European Population Genetics: Haplogroup R-M343 Part 2
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How Genetics Help Understand Aging: Martin Denzel at TEDxJacobsUniversity
In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TED...

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PUBLIC RELEASE DATE:

20-Apr-2014

Contact: Krista Conger kristac@stanford.edu 650-725-5371 Stanford University Medical Center

STANFORD, Calif. A single type of cell in the lining of the bladder is responsible for most cases of invasive bladder cancer, according to researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine.

Their study, conducted in mice, is the first to pinpoint the normal cell type that can give rise to invasive bladder cancers. It's also the first to show that most bladder cancers and their associated precancerous lesions arise from just one cell, and explains why many human bladder cancers recur after therapy.

"We've learned that, at an intermediate stage during cancer progression, a single cancer stem cell and its progeny can quickly and completely replace the entire bladder lining," said Philip Beachy, PhD, professor of biochemistry and of developmental biology. "All of these cells have already taken several steps along the path to becoming an aggressive tumor. Thus, even when invasive carcinomas are successfully removed through surgery, this corrupted lining remains in place and has a high probability of progression."

Although the cancer stem cells, and the precancerous lesions they form in the bladder lining, universally express an important signaling protein called sonic hedgehog, the cells of subsequent invasive cancers invariably do not a critical switch that appears vital for invasion and metastasis. This switch may explain certain confusing aspects of previous studies on the cellular origins of bladder cancer in humans. It also pinpoints a possible weak link in cancer progression that could be targeted by therapies.

"This could be a game changer in terms of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches," said Michael Hsieh, MD, PhD, assistant professor of urology and a co-author of the study. "Until now, it's not been clear whether bladder cancers arise as the result of cancerous mutations in many cells in the bladder lining as the result of ongoing exposure to toxins excreted in the urine, or if it's due instead to a defect in one cell or cell type. If we can better understand how bladder cancers begin and progress, we may be able to target the cancer stem cell, or to find molecular markers to enable earlier diagnosis and disease monitoring."

Beachy is the senior author of the study, which will be published online April 20 in Nature Cell Biology. He is the Ernest and Amelia Gallo Professor in the School of Medicine and a member of the Stanford Cancer Institute and the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. He is also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. Kunyoo Shin, PhD, an instructor at the institute, is the lead author.

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and the ninth most common in women. Smoking is a significant risk factor. There are two main types of the disease: one that invades the muscle around the bladder and metastasizes to other organs, and another that remains confined to the bladder lining. Unlike the more-treatable, noninvasive cancer which comprises about 70 percent of bladder cancers the invasive form is largely incurable. It is expensive and difficult to treat, and the high likelihood of recurrence requires ongoing monitoring after treatment.

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Scientists have replicated one of the most significant accomplishments in stem cell research by creating human embryos that were clones of two men.

The lab-engineered embryos were harvested within days and used to create lines of infinitely reproducing embryonic stem cells, which are capable of growing into any type of human tissue.

The work, reported Thursday in the journal Cell Stem Cell, comes 11 months after researchers in Oregon said they had produced the world's first human embryo clones and used them to make stem cells. Their study, published in Cell, aroused skepticism after critics pointed out multiple errors and duplicated images.

In addition, the entire effort to clone human embryos and then dismantle them in the name of science troubles some people on moral grounds.

MORE: Medicines and machines, inspired by nature

The scientists in Oregon and the authors of the new report acknowledged that the clones they created could develop into babies if implanted in surrogate wombs. But like others in the field, they have said reproductive cloning would be unethical and irresponsible.

The process used to create cloned embryos is called somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. It involves removing the nucleus from an egg cell and replacing it with a nucleus from a cell of the person to be cloned. The same method was used to create Dolly the sheep in 1996, along with numerous animals from other species.

Human cloning was a particular challenge, in part because scientists had trouble getting enough donor eggs to carry out their experiments. Some scientists said SCNT in humans would be impossible.

Dr. Robert Lanza, the chief scientific officer for Advanced Cell Technology Inc. in Marlborough, Mass., has been working on SCNT off and on for about 15 years. He and his colleagues finally achieved success with a modified version of the recipe used by the Oregon team and skin cells donated by two men who were 35 and 75.

