Savage Genetics - Before The DubStep
A few tunes i found from before i was into listening and making DubStep about 6 years old, so please mind that they sound poor and i haven #39;t done anything ap...

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JGH TV - Breakthroughs in Genetics and the Human Genome
Dr. Roderick McInnes, Director of the Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital, gives an informational lecture on genetics and the human genome. L...

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JGH TV - Breakthroughs in Genetics and the Human Genome - Video

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Gene therapy, a new weapon against childhood cancers
In its laboratories, Xellbiogene #39;s researchers will focus on genetically modified cells in order to find a treatment for both Acute lymphoblastic leukemia an...

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Gene therapy, a new weapon against childhood cancers - Video

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Philadelphia, PA (PRWEB) January 23, 2014

Bioquark, Inc., (http://www.bioquark.com) a company focused on the development of combinatorial biologics for regeneration and disease reversion in human organs and tissues, today announces the appointment of Dr. Joel I. Osorio MD, as VP of International Clinical Development.

We are honored to have someone with Dr. Osorios experience join us as we execute on a globalized clinical strategy, said Ira S. Pastor, CEO, Bioquark Inc. His broad clinical experience in functional anti-aging regenerative and stem cell based medicine make him a very valuable addition to the Bioquark team.

Dr. Osorio brings over 9 years of experience in medical practice, both in the private practice and public medical settings. Currently the medical director of the medical spa Bamboo Rejuvenecimiento Facial y Coporal (http://www.bamboobelleza.com), Dr. Osorio has served in capacities in both private and public practice, as a hospital staff physician, and as emergency health services coordinator for a variety of private and public institutions throughout Mexico. He earned MD degrees at both Westhill University and the National Autonomous University of Mexico as a medical surgeon, has diplomas in aesthetic medicine from the Autonomous University of Guadalajara, is an Advance Fellow by the American Board of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine (http://www.a4m.com/joel-osorio-bamboo-rejuvenecimiento-facial-y-corporal-naucalpan-estado-de-mxico.html), is a visiting scholar at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in dermatology, a fellow in stem cell medicine by the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine and University of South Florida, and currently is completing additional masters work in metabolic and nutrition sciences at University of South Florida. Dr. Osorio is also a member of the round table of ReGeNeRaTe Laboratories Mexico Committee (a DNAge-Lab Company), and has been actively working in the applied stem cell field since 2007. In 2011, Dr. Osorio became a member of the International Cellular Medicine Society, is a PRP certified practitioner in aesthetic and regenerative fields, and from 2009 to 2012 managed the blood bank at Ruben Lenero public hospital. Dr. Osorio frequently appears on Mexican national television programs and interviews regularly as a speaker on the topic of anti-aging (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4SvkBTS-P0) as well as contributes in various magazines and periodicals on anti-aging related subjects.

I am very excited about the candidates being developed at Bioquark and their very novel approach to human regeneration and disease reversion, as well as the broader biological programs focused on anti-aging," said Dr. Osorio. "I'm pleased to be joining the team and am looking forward to playing a more active role in this truly transformational platform."

About Bioquark, Inc. Bioquark Inc. (http://www.bioquark.com) is focused on the development of biologic based products that have the ability to alter the regulatory state of human tissues and organs, with the goal of curing a wide range of diseases, as well as effecting complex regeneration. Bioquark is developing biological pharmaceutical candidates, as well as products for the global consumer health and wellness market segments.

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Bioquark Inc. Appoints Dr. Joel I. Osorio MD, Specialist in Functional Anti-Aging Regenerative and Stem Cell Medicine ...

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Jan. 22, 2014 Scientists have known for years that stem cells in male and female sexual organs are regulated differently by their respective hormones. In a surprising discovery, researchers at the Children's Medical Center Research Institute at UT Southwestern (CRI) and Baylor College of Medicine have found that stem cells in the blood-forming system -- which is similar in both sexes -- also are regulated differently by hormones, with estrogen proving to be an especially prolific promoter of stem cell self-renewal.

The research, published in Nature, raises several intriguing possibilities for further investigation that might lead to improved treatments for blood cancers and increased safety and effectiveness of chemotherapy.

Before the finding, blood-forming stem cells were thought to be regulated similarly in both males and females, according to the paper's senior author, Dr. Sean Morrison, Director of CRI, Professor of Pediatrics, and the Mary McDermott Cook Chair in Pediatric Genetics at UT Southwestern Medical Center.

However, while working in Dr. Morrison's laboratory as postdoctoral fellows, Dr. Daisuke Nakada, the first and co-corresponding author of the study, and Dr. Hideyuki Oguro discovered that blood-forming stem cells divide more frequently in females than in males due to higher estrogen levels. The research, conducted using mice, demonstrated that the activity of blood-forming stem cells was regulated by systemic hormonal signals in addition to being regulated by local changes within the blood-forming system.

