A team of researchers from Kings College London and the San Francisco Veteran Medical Center announced on Thursday that they were able to grow an epidermis that had the same permeability as real human skin, by using pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells are cultured from adult cells and can develop into any type of cell or tissue.

Researchers say the artificial human skin offers a cost-effective alternative technique for testing drugs and cosmetics.

Our new method can be used to grow much greater quantities of lab-grown human epidermal equivalents, and thus could be scaled up for commercial testing of drugs and cosmetics, Dusko Ilic, leader of the team at King's College London, said in a statement. We can use this model to study how the skin barrier develops normally, how the barrier is impaired in different diseases and how we can stimulate its repair and recovery.

The new study, published in the journalStem Cell Reports,details how researchers triggered pluripotent stem cells to generate an unlimited supply of pure keratinocytes -- the primary cell type of the epidermis. In a high-humidity environment, scientists grew three-dimensional epidermal samples.

The samples engineered in the lab showed no significant differences in structure or function compared with real human skin samples, according to researchers.

Since the 1920s, the U.S. and other industrialized nations have used animals to test the safety and effectiveness of various drugs and vaccines. In the cosmetic industry, nonhuman test subjects, including rabbits, monkeys, rats and dogs, undergo skin and eye irritation tests in which chemicals are rubbed onto sections of shaved skin or dripped into the eyes of restrained test subjects. Some are even forced to swallow large amounts of certain chemicals to determine what constitutes a lethal dose.

While the use of animal testing, particularly Draize Testing, in which test substances are administered to the eye or skin has declined in recent years in the U.S. and Europe, it is still legal in 80 percent of countries. According to the Humane Society, in China alone, an estimated 300,000 animal die each year in cosmetic tests.

Human epidermal equivalents representing different types of skin could also be grown, depending on the source of the stem cells used, Ilic said. [They can] be tailored to study a range of skin conditions and sensitivities in different populations.

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First Human Skin Sample 'Grown' In Lab, Could Artificial Epidermis End Animal Testing?

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Former Ennis Coach Sam Harrell is Back Thanks to Stem Cell Therapy
Sam Harrell won three state football championships at Ennis High School, but perhaps the toughest battle he has faced has been off the field with MS. Jeff Po...

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ST. PAUL A produced with genetic engineering label could one day make its appearance in Minnesota stores.

Rep. Karen Clark, D-Minneapolis, sponsors a bill to regulate disclosure of genetically engineered food and seed. The House commerce committee held an informational hearing on the bill Thursday. There is no Senate companion and the House committee took no vote.

This is a bill about the basic right of consumers to know whats in their food whether or not their food contains genetically modified compounds, Clark said.

According to the bill, genetically modified foods for sale would be required to have a label conspicuously placed on the packaging or shelf (for unpackaged foods) that says produced with genetic engineering.

Genetically modified seed would have such labeling on the seed container, receipt or other form of product identification.

The bill also consists of enforcement provisions and a section describing some research into the negative effects of genetically engineered food such as herbicide resistance in weeds and an increase in the use of insecticides.

Perry Aasness, executive director of the Minnesota Agri-Growth Council, said that science has shown that genetically engineered foods are essentially identical to conventional varieties and pose no greater risk than non-GMO food products.

He said that he is not opposed to labeling requirements, but believes the federal government, through the Food and Drug Administration, should develop voluntary labeling standards.

Jamie Pfuhl, president of the Minnesota Grocers Association, agreed with allowing the federal government to enact labeling legislation. A state-by-state approach would create a patchwork of regulations, she said, a challenge for stores that receive products from other states and countries.

Foods exempted from the labeling requirements under the bill would include:

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R-Kiem Seeds Indoor Grow for Selecting Genetics
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Australian researchers are trying a novel way to boost the power of cochlear implants: They used the technology to beam gene therapy into the ears of deaf animals and found it improved hearing.

The approach isn't ready for human testing, but it's part of growing research into ways to let users of cochlear implants experience richer, more normal sound.

Normally, microscopic hair cells in a part of the inner ear called the cochlea detect vibrations and convert them to electrical impulses that the brain recognizes as sound. Hearing loss typically occurs as those hair cells are lost, whether from aging, exposure to loud noises or other factors.

