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Robert Winston: my research could open door to 'risky' eugenics

Speaking at the Cheltenham Science Festival, Lord Winston warned that the procedure opens the door to eugenics, particularly in countries like North Korea.

You could easily see how this kind of thing could be used in North Korea for example.

I dont think its very likely it will be used in the UK in a mischievous way but Ive no doubt that given the burgeoning market, given the desperation of people who want to enhance their children in all sorts of ways, humans might be tempted to use this and that therefore it does become a form of eugenics.

Every piece of science has an upside and a downside. There comes a point where you have to publish what youve been doing.

Im not trying to make an exaggerated claim for what we have done at all but I think the reproductive technologies are being misused in my view.

This is far more likely to be a serious threat than cloning. Cloning seems a useless technology. You can choose the attributes you might want to try and produce. If you can make a mouse run faster, which we can, if you can make a mouse bigger, which we can then maybe people might want to try the same thing in humans.

Neither Carole nor I when we started this experiment were particularly thinking about the misuse of the work. We knew if you could improve somebodys genetics somebody might try and do it. I just think that this just brings it a bit closer, in quite a substantial way really.

Meddling with nature is in this context risky.

However most fertility experts think it is unlikely the technology will ever be so advanced that humans could create designer babies.

Previously Dr Allan Pacey, chairman for the British Fertility Society has said he doubts that we will ever have the skill to alter complex traits such as intelligence, beauty of musical ability.

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Robert Winston: my research could open door to 'risky' eugenics

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Population genetics and statistics – Video


Population genetics and statistics

By: GeneticsLessons

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Population genetics and statistics - Video

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Castillo de San Marcos; Spirit speaks Spanish; Talks about "human genetics" – Video


Castillo de San Marcos; Spirit speaks Spanish; Talks about "human genetics"
Echovox Rec.; Spirit speaks Spanish in response to me introducing myself in kind; Interesting dialogue back and forth ECHOVOX app for Android; Big Beard Stud...

By: Kenda DeMorse

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Castillo de San Marcos; Spirit speaks Spanish; Talks about "human genetics" - Video

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Stem cells work on MS in mice

Human embryonic stem cells the bodys powerful master cells might be useful for treating multiple sclerosis, researchers reported Thursday.

A team has used cells taken from frozen human embryos and transformed them into a type of cell that scientists have hoped might help treat patients with MS, a debilitating nerve disease.

Mice with an induced version of MS that paralyzed them were able to walk freely after the treatment, the teams at Advanced Cell Technology and ImStem Biotechnology in Farmington, Connecticut, reported.

The cells appeared to travel to the damaged tissues in the mice, toning down the mistaken immune system response that strips the fatty protective layer off of nerve calls. Its that damage that causes symptoms ranging from tremors and loss of balance to blurry vision and paralysis.

These embryonic stem cells were carefully nurtured to make them form a type of immature cell called a mesenchymal stem cell. These cells worked better to treat the mice than naturally developed mesenchymal stem cells taken directly from bone marrow, the team wrote in the journal Stem Cell Reports, published by the International Society for Stem Cell Research.

The top mouse is paralyzed, while the mouse on the bottom was treated with human embryonic stem cells and is able to run around.

The company released a video to show the benefits. Untreated mice were suffering. They are paralyzed. They on their backs. They are dragging their limbs. They are in really sad shape, ACTs chief scientific officer, Dr. Bob Lanza, told NBC News.

Treated animals, they are walking and jumping around just like normal mice.

Lanza says human trials are many months away, but he thinks it will not be necessary to use controversial cloning technology to make perfectly matched human embryonic stem cells to treat patients.

We can use an off-the-shelf source and itll work for everyone, he said. So you can use them and not worry about rejection.

Link:
Stem cells work on MS in mice

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

No One Fights Alone

REXBURG One Rexburg teen is uniting both the local community and university campus in the search for a bone marrow donor.

In February, 13-year-old Britton Pugh was diagnosed with rare primary T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Britton is the only known pediatric case of this type of cancer in the country.

Brittons cancer, like leukemia, takes the form of a liquid, said Mark Pugh, Brittons father and faculty member of the chemistry department at Brigham Young University-Idaho.

Doctors believe the disease attacks the central nervous system in Brittons brain and spine.

