spain,Mar 2-3, 2017, ,International Conference onCell Signalling and Cancer Therapy,Paris, France,Aug 20-22, 2017,2nd Biotechnology World Convention,London, UK,May 25-27, 2017,International Conference on Animal and Human Cell Culture,Jackson Ville, USA, Sep 25-27, 2017,9th International Conference onCancer Genomics, Chicago, USA, May 29-31, 2017.

Track-8 HIV gene therapy:

Highly activeantiretroviral therapydramatically improves survival inHIV-infected patients. However, persistence of HIV in reservoirs has necessitated lifelong treatment that can be complicated bycumulative toxicities, incomplete immune restoration, and the emergence of drug-resistant escapemutants. Cell and gene therapies offer the promise of preventing progressiveHIV infectionby interfering with HIV replication in the absence of chronicantiviral therapy.

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3rd International Conference onSynthetic Biology, Munich, Germany, July 20-21, 2017, International Conference onIntegrative Medicine & Nutrition, Dubai, UAE, May 11-13, 2017, International Conference on Animal and Human Cell Culture, Jackson Ville, USA, Sep 25-27, 2017, International Conference onCell Signalling and Cancer Therapy, Aug 20-22, 2017,Paris, France.

Track-9 Diabetes for gene therapy:

Cell therapyapproaches for this disease are focused on developing the most efficient methods for the isolation ofpancreasbeta cells or appropriatestem cells, appropriate location forcell transplant, and improvement of their survival upon infusion. Alternatively, gene andcell therapyscientists are developing methods to reprogram some of the other cells of the pancreas to secreteinsulin. Currently ongoingclinical trialsusing these gene andcell therapystrategies hold promise for improved treatments of type I diabetes in the future. The firstgene therapyapproach to diabetes was put forward shortly after the cloning of theinsulingene. It was proposed that non-insulin producing cells could be made into insulin-producingcells using a suitable promoter and insulin gene construct, and that these substitute cells could restore insulin production in type 1 and some type 2 diabetics.

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15thWorld Congress on Biotechnology and Biotech Industries Meet,Rome, Italy,March 20-21, 2017, 6th International Conference onTissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Baltimore, USA, Aug 20-22, 2017,8th World Congress and Expo onCell & Stem Cell Research, Orlando, USA, March 20-22, 2017, 14th Asia-Pacific Biotech Congress,Beijing, China,April 10-12, 2017,5th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, London, UK, June 19-21, 2017.

Track-10 Viral gene therapy:

Converting avirusinto a vector Theviral life cyclecan be divided into two temporally distinct phases: infection and replication. Forgene therapyto be successful, an appropriate amount of a therapeutic gene must be delivered into the target tissue without substantial toxicity. Eachviral vectorsystem is characterized by an inherent set of properties that affect its suitability for specific gene therapy applications. For some disorders, long-term expression from a relatively small proportion of cells would be sufficient (for example, genetic disorders), whereas otherpathologiesmight require high, but transient,gene expression. For example, gene therapies designed to interfere with a viral infectious process or inhibit the growth ofcancer cellsby reconstitution of inactivated tumour suppressor genes may require gene transfer into a large fraction of theabnormal cells.

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Track-11 Stem cell therapies:

Stem cells have tremendous promise to help us understand and treat a range of diseases, injuries and other health-related conditions. Their potential is evident in the use ofblood stem cellsto treat diseases of the blood, a therapy that has saved the lives of thousands of children withleukaemia; and can be seen in the use ofstem cellsfor tissue grafts to treat diseases or injury to the bone, skin and surface of the eye. Some bone, skin andcorneal(eye) injuries and diseases can be treated bygraftingor implanting tissues, and the healing process relies on stem cells within thisimplanted tissue.

Related Conferences:

2nd World Congress on Human Genetics, Chicago, USA, July 24-26, 2017, 2nd International Conference onGenetic Counselling and Genomic Medicine ,Beijing, China,July 10-12, 2017, , International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, Las Vegas, USA, April 24-26, 2017,2nd International Conference onMolecular Biology,London, UK,June 22-24, 2017, 15th Biotechnology Congress, Baltimore, USA, June 22-23, 2017.