Cochlear implants substitute for the missing hair cells, sending electrical impulses to directly activate auditory nerves in the brain. They've been implanted in more than 300,000 people. While highly successful, they don't restore hearing to normal, missing out on musical tone, for instance.

The idea behind the project: Perhaps a closer connection between the implant and the auditory nerves would improve hearing. Those nerves' bushlike endings can regrow if exposed to nerve-nourishing proteins called neurotrophins. Usually, the hair cells would provide those.

Researchers at Australia's University of New South Wales figured out a new way to deliver one of those growth factors.

They injected a growth factor-producing gene into the ears of deafened guinea pigs, animals commonly used as a model for human hearing. Then they adapted an electrode from a cochlear implant to beam in a few stronger-than-normal electrical pulses.

That made the membranes of nearby cells temporarily permeable, so the gene could slip inside. Those cells began producing the growth factor, which in turn stimulated regrowth of the nerve.

-- from wire reports

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Gene therapy may help hearing

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According to the World Health Organization, more than 360 million people worldwide live with disabling hearing loss, and for many, devices such as hearing aids and cochlear implants allow them to maintain a normal life style. But what if a cochlear device could offer a biological solution that would enhance a patients experience?

For the first time, researchers at the University of New South Wales in Australia have used cochlear implants to regenerate auditory nerves through gene therapy, a process where therapeutic DNA is inserted into cells to treat a disease.

Cochlear implants work by converting sounds into electrical signals that are sent directly to the auditory nerve, bypassing the outer and middle ear. The process allows for significantly improved hearing, including the ability to maintain a phone conversation, but the sounds they provide for patients are monotone and robotic.

Ultimately, we hope that after further research, people who depend on cochlear implant devices will be able to enjoy a broader dynamic and tonal range of sound, which is particularly important for our sense of the auditory world around us and for music appreciation, says Professor Gary Housley, Director of the Translational Neuroscience Facility at UNSW Medicine.

In 1993 multiple labs discovered that mammals ears would have the ability to regenerate cells if triggered according to the National Organization for Hearing Research Foundation, but until now there hadnt been a safe or efficient way to deliver the necessary proteins to the cochlear area.

We think its possible that in the future this gene delivery would only add a few minutes to the implant procedure, says the papers first author, Jeremy Pinyon, whose PhD is based on this work. The surgeon who installs the device would inject the DNA solution into the cochlea and then fire electrical impulses to trigger the DNA transfer once the implant is inserted.

Gene therapy research has provided hope for a number of genetic disorders and diseases, including cancer, HIV and multiple sclerosis.

"Our work has implications far beyond hearing disorders, says co-author Associate Professor Matthias Klugmann, from the UNSW Translational Neuroscience Facility research team. Gene therapy has been suggested as a treatment concept even for devastating neurological conditions and our technology provides a novel platform for safe and efficient gene transfer into tissues as delicate as the brain.

The research was recently published in the journal Science Translational Medicine.

Professor Housley discusses the new gene delivery technique in the UNSW video below.

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Cochlear implant enhances patient experience through gene therapy

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Recent Advances in Medical Oncology
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A Cure for Spinal Cord Injury? Mark Pollock and Superman #39;s Legacy
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THURSDAY, April 24, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- Treatment targeting specific white blood cells in the immune system known as B cells may help people with multiple sclerosis (MS), new research suggests.

The study involved 231 people with a form of MS that's called relapsing-remitting. For these patients, there are times when their disease is very active. At other times, the condition becomes less intense and they may experience a full or partial recovery of function.

Researchers gave the participants either several low doses of a drug called ofatumumab or a harmless placebo pill. Ofatumumab is an "anti-B cell antibody" and is not yet approved for the treatment of MS. The research was funded by GlaxoSmithKline, the drug's maker.

Researchers led by GlaxoSmithKline investigator Darrin Austin analyzed the effects of this drug compared to the dummy pill on the total number of new brain lesions the patients developed over the course of 12 weeks.

The team compared the amount of B cells the participants had with the number of new brain lesions found on brain scans. Although all of the participants had lesion activity in the first four weeks, the study found that participants on any dose of anti-B cell therapy showed much less disease activity between the subsequent four- to 12-week period.

More specifically, when B cells were maintained below a certain threshold the appearance of new brain lesions was significantly reduced, the team said. On average, these participants had a rate of less than one new brain lesion per year, compared to an average of 16 lesions without treatment.