Since February, Britton has undergone chemotherapy, which doctors believe has decreased the cancer and sent it into remission. Britton is also receiving radiation for the next couple weeks.

But to provide the best hope of a cure, doctors have suggested a bone marrow transplant.

The source could be coming from the bone marrow, thats why we need the transplant. Pugh said. For the highest percent of a cure, they want to do a bone marrow transplant to make sure (the cancer) doesnt come back.

Around the end of April, Pugh said the family first looked toward Brittons siblings for a possible match.

Pugh told the Standard Journal Friday that siblings have a 25 percent chance of being the right DNA match. Pugh had his sons tested through the routine cheek swab test, including a son serving an LDS mission in Spain.

A DNA match is determined by a simple test done by swabbing the inside of a donors cheek.

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No One Fights Alone

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Is CAR T-Cell Therapy a Leader in the Future of Cancer Treatment? – Video


Is CAR T-Cell Therapy a Leader in the Future of Cancer Treatment?
Could CAR T-cell therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) be expanded to treat multiple cancers? Early clinical trial observations being led by Dr. David Maloney, are quite remarkable. Dr. Maloney,...

By: Patient Power

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Is CAR T-Cell Therapy a Leader in the Future of Cancer Treatment? - Video

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What is "Stem cell therapy" for hair loss ? | Steps in PRP Treatment : TV5 News – Video


What is "Stem cell therapy" for hair loss ? | Steps in PRP Treatment : TV5 News
Subscribe to Tv5 News Channel: http://goo.gl/NHJD9 Like us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/tv5newschannel Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/tv5newsnow Circle us...

By: TV5 News

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What is "Stem cell therapy" for hair loss ? | Steps in PRP Treatment : TV5 News - Video

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Three gene networks discovered in autism, may present treatment targets

PUBLIC RELEASE DATE:

6-Jun-2014

Contact: John Ascenzi ascenzi@email.chop.edu 267-426-6055 Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

A large new analysis of DNA from thousands of patients has uncovered several underlying gene networks with potentially important roles in autism. These networks may offer attractive targets for developing new autism drugs or repurposing existing drugs that act on components of the networks.

Furthermore, one of the autism-related gene pathways also affects some patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophreniaraising the possibility that a class of drugs may treat particular subsets of all three neurological disorders.

"Neurodevelopmental disorders are extremely heterogeneous, both clinically and genetically," said study leader Hakon Hakonarson, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Center for Applied Genomics at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). "However, the common biological patterns we are finding across disease categories strongly imply that focusing on underlying molecular defects may bring us closer to devising therapies."

The study by Hakonarson and colleagues, appearing online today in Nature Communications, draws on gene data from CHOP's genome center as well as from the Autism Genome Project and the AGRE Consortium, both part of the organization Autism Speaks.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), of which autism is the best known, are a large group of heritable childhood neuropsychiatric conditions characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as by restricted behaviors. The authors note that recent investigations suggest that up to 400 distinct ASDs exist.

The current research is a genome-wide association study comparing more than 6,700 patients with ASDs to over 12,500 control subjects. It was one of the largest-ever studies of copy number variations (CNVs) in autism. CNVs are deletions or duplications of DNA sequences, as distinct from single-base changes in DNA.

The study team focused on CNVs within defective gene family interaction networks (GFINs)groups of disrupted genes acting on biological pathways. In patients with autism, the team found three GFINs in which gene variants perturb how genes interact with proteins. Of special interest to the study group was the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) signaling pathway, defined by the GRM family of genes that affects the neurotransmitter glutamate, a major chemical messenger in the brain regulating functions such as memory, learning, cognition, attention and behavior.

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Three gene networks discovered in autism, may present treatment targets

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Three Gene Networks Found in Autism, May Present Treatment Targets

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Newswise Philadelphia, June 6, 2014 A large new analysis of DNA from thousands of patients has uncovered several underlying gene networks with potentially important roles in autism. These networks may offer attractive targets for developing new autism drugs or repurposing existing drugs that act on components of the networks.

Furthermore, one of the autism-related gene pathways also affects some patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophreniaraising the possibility that a class of drugs may treat particular subsets of all three neurological disorders.