Track-12 Stem cell preservation:

The ability to preserve the cells is critical to theirclinicalapplication. It improves patient access to therapies by increasing the genetic diversity of cells available. In addition, the ability to preserve cells improves the "manufacturability" of acell therapyproduct by permitting the cells to be stored until the patient is ready for administration of the therapy, permitting inventory control of products, and improving management of staffing atcell therapyfacilities. Finally, the ability to preservecell therapiesimproves the safety of cell therapy products by extending the shelf life of a product and permitting completion of safety and quality control testing before release of the product for use. preservation permits coordination between the manufacture of the therapy and patient care regimes.

Related Conferences:

7th Annual Conference on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine,Paris,France,Aug 04-05,2016,2nd Biotechnology World Convention,LONDON, UK,May 25-27, 2017, ,International Conference on Animal and Human Cell Culture, Jackson Ville, USA, Sep 25-27, 2017,9th International Conference onCancer Genomics, Chicago, USA, May 29-31, 2017, 3rd International Conference onSynthetic Biology, Munich, Germany, July 20-21, 2017.

Track-13 Stem cell products:

The globalstemcell,Stem cell productsmarket will grow from about $5.6 billion in 2013 to nearly $10.6 billion in 2018, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.6% from 2013 through 2018.This trackdiscusses the implications ofstemcellresearchand commercial trends in the context of the current size and growth of thepharmaceutical market, both in global terms and analysed by the most important national markets.

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6th International Conference onTissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Baltimore, USA, Aug 20-22, 2017,8th World Congress and Expo onCell & Stem Cell Research, Orlando, USA, March 20-22, 2017,15thWorld Congress on Biotechnology and Biotech Industries Meet,Rome, Italy,March 20-21, 2017 ,2nd International Conference onGenetic Counselling and Genomic Medicine , Beijing, China,July 10-12, 2017, ,International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, las vegas, USA, April 24-26, 2017.

Track-14 Genetically inherited diseases:

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15th Biotechnology Congress, Baltimore, USA, June 22-23, 2017,3rd International Conference onSynthetic Biology, Munich, Germany, July 20-21, 2017,5th International Conference and Exhibition onCell and Gene Therapy,Madrid, Spain,Mar 2-3, 2017, ,International Conference onCell Signalling and Cancer Therapy,paris, France,Aug 20-22, 2017,, International Conference on Animal and Human Cell Culture, Jackson Ville, USA, Sep 25-27, 2017.

Track-15 Plant stem cells:

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9th International Conference onGenomics and Pharmacogenomics, Chicago, USA, July 13-14, 2017,7th International Conference onPlant Genomics, Bangkok, Thailand, July 03-05, 2017,15th Euro Biotechnology Congress, Valencia, Spain, June 05-07, 2017,5th International Conference and Exhibition onCell and Gene Therapy,Madrid, Spain,Mar 2-3,2017,3rd International Conference & Exhibition onTissue Preservation and Bio banking,Baltimore, USA,June 29-30, 2017.

Track-16 Plant stem cell rejuvenation:

Asplantscannot escape from danger by running or taking flight, they need a special mechanism to withstandenvironmental stress. What empowers them to withstand harsh attacks and preserve life is the stem cell. According to Wikipedia, plantstem cellsnever undergo theagingprocess but constantly create new specialized and unspecialized cells, and they have the potential to grow into any organ, tissue, or cell in the body. The everlasting life is due to the hormones auxin andgibberellin. British scientists found that plant stem cells were much more sensitive toDNAdamage than other cells. And once they sense damage, they trigger death of these cells.

Rejuvenate with Plant Stem Cells.

Detoxifyand release toxins on a cellular level. Nourishyour body with vital nutrients. Regenerateyour cells and diminish the effects of aging.

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International Conference on Animal and Human Cell Culture, Jackson Ville, USA, Sep 25-27, 2017, 14th Asia-Pacific Biotech Congress,Beijing, China,April 10-12, 2017,15th Biotechnology Congress, Baltimore, USA, June 22-23, 2017,3rd International Conference onSynthetic Biology, Munich, Germany, July 20-21, 2017,5th International Conference and Exhibition onCell and Gene Therapy,Madrid, Spain,Mar 2-3, 2017.

Track-17 Clinical trials in cell and gene therapy:

Aclinical trialis a research study that seeks to determine if a treatment is safe and effective. Advancing new cell andgene therapies(CGTs) from the laboratory into early-phaseclinical trialshas proven to be a complex task even for experienced investigators. Due to the wide variety ofCGTproducts and their potential applications, a case-by-case assessment is warranted for the design of each clinical trial.