At least 5 percent of the study's participants developed side effects from the treatment over the course of the 12 weeks, including injection-related reactions, dizziness, anxiety, fever, respiratory tract infection and nerve pain.

"These results need to be validated, of course, but the findings are interesting," said Austin, who is based in Uxbridge, U.K. "They provide new insight into the mechanism of B cells in MS, and present a possible new target threshold for exploring the potential benefit of anti-B cell therapy."

Two experts in treating multiple sclerosis said the finds are intriguing.

"The data is very compelling with regard to ofatumumab's ability to limit new lesions accumulating in the brain," said Dr. Karen Blitz, director of the North-Shore LIJ Multiple Sclerosis Center in East Meadow, NY. However, she added that "further studies are needed to evaluate its effect on MS relapse rate and disability."

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Cell-Targeted Therapy Shows Early Promise Against MS

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Scientists working on Scotland's DNA project have discovered that variants of the red-hair gene are carried by 40% of the population in the south-east region, compared to rates of 35% in the west and 37% in north-east Scotland. In north-west Scotland, taking in the isle of Lewis, the proportion of carriers drops to just 29% - putting it on a par with Devon and Cornwall in England.

The researchers behind the DNA project now believe that the red-hair gene emerged in Scotland thousands of years ago, contradicting commonly-held beliefs that it was brought here by the Vikings or successive waves of Celtic migration.

The place where the gene is found in the highest frequency is its likeliest country of origin, and nowhere else in Britain or Ireland has matched the 40% rate detected in Scotland.

The gene spread and became rife: the 1st-century Roman historian Tacitus described the tribal people living in the north of Britain, known as Caledonians, as "red-haired and large-limbed".

The reason the gene took hold so strongly is believed to be its role in increasing vitamin D absorption from sunlight in the dull and cloudy climate of northern Britain.

People carrying the gene had the fairest skin and could therefore soak up more UV rays than anyone else, helping to generate more vitamin D in their bodies and in turn develop stronger teeth and bones - giving carriers a reproductive advantage.

Katie Barnes, geneticist for Scotland's DNA project, said: "Because it's so cloudy in Scotland you need to be able to pick up as much vitamin D as possible and having red hair affects your skin type and allows you to absorb more vitamin D from the sun.

"We don't really know when it first emerged. It's a much debated concept, but we're not quite sure. When Scotland first started to be populated, people would have adapted to the climate."

Modern humans are believed to have first settled in Scotland around 10,000 years ago, suggesting that the red-hair gene probably emerged at some point between 8000-3000BC.

However, researchers were surprised when their initial findings from the Scotland's DNA project appeared to confound this connection with sunlight.

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Auld Reekie is world capital for ginger hair

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CRISPR Cas9: A novel approach to genetic engineering
Provides the basic mechanism behind the CRISPR Cas9 complex, while describing application and need.

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Let #39;s Play The Sims 3 - Perfect Genetics Challenge - Episode 13
VampireClan #VampireClan4Life.

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Posted: Friday, April 25, 2014, 9:00 AM

FRIDAY, April 25, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- Skin that was created from stem cells and grown in a lab could be used instead of animals to test drugs and cosmetics, and to develop new treatments for skin disorders, scientists report.

An international team of researchers said it's the first to create lab-grown epidermis -- the outermost layer of skin -- that has a functional barrier like real skin. The functional barrier prevents water from escaping the body and keeps germs and toxins out. Until now, no one had successfully grown epidermis with a functional barrier, which is needed for drug testing, the study authors said.

The research, led by scientists at King's College London and the San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center, is described in the current issue of the journal Stem Cell Reports.

The ability to create an unlimited amount of genetically identical skin samples "can be used to study a range of conditions where the skin's barrier is defective due to mutations in genes involved in skin barrier formation, such as ichthyosis (dry, flaky skin) or atopic dermatitis (eczema)," Dr. Theodora Mauro, leader of the research team, said in a King's College London news release.

"We can use this model to study how the skin barrier develops normally, how the barrier is impaired in different diseases and how we can stimulate its repair and recovery," she said.

Dr. Dusko Ilic, leader of the team at King's College London, said: "Our new method can be used to grow much greater quantities of lab-grown human epidermal equivalents, and thus could be scaled up for commercial testing of drugs and cosmetics."