Neurodevelopmental disorders are extremely heterogeneous, both clinically and genetically, said study leader Hakon Hakonarson, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Center for Applied Genomics at The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). However, the common biological patterns we are finding across disease categories strongly imply that focusing on underlying molecular defects may bring us closer to devising therapies.

The study by Hakonarson and colleagues, appearing online today in Nature Communications, draws on gene data from CHOPs genome center as well as from the Autism Genome Project and the AGRE Consortium, both part of the organization Autism Speaks.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), of which autism is the best known, are a large group of heritable childhood neuropsychiatric conditions characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as by restricted behaviors. The authors note that recent investigations suggest that up to 400 distinct ASDs exist.

The current research is a genome-wide association study comparing more than 6,700 patients with ASDs to over 12,500 control subjects. It was one of the largest-ever studies of copy number variations (CNVs) in autism. CNVs are deletions or duplications of DNA sequences, as distinct from single-base changes in DNA.

The study team focused on CNVs within defective gene family interaction networks (GFINs)groups of disrupted genes acting on biological pathways. In patients with autism, the team found three GFINs in which gene variants perturb how genes interact with proteins. Of special interest to the study group was the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) signaling pathway, defined by the GRM family of genes that affects the neurotransmitter glutamate, a major chemical messenger in the brain regulating functions such as memory, learning, cognition, attention and behavior.

Hakonarsons team and other investigators previously reported that 10 percent or more of ADHD patients have CNVs in genes along the glutamate receptor metabotropic (GRM) pathway, while other teams have implicated GRM gene defects in schizophrenia.

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Three Gene Networks Found in Autism, May Present Treatment Targets

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Arturo Falaschi 21/01/1933 – 01/06/2010 – Video


Arturo Falaschi 21/01/1933 - 01/06/2010
The mind and driving force in the founding and development of the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Arturo Falaschi was ICGEB D...

By: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

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Arturo Falaschi 21/01/1933 - 01/06/2010 - Video

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HIV transmission networks mapped to reduce infection rate

PUBLIC RELEASE DATE:

5-Jun-2014

Contact: Scott LaFee slafee@ucsd.edu 619-543-6163 University of California - San Diego

Researchers at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine have mapped the transmission network of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in San Diego. The mapping of HIV infections, which used genetic sequencing, allowed researchers to predictively model the likelihood of new HIV transmissions and identify persons at greatest risk for transmitting the virus.

The findings are published online in the June 5 issue of the journal PLOS ONE.

"The more we understand the structure and dynamics of an HIV transmission network, the better we can identify 'hot spots' of transmission," said Susan Little, MD, professor of medicine at the UC San Diego AntiViral Research Center and lead author of the study.

"Not everyone who is HIV-infected is equally likely to transmit the infection to others. There are clusters of more active disease transmission. We can use this information to target treatment interventions to those most likely to transmit the virus to others and markedly reduce the number of new infections."

The researchers analyzed the HIV-1 sequence data from recently HIV-1 infected persons and their sexual and social contacts in San Diego, between 1996 and 2011. Sequence data were collected as part of routine HIV genetic testing used to determine if a virus is resistant to certain classes of HIV medications. Genetic similarities between viral sequences infecting different people were compared. Viruses from two people with a high degree of genetic similarity were suggestive of a transmission link. The scientists noted that viral similarity does not independently prove that a transmission occurred, only that the individuals are part of a closely connected transmission network.

Within the observed HIV transmission network, researchers calculated a transmission network score (TNS) to estimate the risk of HIV transmission from a newly diagnosed individual to a new partner. Participants with a high TNS were significantly more likely than those with low TNS to develop a close linkage to another person within their first year of HIV infection, suggestive of onward transmission.

Through network modeling, investigators showed that using this information to deploy antiretroviral therapy (ART) to individuals with the highest TNS resulted in a significantly greater likelihood of reduced new HIV-1 transmissions than providing ART to the same number of randomly selected individuals.

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HIV transmission networks mapped to reduce infection rate

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Changing your "Six Pack" genetics part 1 – Video


Changing your "Six Pack" genetics part 1
How your hip alignment at rest matters on your "six pack" appearance.