Objectives:Determine thepharmacokineticsof this regimen by the persistence of modified T cells in the blood of these patients, Evaluate theimmunogenicityof murine sequences in chimeric anti-CEA Ig TCR, Assess immunologic parameters which correlate with the efficacy of this regimen in these patients, Evaluate, in a preliminary manner, the efficacy of this regimen in patients with CEA bearingtumours.

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Track-18 Molecular epigenetics:

Epigeneticsis the study of heritable changes in thephenotypeof a cell or organism that are not caused by its genotype. The molecular basis of anepigeneticprofile arises from covalent modifications of protein andDNAcomponents ofchromatin. The epigenetic profile of a cell often dictates cell fate, as well as mammalian development,agingand disease. Epigenetics has evolved to become the science that explains how the differences in the patterns ofgene expressionin diverse cells or tissues are executed and inherited.

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Track-19 Bioengineering therapeutics:

The goals ofbioengineeringstrategies for targetedcancertherapies are (1) to deliver a high dose of an anticancer drug directly to a cancer tumour, (2) to enhance drug uptake by malignant cells, and (3) to minimize drug uptake by non-malignant cells. In ESRD micro electro mechanical systems andnanotechnologyto create components such as robust silicon Nano pore filters that mimic natural kidney structure for high-efficiency toxin clearance. It also usestissue engineeringto build a miniature bioreactor in which immune-isolated human-derived renal cells perform key functions, such as reabsorption of water and salts.In drug delivery for a leading cause ofblindness, photo-etching fabrication techniques from themicrochipindustry to create thin-film and planar micro devices (dimensions in millionths of meters) with protectivemedicationreservoirs andnanopores(measured in billionths of meters) for insertion in the back of the eye to deliver sustained doses of drug across protective retinalepithelial tissuesover the course of several months.

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Track-20 Advanced gene therapy:

Advanced therapiesare different fromconventional medicines, which are made from chemicals or proteins.Gene-therapymedicines:these contain genes that lead to atherapeuticeffect. They work by inserting 'recombinant' genes into cells, usually to treat a variety of diseases, including genetic disorders, cancer or long-term diseases.Somatic-cell therapymedicines:these contain cells or tissues that have been manipulated to change their biological characteristics.Advanced Cell &Gene Therapyprovides guidanceinprocess development, GMP/GTP manufacturing,regulatory affairs, due diligence and strategy, specializing in cell therapy,gene therapy, and tissue-engineeredregenerative medicineproducts.

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Recommendation and review posted by simmons

On each valid NATESTO prescription or refill, maximum savings is $150 per use, up to 13 uses. Patient is responsible for any balance remaining, and for reporting receipt of this coupon benefit to any insurer, health plan, or other third party who pays for or reimburses any part of the prescription filled using the coupon, as may be required. Patient, pharmacist, and prescriber agree not to seek reimbursement for all or any part of the benefit received by the patient through this offer.

Offer only valid for male patients over age 18 who have private health insurance. Offer not valid for uninsured patients or for patients eligible for Medicaid, Medicare, TRICARE, Veterans Affairs or any other state or federal healthcare program (including state prescription drug programs). Offer good only in USA and void where prohibited by law, taxed, or restricted. Aytu Pharmaceuticals reserves the right to rescind, revoke, or amend this offer without notice. Card is limited to one per person, is not transferable, and cannot be reproduced. This card is not health insurance.

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Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