"Human epidermal equivalents representing different types of skin could also be grown, depending on the source of the stem cells used, and could thus be tailored to study a range of skin conditions and sensitivities in different populations," he added.

More information

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Stem Cells Yield Lab-Grown Skin, Researchers Say

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http://www.dermaidfoundation.org Help support DermAid. Donate Now! In this tutorial, Kevin St. Clair M.D., discusses sunscreen and why we need to use it. Please visit our site for more information about other dermatological conditions. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation comprises a portion of the spectrum of energy coming from the sun. Ultraviolet B (UVB) - direct DNA damage; sunburn. Ultraviolet A (UVA) - tanning; aging of the skin. Adequate amount of application, reapplication, and spectrum of UV protection provided by the sunscreen are as or more important than sun protection factor (SPF) number when choosing a sunscreen. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation emanating from the sun causes a number of changes in the skin; some well known and others less well recognized. For instance, most are aware that chronic or excessive sun exposure causes sunburn, tanning, and Skin Cancer. Perhaps less well know consequences of sun exposure are premature aging (e.g. wrinkles, sagging, redness or yellowing, brown spots, thinning and fragility of the skin), decrease in the immune functioning of our skin, interaction with some medications, and worsening or causation of some diseases (e.g. Lupus erythematosus, Porphyria cutanea tarda). While consistent sunscreen use is important, it is not the only measure that should be taken to protect the skin from UV damage. When possible, one should try to perform or schedule outdoor activiites before 11 AM or after 3 PM. Wear appropriate clothing (e.g. longsleeves when possible); use broad-brimmed hats and sunglasses, and seeking shade when available are also important steps. Of course, one should never intentionally "lay out in the sun" or use tanning beds. Traditionally, Sunscreens have been divided into chemical absorbers and physical blockers. Chemical absorbers do just that; these organic compounds absorb UV radiation and convert it to heat. Most chemical absorbers proctect against UVB radiation only (PABA, padimate O, cinnamates, saliacylates, octocrylene, ensulizole). Some absorb both UVB and UVA (benzophenones), where as still others are excellent UVA absorbers (Parsol 1789, Helioplex, and Mexoryl SX). Most commercially available Sunscreens use a combination of these chemical absorbers to maximize protection and water resistance, and minimize problems (such as staining of the skin, degradation upon exposure to sunlight, interaction with each other, and irritation or allergy). Products that contain physical blockers work by reflecting or scattering UV radiation over a broad spectrum. These compounds are inorganic particulates, and by far the most commonly used agents are zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Iron oxide is occasionally used as well, primarly because it's reddish hue can mask the white opacity of the former two blocker. Until recent years, these products have not been as widely used because of cosmetic unacceptability (i.e. a white hue when applied). However, more recently, microsizing the particles has resulted in much more aesthetically pleasing formulations. These products are broad spectrum, don't degrade easily in sunlight, very rarely cause irritation or allergy, and are often used in children's sunscreens. In December of 2012, the FDA's new requirements for sunscreen labeling will take effect. In order to claim "broad spectrum" protection, a product will have to demonstrate UVA protection and have an SPF of at least 15. Terms such as "waterproof," "sweatproof," and "all-day protection" will no longer be allowed. Sunscreens will be rated either water resistant 40 minutes or water resistant 80 minutes. Products that meet or exceed these criteria may assert that they protect against sunburn, Skin Cancer and premature aging. The FDA is also considering capping the SPF at 50+. Proper application of sunscreen is important. Select a broad spectrum sunscreen with a vehicle appropriate for planned activities (e.g water resistant 80 rating for swimming or expected heavy perspiration). Apply liberally and uniformly approximately 15 to 30 minutes before heading outdoors. While wearing swimming attire, an average adult should apply about 1 ounce of sunscreen (a golf ball sized amount). Reapply every 90 minutes if swimming or perspiring. Adopt other sun protective behaviors, such as seeking shade, broad-brimmed hats, appropriate clothing and sunglasses.

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Skin sense this summer

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Stem cell therapy | safety of stem cells
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Scientists have known that abnormal brain growth is associated with autism spectrum disorder. However, the relationship between the two has not been well understood.

Now, scientists from the Florida campus of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have shown that mutations in a specific gene that is disrupted in some individuals with autism results in too much growth throughout the brain, and yet surprisingly specific problems in social interactions, at least in mouse models that mimic this risk factor in humans.