After swapping out the nucleus in the egg cell, both groups used caffeine to delay the onset of cell division a technique that has been called "the Starbucks effect." But instead of waiting 30 minutes to prompt cell division, as was done in the Oregon experiment, Lanza and his team waited two hours.

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Scientists use cloning to make stem cells matched to two adults

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AUSTRALIA now has its very own specialty grains genebank, with the opening of a $6 million facility in Horsham, Victoria, earlier in the month.

The Australian Grains Genebank will be a national centre for tropical and temperate grain, legumes and oilseed collections, consolidating previous collections from Victoria, Queensland and NSW.

A whopping 200 different species, 180,000 different plant varieties and 300 million seeds from across the globe will be stored at the centre, jointly funded by the Victorian State Government and the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC).

The centre, housed at Grains Innovation Park in Horsham, features high tech cold storage, with 2.7 kilometres of shelf space, capable of holding 200,000 packets of seed, along with greenhouse facilities to help researchers grow out varieties from the seed.

But the investment does not stop here. Both funding parties will contribute $600,000 a year for the next five years, with a review to follow, to allow researchers to best utilise the collection to identify key traits that could benefit the plant breeding industry.

Victorian Agriculture Minister Peter Walsh said the facility could play a big role in creating new varieties with tolerance to problems such as drought, frost and disease.

Government researchers and other scientists can access the genebank for valuable grains research.

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Gene bank opens its doors

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Minecraft: Feed The Beast Monster: Advanced Genetics! (Part 18) (Dutch Commentary)
Yooo mensen Vandaag gaan we lekker biologisch te werk, namelijk met cellen! Deze cellen zijn een toevoeging van #39;Advanced Genetics #39;, een mod met veel handige...

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My Bad Genetics - Week 4 of Powerlifting
Candito #39;s YouTube Channel - https://www.youtube.com/CanditoTrainingHQ Candito #39;s Free Full Programs - http://www.canditotraininghq.com/free-strength-programs/...

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The Role of Genetics in My Cancer
About 5% to 10% of breast cancers are believed to be hereditary. Most inherited cases of breast cancer are associated with just two abnormal genes. These are...

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Holistic Alzheimer #39;s Video Series: Genetics NOT the prime factor
Most people think Alzheimer #39;s is genetic, untreatable and incurable. A one-way ticket into eternal fog and forgetfulness. This is SO FAR from the truth! Only...

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Living and Aging with Spinal Cord Injury : Session 4.
Session 4. Include end-users in research - what works? Johnny Bourke. Sessions from a Mini Symposium conducted by the Burwood Academy of Independent Living...

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Introduction of Professor Clemens van Blitterswijk - Maastricht University
Clemens van Blitterswijk and his entrepreneurial research group arrives in Maastricht.The MERLN Institute specialises in bone and cartilage repair, with a pa...

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Bone Marrow Stem Cells Help TBI Case! See the Amazing Before After Results!
Dr. Steenblock treated John F. for a TBI. John suffered from a TBI or a traumatic brain injury after a bike accident. He had just one bone marrow stem cell t...

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A breakthrough in human stem cell research could lead to the treatment of countless diseases, invaluable scientific research and yes, human cloning.

According to a study in the journalCell Stem Cell, scientists have synthesized human embryonic stem cells from the cells of adults, creating two different lines from the skin of two donors.

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Using the nuclear transfermethod,scientists took DNA out of egg cells and replaced it with the donor DNA. The cells were basically reprogrammed, butof the 77 samplesonly two fully developed into cloned stem cells.

Lead researcher Robert Lanza says the 5 percent success rate isn't surprising."Reprogramming is more difficult for adult cells than for fetal [and] infant cells, presumably at least in part because their epigenetic landscape from the pluripotent state,"meaning the cells generally dont' have the right enzymes for change anymore.

The researchers reportedly tweaked a method made famous by the cloning of the sheep Dolly in 1996 and improved by scientists at Oregon Health & Science University just last year.