By: Konrad Koczwara

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Changing your "Six Pack" genetics part 1 - Video

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Mod Spotlight: Advanced Genetics – Video


Mod Spotlight: Advanced Genetics
Here I show you all the bits of the Advanced Genetics mod where you can mutate yourself or others, so feel free to leave and feedback and if you want to see ...

By: Tall Man Gaming

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Mod Spotlight: Advanced Genetics - Video

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Senegal dairy genetics: Improved food and nutritional security from better breeds in Senega – Video


Senegal dairy genetics: Improved food and nutritional security from better breeds in Senega
This photo-film shows the main activities Senegal Dairy Genetics project (http://senegaldairy.wordpress.com/) which seeks to improve on food and nutrition se...

By: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

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Senegal dairy genetics: Improved food and nutritional security from better breeds in Senega - Video

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Paw Print Genetics with Ron Schara on Minnesota Bound – Video


Paw Print Genetics with Ron Schara on Minnesota Bound
Paw Print Genetics #39; CEO, Lisa Shaffer, sat down with the legendary Ron Schara on his television show, Minnesota Bound, and talked canine genetics and how eas...

By: Paw Print Genetics

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Paw Print Genetics with Ron Schara on Minnesota Bound - Video

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Bluebird, Agios: Preview of Next Week's Important Pipeline Updates

NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- Two members of the Biotech IPO Class of 2013 -- Bluebird Bio (BLUE) and Agios Pharmaceuticals (AGIO) -- will deliver important pipeline updates at the European Hematology Association (EHA) Congress on Sat. June 14. Let's preview both presentations, starting with Bluebird and its LentiGlobin gene therapy for beta-thalassemia.

Lenti what for beta who?

LentiGlobin is gene therapy, meaning it insertsa fully functional gene for human beta-globin into the patient's own hematopoietic stem cells. The theory behind gene therapy is relatively simple: For diseases caused by single, malfunctioning or missing gene, effective treatment or even a complete cure can be achieved (theoretically) by replacing the defective gene with one that is fully functional. Gene therapy sounds simple but the execution is obviously a lot more complicated.

I won't get into the weeds explaining the process by which BlueBird produces and delivers LentiGlobin except to say a working gene for human beta-globin would allows beta-thalassemia (B-Thal) patients to produce functional beta-globin -- the largest component of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells. B-Thal patients suffer from anemia and iron overload. There is no currently approved cure or effective treatment, so patients require regular blood transfusions to combat the anemia.

Bluebird went public last year partly on the back of some encouraging proof of concept data showing a first-generation gene therapy approach was feasible for B-thal patients. LentiGlobin is a second-generation gene therapy designed to be more potent -- and hopefully more effective.

Next Saturday, researchers will present data on two B-thal patients treated with LentiGlobin in an ongoing phase I/II study. Key data to look for include the engraftment success rate i.e. how many "gene-therapy treated" stem cells are populating the bone marrow; improvements in hemoglobin levels; achievement of transfusion independence; and if so, how quickly from the gene therapy.

Agios will be presenting a clinical update from an early-stage study of experimental cancer metabolism drugAG-221 last reported at the American Association of Cancer Research annual meeting in April.

Agios is developing AG-221 under a collaboration with Celgene (CELG). The companies are also working together on AG-120, a similar drug designed to block another mutated cancer-growing protein known a IDH1.

At the EHA meeting on Sat. June 14, researchers will be presented updated study results from additional patients treated with AG-221, some given higher doses of the drug.

In April at AACR, six of 10 patients with advanced, treatment-refractory acute myeloid leukemia carrying the IDH2 mutation had objective tumor responses, including three complete remissions and two complete remissions with incomplete platelet recovery. A single patient achieved a partial response.

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Bluebird, Agios: Preview of Next Week's Important Pipeline Updates

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Dr. Zayed – Introduction Preventative Medicine – Video


Dr. Zayed - Introduction Preventative Medicine

By: Dr. Zayed - Regenerative Medicine

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Dr. Zayed - Introduction Preventative Medicine - Video

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3 – Lincoln Nadauld, MD, PhD, Intermountain Healthcare @ Pesonalized Medicine Annual Conference – Video


3 - Lincoln Nadauld, MD, PhD, Intermountain Healthcare @ Pesonalized Medicine Annual Conference
SESSION I: Personalized Medicine: "The Clinical Implementation of Cancer Genomics within an Integrated Healthcare System" Lincoln Nadauld, M.D., Ph.D. Intermountain Healthcare.