What was striking is that these were basically normal animals in terms of behavior, but there were consistent deficits in tests of social interaction and recognitionwhich approximate a major symptom of autism, said Damon Page, a TSRI biologist who led the study. This suggests that when most parts of the brain are overgrown, the brain somehow adapts to it with minimal effects on behavior in general. However, brain circuits relevant to social behavior are more vulnerable or less able to tolerate this overgrowth.

The study, which focuses on the gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), was recently published online ahead of print by the journal Human Molecular Genetics.

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder involving a range of symptoms and disabilities involving social deficits and communication difficulties, repetitive behaviors and interests, and sometimes cognitive delays. The disorder affects in approximately one percent of the population; some 80 percent of those diagnosed are male.

In a previous study, Page and colleagues found that mutations in Pten causes increased brain size and social deficits, with both symptoms being exacerbated by a second hit to a gene that regulates levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. In the new study, the TSRI team set out to explore whether mutations in Pten result in widespread or localized overgrowth within the brain, and whether changes in brain growth are associated with broad or selective deficits in tests of autism-relevant behaviors in genetically altered mice. The team tested mice for autism spectrum disorder-related behaviors including mood, anxiety, intellectual, and circadian rhythm and/or sleep abnormalities.

The researchers found that Pten mutant mice showed altered social behavior, but few other changesa more subtle change than would have been predicted given broad expression and critical cellular function of the gene.

Intriguingly, some of the more subtle impairments were sex-specific. In addition to social impairments, males with the mutated gene showed abnormalities related to repetitive behavior and mood/anxiety, while females exhibited additional circadian activity and emotional learning problems.

The results raise the question of how mutations in PTEN, a general regulator of growth, can have relatively selective effects on behavior and cognitive development. One idea is that PTEN mutations may desynchronize the normal pattern of growth in key cell typesthe study points to dopamine neuronsthat are relevant for social behavior.

Timing is everything, Page said. Connections have to form in the right place at the right time for circuits to develop normally. Circuitry involved in social behavior may turn out to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of poorly coordinated growth.

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Gene mutation, key symptoms of autism appear to be linked

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Nine students in the advanced molecular biology class at The Pennington School will have their work on the analysis of gene sequences published this summer in the database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), the largest database of gene sequences in the world.

Two of the students began the research last summer at Rutgers University; they and their classmates have continued the work this academic year.

NCBI is a national resource for molecular biology information and aims to develop new information technologies to aid in the understanding of the fundamental molecular and genetic processes that control health and disease, according to its website.

In addition to performing research, the centers goals include coordinating efforts to gather biotechnology information both nationally and internationally and creating automated systems for storing and analyzing knowledge about the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics. The Pennington students research will be part of that body of knowledge.

The Pennington research began when senior Anthony Hannani, of Allentown, and junior Joshua Hauser, of Lambertville, participated last summer in the Waksman Student Scholars program at Rutgers University. For three weeks in July 2013, the two students were trained in the theory and lab techniques of molecular cloning.

Their efforts paid off: both students isolated and analyzed novel DNA clones, and their work was recently published in the NCBI database.

This past fall, nine Pennington students participated in the same program as part of the schools advanced research in molecular biology course, taught by Dr. David Hauser. Their work will contribute to an ongoing effort by a research team at Rutgers to understand gene expression in the duckweed plant.

In addition to Anthony and Joshua, the participating students are seniors Nina Brander, of Hillsborough, and Lauren Klei and Alexandra Rego, both of Lawrenceville; and juniors Kristyn Green, of Ewing, Yangeng Jiang, of Princeton, Nathan Zavanelli, of Pennington, and Elizabeth Koloski of Newtown, Pennsylvania.

On June 4, the students will present their work at a symposium, sponsored by GE Healthcare, in New Brunswick.

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Pennington School students research to be published

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18 over channel. MMMP patient qnd caregiver in full compliance. Thx tsg and skunkhouse for the strain. It is a breeze to grow so far and is looking phenomenal!

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Cancer Genetics (NASDAQCM: CGIX) - RedChip Global Online CEO Conference
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Cancer Genetics (NASDAQCM: CGIX) - RedChip Global Online CEO Conference - Video

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