a, Hindlimb bone marrow cellularity (n=9 mice for -catulin+/+,n=4 mice for -catulinGFP/+ and n=9 mice for -catulinGFP/GFP genotype) and spleen cellularity (n=6 mice for -catulin+/+,n=4 mice for -catulinGFP/+ and n=6 mice for -catulinGFP/GFP genotype), spleen mass (7 mice for -catulin+/+,n=4 mice for -catulinGFP/+ and n=7 mice for -catulinGFP/GFP genotype). b, White blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) and platelet (PLT) counts per microliter of peripheral blood from 812 week old -catulin+/+, -catulinGFP/+, and -catulinGFP/GFP mice (n=9 mice/genotype). c,d, Frequencies of mature hematopoietic cells and progenitors in the bone marrow of 812 week old -catulin+/+ and -catulinGFP/GFP mice (Pre-ProB cells were B220+sIgMCD43+CD24; ProB cells were B220+sIgMCD43+CD24+; Pre-B cells were B220+sIgMCD43; common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) were Linc-kitlowSca1lowCD127+CD135+; common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) were Linc-kit+Sca1CD34+CD16/32; granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs) were Linc-kit+Sca1CD34+CD16/32+; and megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors (MEPs) were Linc-kit+Sca1CD34CD16/32 (n=3 mice/genotype). e, Bone marrow CD150+CD48LSK HSC frequency, bone marrow CD150CD48LSK MPP frequency (n=12 mice/genotype in 12 independent experiments), and spleen HSC frequency (n=3 mice/genotype in 3 experiments). f, Percentage of HSCs and whole bone marrow cells that incorporated a 3 day pulse of BrdU in vivo (n=6 -catulin+/+, 9 -catulinGFP/+, and 7 -catulinGFP/GFP 812 week old mice in 3 independent experiments). g, Colony formation by HSCs in methylcellulose cultures (GM means granulocyte-macrophage colonies, GEMM means granulocyte-erythroid-macrophage-megakaryocyte colonies, Mk means megakaryocyte colonies; (n=5 mice/genotype in 5 independent experiments). h, Reconstitution of irradiated mice by 300,000 donor bone marrow cells from 812 week old -catulin+/+, -catulinGFP/+, or -catulinGFP/GFP mice competed against 300,000 recipient bone marrow cells (n=4 donor mice and 16 recipient mice for -catulin+/+, n=3 donor mice and 9 recipient mice for -catulinGFP/+, and n=4 donor mice and 18 recipients for -catulinGFP/GFP in 3 independent experiments). i, Serial transplantation of 3 million WBM cells from primary recipient mice shown in panel d into irradiated secondary recipient mice (n=4 primary -catulin+/+ recipients were transplanted into 17 secondary recipients and n=6 primary -catulinGFP/GFP recipients were transplanted into 20 secondary recipients). All data represent means.d. The statistical significance of differences between genotypes was assessed using Students t-tests or ANOVAs. None were significant.

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Deep imaging of bone marrow shows non-dividing stem cells ...

Recommendation and review posted by simmons

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Recommendation and review posted by simmons

Quick links:

Stem cells are cells that have the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and give rise to multiple specialized cell types. They can develop into blood, bone, brain, muscle, skin and other organs.

Stem cells occur naturally, or they can be created from other kinds of cells. Stem cells form during development (embryonic stem cells). They are also present in small numbers in many different tissues (endogenous adult stem cells). Most significantly, stem cells can be created from skin cells (induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells).

iPS cells have emerged in recent years as by far the most significant source of stem cells for ALS research. A simple skin biopsy provides the skin cells (fibroblasts). These cells are treated in a lab dish with a precise cocktail of naturally occurring growth factors that turns back the clock, transforming them back into cells much like those that gave rise to themstem cells.

Embryonic stem cells can be isolated from fertilized embryos less than a week old. Before the development of iPS cells, human embryos were the only source of human stem cells for research or therapeutic development. The ethical issues involved hindered development of this research. Most stem cell research in ALS is currently focused on iPS cells, which are not burdened with these issues.

Stem cells are being used in many laboratories today for research into the causes of and treatments for ALS. Most commonly, iPS cells are converted into motor neurons, the cells affected in ALS. These motor neurons can be grown in a dish and studied to determine how the disease develops. They can also be used to screen for drugs that can alter the disease process. The availability of large numbers of identical neurons, made possible by iPS cells, has dramatically expanded the ability to search for new treatments.

Because iPS cells can be made from skin samples of any person, researchers have begun to make individual cell lines derived from dozens of individuals with ALS. Comparing the motor neurons derived from these cells lines allows them to ask what is common, and what is unique, about each case of ALS, leading to further understanding of the disease process.

Stem cells may also have a role to play in treating the disease. The most likely application may be to use stem cells or cells derived from them to deliver growth factors or protective molecules to motor neurons in the spinal cord. Clinical trials of such stem cell transplants are in the early stages, but appear to be safe.

While the idea of replacing dying motor neurons with new ones derived from stem cells is appealing, there are multiple major hurdles that must be overcome before it is a possibility. Perhaps the most challenging is coaxing the implanted cells to grow the long distances from the spinal cord, where they would be implanted, out to the muscle, where they cause contraction. While work is ongoing to overcome these challenges, it is likely that providing support and protection to surviving neurons represents a more immediate possible form of stem cell therapy.