By: ISSCASIS

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3 - Lincoln Nadauld, MD, PhD, Intermountain Healthcare @ Pesonalized Medicine Annual Conference - Video

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Siemens Keynote Panel – Companion Diagnostics Changing the Face of Healthcare, Dr's Frank and Josep – Video


Siemens Keynote Panel - Companion Diagnostics Changing the Face of Healthcare, Dr #39;s Frank and Josep
Watch on LabRoots at: http://labroots.com/user/webinars/details/id/255 What is the future of personalized medicine? Featuring Dr. Trevor Hawkins (An Introduction to Companion Diagnostics),...

By: LabRoots

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Siemens Keynote Panel - Companion Diagnostics Changing the Face of Healthcare, Dr's Frank and Josep - Video

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Project Walk San Diego Client Milestone – Jess Duhon – Video


Project Walk San Diego Client Milestone - Jess Duhon
Jess Duhon (T-2/T-3 Spinal Cord Injury) has been trying for 6 years and was finally able to do it for the first time today. FREE STAND WITH NO SUPPORT! Our Director of Research attributes...

By: Project Walk

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Project Walk San Diego Client Milestone - Jess Duhon - Video

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The Ethical Complexity of Embryonic Stem Cell Research – Video


The Ethical Complexity of Embryonic Stem Cell Research
This symposium on June 9, 2004, featured Dr. David T. Scadden, co-director, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Professor of Medicine, Harvard University, and director of the Center for Regenerative...

By: Harvard Divinity School

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The Ethical Complexity of Embryonic Stem Cell Research - Video

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Stem Cells Treat Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

Human embryonic stem cells the bodys powerful master cells might be useful for treating multiple sclerosis, researchers reported Thursday.

A team has used cells taken from frozen human embryos and transformed them into a type of cell that scientists have hoped might help treat patients with MS, a debilitating nerve disease.

Mice with an induced version of MS that paralyzed them were able to walk freely after the treatment, the teams at Advanced Cell Technology and ImStem Biotechnology in Farmington, Connecticut, reported.

The cells appeared to travel to the damaged tissues in the mice, toning down the mistaken immune system response that strips the fatty protective layer off of nerve calls. Its that damage that causes symptoms ranging from tremors and loss of balance to blurry vision and paralysis.

These embryonic stem cells were carefully nurtured to make them form a type of immature cell called a mesenchymal stem cell. These cells worked better to treat the mice than naturally developed mesenchymal stem cells taken directly from bone marrow, the team wrote in the journal Stem Cell Reports, published by the International Society for Stem Cell Research.

The top mouse is paralyzed, while the mouse on the bottom was treated with human embryonic stem cells and is able to run around.

The company released a video to show the benefits. Untreated mice were suffering. They are paralyzed. They on their backs. They are dragging their limbs. They are in really sad shape, ACTs chief scientific officer, Dr. Bob Lanza, told NBC News.

Treated animals, they are walking and jumping around just like normal mice.

Lanza says human trials are many months away, but he thinks it will not be necessary to use controversial cloning technology to make perfectly matched human embryonic stem cells to treat patients.

We can use an off-the-shelf source and itll work for everyone, he said. So you can use them and not worry about rejection.

Visit link:
Stem Cells Treat Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Farmington startup treats MS in mice with stem cells

A pre-clinical biotech startup that was awarded more than $1 million in state money last year said it has demonstrated that a certain type of abundant stem cells significantly reduce the severity of multiple sclerosis in mice.

Farmington's ImStem Biotechnology Inc., which is a member of UConn's technology incubator, said it worked with UConn Health Center scientists and Massachusetts company Advanced Cell Technology Inc. to determine that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells are more effective at treating MS in mice than MSCs from the bone marrow of adult donors.

In fact, the researchers said they found unexpectedly that the use of adult bone marrow stem cells to treat MS is highly variable and may carry a previously unrecognized risk of poor outcome.

The work is published in the June 5 online edition of Stem Cell Reports.

ImStem is seeking approvals and investment for Phase 1 clinical trials.