The nuclear transfermethod is the third discovered way to harvest or create stem cells. In the past, scientists have extracted cells from leftover embryos after in vitro fertilizations,a controversial practice. And in 2006 aJapanese researcher discovered a way to create themby injecting new genes. (ViaAsian Scientist)

Lanza's method could provide easy access to stem cells, opening up new research intodiseases like diabetes, Parkinsons and even leukemia. And according toNPR, the researcher wants to create a virtual library of cells using carefully selected DNA donors.

The implications of a real and viable approach for creating stem cells could be startling, andscientists have been wrestling with the ethical questions since the cloning of Dolly.

An official at Oregon Health & Science Universitythinks studying stemcells is necessary, tellingTime,They have become kind of like cursed cells. But we clearly need to understand more about them.

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Scientists create stem cells from adult skin cells

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April 18, 2014

Brett Smith for redOrbit.com Your Universe Online

In a significant breakthrough a team of scientists from California and Seoul, South Korea have been able to create viable stem cells from an adult donor that perfectly match the donors DNA, according to a new report in the journal Cell Stem Cell.

The development, referred to as therapeutic cloning, involves the production of embryonic cells for scientific purposes and many object to this type of research based on moral or religious grounds. Debate over this type of work was stoked in 1997 with the announcement that it was used to create the clone of a sheep, called Dolly. In 2005, the United Nations called for a ban on cloning and the United States government currently prohibits the use of federal dollars for cloning research.

The scientists behind the latest development, which was partially funded by the government of South Korea, acknowledged that if the embryos in their study were implanted in a uterus they could have developed into a fetus.

Without regulations in place, such embryos could also be used for human reproductive cloning, although this would be unsafe and grossly unethical, study author Dr. Robert Lanza, chief scientist of Massachusetts-based biotech Advanced Cell Technology, told Reuters reporter Sharon Begley.

To produce viable stem cells from an adult donor, the researchers first inserted DNA from an adult skin cell into a donated ovum. The scientists then delivered an electric shock to fuse the genetic material to the ovum. Eventually, the ovum divides and multiplies becoming a viable embryo in five or six days. Pluripotent stem cells, which can become any type of cell in the body, are located on the interior of this embryo.

Last year, a team of Oregon scientists reported on their success in combining genetic material from fetal and infant cells with DNA-extracted eggs. The team was able to develop their eggs into approximately 150-cell embryos.

The Oregon team said a major aspect of their success was allowing the engineered eggs to sit for 30 minutes before hitting them with the charge of electricity that like Dr. Frankensteins monster set the eggs on the path to becoming alive.

In the new study, the researchers waited two hours before triggering the egg, which Lanza said allowed them to succeed.

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Stem Cells Created From Adult Cells

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Ever since Dolly the Sheep was cloned in 1996, scientists have been trying to do the same thing with human cells. Using the same technique, scientists say they've finally accomplished the feat with adult cells.

"What we show for the first time is that you can actually take skin cells, from a middle-aged 35-year-old male, but also from an elderly, 75-year-old male" and use the DNA to create tissue with cells of an exact match, said co-author of the study Robert Lanza.

The work was published in the journal Cell Stem Cell.

Last year, the technique was successfully used with infant cells, but in order to create tissue in a lab that could treat adult diseases, such as Alzheimer's, scientists needed to know if the technique would work with adult cells.

"I'm happy to hear that our experiment was verified and shown to be genuine," said Shoukhrat Mitalipov, a development biologist at Oregon Health and Science University, who led the 2013 study.

The work confirmed that starting with a quality human egg is key to the process. The researchers replaced the original DNA in an unfertilized egg with the donor DNA, and then cultured the cells in a lab dish. The stem cells, which were an exact match to the donor's DNA, can then be turned into various tissue types.

Even though full human cloning is a long way off, the report may raise an equal amount of concern and excitement.

"Certainly this kind of technology could be abused by some kind of rogue scientist," Paul Knoepfler of the University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, told NPR.

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Adult Human Cells Cloned for First Time

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The new approach does not use fertilized embryos to obtain stem cells, a technique that raises major ethical issues

STEM CELLS UP CLOSE. This handout picture, released from Japan's Kyoto University Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA) on January 23, 2013 shows part of the renal tubule cells (red part) which were differentiated from human stem cells at the CiRA in Kyoto. Kyoto University/AFP

WASHINGTON, USA For the first time, US researchers have cloned embryonic stem cells from adult cells, a breakthrough on the path towards helping doctors treat a host of diseases.