The presence of endogenous stem cells in the adult brain and spinal cord may provide an alternative to transplantation, eliminating the issues of tissue rejection. If there were a way to stimulate resident stem cells to replace dying cells the limitations of transplantation could be overcome. Small biotech companies are pursuing this direction in the hope of finding therapeutic compounds that will do this. Further research into molecules and genes that govern cell division, migration and specialization is needed, ultimately leading to new drug targets and therapies for ALS.

The mechanism of motor neuron death in ALS remains unclear. It is not certain that transplanted stem cells would be resistant to the same source(s) of damage that causes motor neurons to die and stem cells may need to be modified to protect against the toxic environment. There is also the potential that cultured stem cells used in transplant medicine could face rejection by the body's immune system.

The NeuralStem trial demonstrated the safety of transplanting human embryonic stem cells into the spinal cord of people with ALS. As of late 2014, a larger trial of the same technique is underway, to determine whether treatment can improve function or slow decline. More information can be found here: http://www.alsconsortium.org/news_neuralstem_phaseII_first_patient.php

The BrainStorm trial is underway as of late 2014, examining the safety and efficacy of transplantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells secreting neurotrophic factors. These stem cells are extracted from the patients own bone marrow, then treated to increase their production of protective factors, and then injected into muscle and the region surrounding the spinal cord. More information can be found here: http://www.alsconsortium.org/

Read The ALS Associations Statement on Stem Cell Research.

Last update: 08/26/14

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stem cells - The ALS Association

Recommendation and review posted by sam

Hypopituitarism is the partial or complete insufficiency of anterior pituitary hormone secretion and may result from pituitary or hypothalamic disease. The reported incidence (12-42 new cases per million per year) and prevalence (300-455 per million) is probably underestimated if its occurrence after brain injuries (30-70% of cases) is considered. Clinical manifestations depend on the extent of hormone deficiency and may be non specific, such as fatigue, hypotension, cold intolerance, or more indicative such as growth retardation or impotence and infertility in GH and gonadotropin deficiency, respectively.A number of inflammatory, granulomatous or neoplastic diseases as well as traumatic or radiation injuries involving the hypothalamic-pituitary region can lead to hypopituitarism. Several genetic defects are possible causes of syndromic and non syndromic isolated/multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies. Unexplained gonadal dysfunctions, developmental craniofacial abnormalities, newly discovered empty sella and previous pregnancy-associated hemorrhage or blood pressure changes may be associated with defective anterior pituitary function.The diagnosis of hypopituitarism relies on the measurement of basal and stimulated secretion of anterior pituitary hormones and of the hormones secreted by pituitary target glands. MR imaging of the hypothalamo-pituitary region may provide essential information. Genetic testing, when indicated, may be diagnostic.Secondary hypothyroidism is a rare disease. The biochemical diagnosis is suggested by low serum FT4 levels and inappropriately normal or low basal TSH levels that do not rise normally after TRH. L-thyroxine is the treatment of choice. Before starting replacement therapy, concomitant corticotropin deficiency should be excluded in order to avoid acute adrenal insufficiency. Prolactin deficiency is also very rare and generally occurs after global failure of pituitary function. Prolactin deficiency prevents lactation. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in males is characterized by low testosterone with low or normal LH and FSH serum concentrations and impaired spermatogenesis. Hyperprolactinemia as well as low sex hormone binding globulin concentrations enter the differential diagnosis. Irregular menses and amenorrhea with low serum estradiol concentration (<100 pmol/l) and normal or low gonadotropin concentrations are the typical features of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in females. In post menopausal women, failure to detect high serum gonadotropin values is highly suggestive of the diagnosis. In males, replacement therapy with oral or injectable testosterone results in wide fluctuations of serum hormone levels. More recently developed transdermal testosterone preparations allow stable physiological serum testosterone levels. Pulsatile GnRH administration can be used to stimulate spermatogenesis in men and ovulation in women with GnRH deficiency and normal gonadotropin secretion. Gonadotropin administration is indicated in cases of gonadotropin deficiency or GnRH resistance but is also an option, in alternative to pulsatile GnRH, for patients with defective GnRH secretion.

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Hypopituitarism.