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Farmington startup treats MS in mice with stem cells

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Botanical Stem Cells in Skin Care 101

The amalgamation of past and future is what beauty honchos are using as their innovation wand. If you are also wondering, what all the rage about Botanical Stem Cells in the Beauty Industry is about. We are here to tell you.

What are Botanical Stem Cells? Botanical Stem Cells are those magical words, recently popularized, in the anti ageing segment of the beauty industry. These cells are the key to halt time and make you look younger than ever before.

Also Read: Stem Cell Therapy: A Potential Cure for Hair LossHere

How are Botanical Stem Cells derived for infusion in Skin Care Products? Botanical Stem Cells are found in the bud or the root of the plant also known as the meristemetic region. All contaminants from the product are removed prior to initiating the extraction. It is not possible to keep the botanical stem cells away from its source in artificial care, which is why the nutrients, amino acids, phenylpropanoids, polysaccharides, phytosterols, anti-inflammatory and minerals are extracted.It is through scientific process then that extracts are used for infusion in cosmetic preparations.

Also Read: Stem Cell Face-Lift: The New Age Face-LiftHere

Which plants are used for Botanical Stem Cell Extraction?

Gardenia

Gardenia has great antioxidant and inflammatory properties. It has great healing qualities and is used by Chinese in their medicines over the years. It relieves the skin of inflammation, aids in skin firmness, formation of new lines and removal of wrinkles.

Lilac

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Botanical Stem Cells in Skin Care 101

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Stem cells hold keys to body's plan

Jun 05, 2014 Microscope And Digital Camera. Credit: Richard Wheeler/ Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0

Case Western Reserve researchers have discovered landmarks within pluripotent stem cells that guide how they develop to serve different purposes within the body. This breakthrough offers promise that scientists eventually will be able to direct stem cells in ways that prevent disease or repair damage from injury or illness. The study and its results appear in the June 5 edition of the journal Cell Stem Cell.

Pluripotent stem cells are so named because they can evolve into any of the cell types that exist within the body. Their immense potential captured the attention of two accomplished faculty with complementary areas of expertise.

"We had a unique opportunity to bring together two interdisciplinary groups," said co-senior author Paul Tesar, PhD, Assistant Professor of Genetics and Genome Sciences at CWRU School of Medicine and the Dr. Donald and Ruth Weber Goodman Professor.

"We have exploited the Tesar lab's expertise in stem cell biology and my lab's expertise in genomics to uncover a new class of genetic switches, which we call seed enhancers," said co-senior author Peter Scacheri, PhD, Associate Professor of Genetics and Genome Sciences at CWRU School of Medicine. "Seed enhancers give us new clues to how cells morph from one cell type to another during development."

The breakthrough came from studying two closely related stem cell types that represent the earliest phases of developmentembryonic stem cells and epiblast stem cells, first described in research by Tesar in 2007. "These two stem cell types give us unprecedented access to the earliest stages of mammalian development," said Daniel Factor, graduate student in the Tesar lab and co-first author of the study.

Olivia Corradin, graduate student in the Scacheri lab and co-first author, agrees. "Stem cells are touted for their promise to make replacement tissues for regenerative medicine," she said. "But first, we have to understand precisely how these cells function to create diverse tissues."

Enhancers are sections of DNA that control the expression of nearby genes. By comparing these two closely related types of pluripotent stem cells (embryonic and epiblast), Corradin and Factor identified a new class of enhancers, which they refer to as seed enhancers. Unlike most enhancers, which are only active in specific times or places in the body, seed enhancers play roles from before birth to adulthood.

They are present, but dormant, in the early mouse embryonic stem cell population. In the more developed mouse epiblast stem cell population, they become the primary enhancers of their associated genes. As the cells mature into functional adult tissues, the seed enhancers grow into super enhancers. Super enhancers are large regions that contain many enhancers and control the most important genes in each cell type.

"These seed enhancers have wide-ranging potential to impact the understanding of development and disease," said Stanton Gerson, MD, Asa & Patricia Shiverick and Jane Shiverick (Tripp) Professor of Hematological Oncology and Director of the National Center for Regenerative Medicine at Case Western Reserve University. "In the stem cell field, this understanding should rapidly enhance the ability to generate clinically useful cell types for stem cell-based regenerative medicine."

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Stem cells hold keys to body's plan

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