The embryonic stem cells which were created by fusing an adult skin cell with an egg cell that had been stripped of genetic material were genetically identical to the donors.

The hope is that cloned embryonic stem cells, which are capable of transforming into any other type of cell in the body, could be used in patient-specific regenerative therapy to repair or replace an individual's organs damaged by diseases including cancer, heart disease and Alzheimer's disease.

The team of researchers, led by Robert Lanza, of the Massachusetts-based company Advanced Cell Technology, used a technique that had succeeded last year with infant skin cells.

But Lanza's team, funded in part by the South Korean government, used cells from a 35-year-old man and a 75-year-old man.

This is a significant step forward, the researchers wrote in the study published Thursday, April 17, in the journal Cell Stem Cell.

"For many cell types, reprogramming is more difficult for adult cells than for fetal/infant cells, presumably at least in part because (they are) ... further removed from the pluripotent state" in which the cells can develop into different types, the study said.

Yet adults are more likely than infants to need regenerative therapy, the authors wrote, noting that "the incidence of many diseases that could be treated with pluripotent cell derivatives increases with age."

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US scientists make embryonic stem cells from adult skin

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Sweet Science Lesson! See How Stem Cell Therapy Works
http://www.innovationsstemcellcenter.com Call: 214.420.7970 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/innovationsmedical Twitter: https://twitter.com/dallasdrj Inst...

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GTGP Dr Linzey Stem Cell Therapy

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Cell Therapy by Judi Smith and Dr. William Johnson
Judi Smith and Dr. William Johnson discuss the benefits of Cell Therapy, it #39;s history, and how to obtain this vital treatment in support of rejuvenating the ...

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One in three people is born with a gene that significantly increases their likelihood of developing bowel cancer from eating processed meat, a study has found.

Compared with those eating little or no processed meat, the heaviest consumers were more than twice at risk of the disease if they had the worst version of the gene variant.

Eating meat especially processed meat in pies, bacon, sausages and cold cuts was already known to raise bowel cancer risk, but the gene mutations increase it even more.

The possibility that genetic variants may modify an individuals risk for disease based on diet has not been thoroughly investigated but represents an important new insight into disease development, said Dr Li Hsu, one of the study authors from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, US.

The scientists analysed data collected from 10 diet and health studies involving more than 18,000 participants.

The study divided people into four groups with increasing levels of meat consumption up to around five servings per week.

Compared with the first group, each subsequent quartile of higher consumption of processed meat raised the risk of bowel cancer by 39% for individuals with the most hazardous mutation. Another version of the rs4143094 gene variant increased the risk by 20% per quartile.

In contrast, vegetable, fruit and fibre intake was associated with a slightly reduced risk overall.

Writing in the online journal Public Library of Science Genetics, the researchers point out that rs4143094 is in the same chromosomal region as a gene known to be linked to several forms of cancer.

The protein encoded by this gene plays a role in the immune system, suggesting a possible link with a cancer -promoting inflammatory or immunological response.

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Gene increases risk of cancer from meat consumption

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Attack of the Silverswords! Episode 11- Advanced Genetics
I #39;M GONNA FLY LIKE AN EAGLE! Akliz Server Hosting: http://www.akliz.net/ Like what you see? Wanna play it for yourself?! Well you #39;re in luck. http://www.tech...

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Shaman Genetics @ Spannabis 2014 (Espaol)
SPANNABIS, celebrating its eleventh anniversary in 2014. It is one of the largest and most important fairs/expos in the industry. Hemp Directory was there an...

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Laser Genetics ND5 Mini Subzero Long-distance Laser Illuminator
http://video.sportsmansguide.com/?v=1057065426 : watch this video featuring products available on The Sportsmans Guide.

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Silvia Paracchini, PhD: Recent Advances in the Genetics of Dyslexia
Recent Advances in the Genetics of Dyslexia Silvia Paracchuni, PhD ASHA #39;s 23rd Annual Research Symposium The Genetic Basis of Speech, Language, Reading, Lear...

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Class 30- 4/14/2014
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