Recommendation and review posted by simmons

Stem cells: What they are and what they do Stem cells and derived products offer great promise for new medical treatments. Learn about stem cell types, current and possible uses, ethical issues, and the state of research and practice. By Mayo Clinic Staff

You've heard about stem cells in the news, and perhaps you've wondered if they might help you or a loved one with a serious disease. You may wonder what stem cells are, how they're being used to treat disease and injury, and why they're the subject of such vigorous debate.

Here are some answers to frequently asked questions about stem cells.

Researchers and doctors hope stem cell studies can help to:

Generate healthy cells to replace diseased cells (regenerative medicine). Stem cells can be guided into becoming specific cells that can be used to regenerate and repair diseased or damaged tissues in people.

People who might benefit from stem cell therapies include those with spinal cord injuries, type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, stroke, burns, cancer and osteoarthritis.

Stem cells may have the potential to be grown to become new tissue for use in transplant and regenerative medicine. Researchers continue to advance the knowledge on stem cells and their applications in transplant and regenerative medicine.

Test new drugs for safety and effectiveness. Before using new drugs in people, some types of stem cells are useful to test the safety and quality of investigational drugs. This type of testing will most likely first have a direct impact on drug development for cardiac toxicity testing.

New areas of study include the effectiveness of using human stem cells that have been programmed into tissue-specific cells to test new drugs. For testing of new drugs to be accurate, the cells must be programmed to acquire properties of the type of cells to be tested. Techniques to program cells into specific cells continue to be studied.

For instance, nerve cells could be generated to test a new drug for a nerve disease. Tests could show whether the new drug had any effect on the cells and whether the cells were harmed.

Stem cells are the body's raw materials cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated. Under the right conditions in the body or a laboratory, stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells.

These daughter cells either become new stem cells (self-renewal) or become specialized cells (differentiation) with a more specific function, such as blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle or bone. No other cell in the body has the natural ability to generate new cell types.

Researchers have discovered several sources of stem cells:

Embryonic stem cells. These stem cells come from embryos that are three to five days old. At this stage, an embryo is called a blastocyst and has about 150 cells.

These are pluripotent (ploo-RIP-uh-tunt) stem cells, meaning they can divide into more stem cells or can become any type of cell in the body. This versatility allows embryonic stem cells to be used to regenerate or repair diseased tissue and organs, although their use in people has been to date limited to eye-related disorders such as macular degeneration.

Adult stem cells. These stem cells are found in small numbers in most adult tissues, such as bone marrow or fat. Compared with embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells have a more limited ability to give rise to various cells of the body.

Until recently, researchers thought adult stem cells could create only similar types of cells. For instance, researchers thought that stem cells residing in the bone marrow could give rise only to blood cells.

However, emerging evidence suggests that adult stem cells may be able to create unrelated types of cells. For instance, bone marrow stem cells may be able to create bone or heart muscle cells. This research has led to early-stage clinical trials to test usefulness and safety in people. For example, adult stem cells are currently being tested in people with neurological or heart disease.

This new technique may allow researchers to use these reprogrammed cells instead of embryonic stem cells and prevent immune system rejection of the new stem cells. However, scientists don't yet know if altering adult cells will cause adverse effects in humans.

Researchers have been able to take regular connective tissue cells and reprogram them to become functional heart cells. In studies, animals with heart failure that were injected with new heart cells experienced improved heart function and survival time.

Perinatal stem cells. Researchers have discovered stem cells in amniotic fluid in addition to umbilical cord blood stem cells. These stem cells also have the ability to change into specialized cells.

Amniotic fluid fills the sac that surrounds and protects a developing fetus in the uterus. Researchers have identified stem cells in samples of amniotic fluid drawn from pregnant women during a procedure called amniocentesis, a test conducted to test for abnormalities.

More study of amniotic fluid stem cells is needed to understand their potential.

Embryonic stem cells are obtained from early-stage embryos a group of cells that forms when a woman's egg is fertilized with a man's sperm in an in vitro fertilization clinic. Because human embryonic stem cells are extracted from human embryos, several questions and issues have been raised about the ethics of embryonic stem cell research.

The National Institutes of Health created guidelines for human stem cell research in 2009. Guidelines included defining embryonic stem cells and how they may be used in research and donation guidelines for embryonic stem cells. Also, guidelines stated embryonic stem cells may only be used from embryos created by in vitro fertilization when the embryo is no longer needed.

The embryos being used in embryonic stem cell research come from eggs that were fertilized at in vitro fertilization clinics but never implanted in a woman's uterus. The stem cells are donated with informed consent from donors. The stem cells can live and grow in special solutions in test tubes or petri dishes in laboratories.

Although research into adult stem cells is promising, adult stem cells may not be as versatile and durable as are embryonic stem cells. Adult stem cells may not be able to be manipulated to produce all cell types, which limits how adult stem cells can be used to treat diseases.

Adult stem cells also are more likely to contain abnormalities due to environmental hazards, such as toxins, or from errors acquired by the cells during replication. However, researchers have found that adult stem cells are more adaptable than was initially suspected.

.

See more here:
Stem cells: What they are and what they do - Mayo Clinic

Recommendation and review posted by simmons

Heart transplants have been around since 1967, but they're still anything but routine. In an effort to ensure a steady supply of compatible organs, a team of scientists from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) is working on ways to create bioengineered human hearts by first stripping donor hearts of cells that could provoke an immune response in a potential recipient, and then using the recipient's own induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate cardiac muscle cells that can be used to repopulate the heart in an automated bioreactor system.

Every year, 800,000 people worldwide have heart conditions that require a transplant. Unfortunately, there are only enough suitable donor hearts for around 3,500 operations. Part of the reason for this isn't that there aren't enough healthy hearts donated to go around, but that a heart needs to be biologically compatible with the recipient.

And even if there is an extremely close tissue match, the recipient's body will treat still the new heart as alien and attack it. To prevent this tissue rejection, the recipient's autoimmune system must be suppressed by a battery of pills for a lifetime, combined with another battery of pills to correct the damage caused by suppressing the immune system.

What the MGH team led by Dr Harald Ott is trying to achieve is a way of turning the alien heart into a not-alien one. In other words, to make it as much like the recipient's original heart from a cellular point of view. This way, the body is less likely to reject it and the follow-up medical regime can be less aggressive.

The MGH approach to essentially take a donor heart, strip it down and rebuild it much as one might strip a house down to its frame and then rebuild it with all-new materials. The heart, like most organs, consists of living cells that are held in place by a connective matrix made of collagen fibers. It's the living cells that allow the heart to pump blood, but they're also what spark an immune reaction in the host body, so the idea is to remove the original cells, then replace them in the remaining collagen matrix with cells created from the recipient's own. Since the new cells are genetically identical to those of the recipient, tissue rejection is less likely.

According to MGH, Dr Ott had already developed a procedure in 2008 that allowed him to remove living cells from organs using a detergent solution. The MGH team then used the leftover extracellular matrix as a scaffold that can then be repopulated with new cells. In this way, they could not only create working rat lungs and kidneys, but also decellularized large-animal hearts, lungs, and kidneys.

The next step was to scale up the method on a whole human heart. This was done by creating iPSCs. The iPSCs are made by using a new method to reprogram skin cells with messenger RNA factors so they revert to an embryonic state.

These all-purpose stem cells can then be induced to become any kind of cell in the human body. In this case, they were turned into cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes. According to MGH, this method not only is more efficient and allows for creating cells in large enough quantities for clinical use, but it also avoids many regulatory obstacles that more conventional methods come up against.

These cardiac cells were then introduced into 73 decellularized human hearts from donors who were brain dead or had suffered cardiac death. The hearts selected weren't suitable for transplant, so were used with consent for research purposes. The cells were reseeded into the 3D matrix of the left ventricular wall of the decellularized hearts as thin slices, then as 15 mm fibers, which began to contract on their own within days.

The hearts were then placed for 14 days in an automated bioreactor system developed by the MGH team. This provided the tissues with nourishment in the form of a solution while ventricular pressure and other stressors were applied to exercise them. The researchers say the result was dense regions of iPSC-derived cells that resembled immature cardiac muscle tissue and contracted like heart tissue when subjected to electrical stimulation.

"Regenerating a whole heart is most certainly a long-term goal that is several years away, so we are currently working on engineering a functional myocardial patch that could replace cardiac tissue damaged due to a heart attack or heart failure," says Jacques Guyette, PhD, of the MGH Center for Regenerative Medicine (CRM). "Among the next steps that we are pursuing are improving methods to generate even more cardiac cells recellularizing a whole heart would take tens of billions optimizing bioreactor-based culture techniques to improve the maturation and function of engineered cardiac tissue, and electronically integrating regenerated tissue to function within the recipient's heart."

The team's results were was published in Circulation Research.

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Stripping donor hearts and repopulating them with ...

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