"This discovery explains how red blood cell production is augmented during pregnancy," said Dr. Morrison. "In female mice, estrogen increases the proliferation of blood-forming stem cells in preparation for pregnancy. Elevated estrogen levels that are sustained during pregnancy induce stem cell mobilization and red cell production in the spleen, which serves as a reserve site for additional red blood cell production."

The study involved treating male and female mice over a period of several days with amounts of estrogen needed to achieve a level consistent with pregnancy. When an estrogen receptor that is present within blood-forming stem cells was deleted from those cells, they were no longer able to respond to estrogen, nor were they able to increase red blood cell production. The results demonstrate that estrogen acts directly on the stem cells to increase their proliferation and the number of red blood cells they generate.

"If estrogen has the same effect on stem cells in humans as in mice, then this effect raises a number of possibilities that could change the way we treat people with diseases of blood cell-formation," said Dr. Morrison. "Can we promote regeneration in the blood-forming system by administering estrogen? Can we reduce the toxicity of chemotherapy to the blood-forming system by taking into account estrogen levels in female patients? Does estrogen promote the growth of some blood cancers? There are numerous clinical opportunities to pursue."

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Scientists find estrogen promotes blood-forming stem cell function

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stem cell therapy treatment for cerebral palsy sri lanka by dr alok sharma, mumbai, india
improvement seen in just 3 months after stem cell therapy treatment for cerebral palsy by dr alok sharma, mumbai, india. Stem Cell Therapy done date 4/10/201...

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stem cell therapy treatment for global developmental delay by dr alok sharma, mumbai, india
improvement seen in just 5 days after stem cell therapy treatment for ______ by dr alok sharma, mumbai, india. Stem Cell Therapy done date 17/12/2013 After S...

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A research project undertaken by the Mayo Clinic for nearly a decade has finally won approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to go ahead with testing on humans. The research project involves using stem cells to fix damaged heart tissue, and this step forward is a hopeful sign for millions of people who live with heart disease.

The clinical trial will be carried out across several states and will involve 240 patients with chronic advanced symptomatic heart failure. It will help researchers discern whether the stem cell technique will make a marked improvement in heart function, the Mayo Clinic announced last week. The trial will probably take until the end of the year. Previously, Mayo had completed some testing in humans in Europe, which showed promising results a 25 percent improvement in cardiac outflow, Dr. Andre Terzic, director of the Mayo Clinics Center for Regenerative Medicine, said. Terzic called the technique a potential paradigm shift.

The technique involves the harvesting of stem cells from a persons bone marrow in the hip, altering the cells to become cardiopoietic repair cells, and then injecting them into the heart to do their fixing work. The procedure was developed with help from Cardio3 BioSciences of Belgium, a biopharmaceutical company focusing on finding cures and therapies for heart disease. Dr. Christian Homsy, CEO of Cardio3 BioSciences, told the Minneapolis Star Tribune that their collaboration with Mayo has been so productive that we have many, many opportunities that wed like to explore. Cardiovascular disease may be the beginning of a ... journey of addressing various diseases that humankind is confronting, especially with the aging of the population.

Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the U.S. About 600,000 people die of cardiovascular disease every year, which is about one in every four deaths, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports. Every year, about 715,000 Americans have a heart attack, and coronary heart disease costs the U.S. about $108.9 billion every year.

The Cleveland Clinic describes typical stem cell treatment for cardiovascular disease on its website, noting that many trials havent been successful because once stem cells get to the heart and begin their work, they often stop before completion. [Stem cells] help heal damaged tissue by secreting local hormones to rescue damaged heart cells and occasionally turning into heart muscle cells themselves, the Cleveland Clinic states. Stem cells do a fairly good job. But they could do better for some reason, the heart stops signaling for heart cells after only a week or so after the damage has occurred, leaving the report job mostly undone.

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Other studies have looked into other routes for stem cell treatment, such as receiving more selective stem cells from a donor during the time of the heart attack, or providing the patients own cardiac stem cells after a heart attack. But the Cleveland Clinic notes that despite new research popping up, "stem cell therapy for damaged hearts has yet to be proven fully safe and beneficial."

Terzic described the Mayo Clinics procedure of converting stem cells to heart cells as unique, but other scientists are more cautious. Dr. Ganesh Raveendran, a cardiologist and co-director of the cardiac cell therapy program at the University of Minnesota, said the Mayo test was encouraging but that similar studies done previously did not show successful results when tested in larger human trials. We need to wait and see, Raveendran told TheStar Tribune.

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FDA Approves Stem Cell Treatment For Heart Disease: Mayo ...

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Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the blood cells that give rise to all the other blood cells.

They give rise to the myeloid (monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes/platelets, dendritic cells), and lymphoid lineages (T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells). The definition of hematopoietic stem cells has changed in the last two decades. The hematopoietic tissue contains cells with long-term and short-term regeneration capacities and committed multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent progenitors. HSCs constitute 1:10.000 of cells in myeloid tissue.

HSCs are a heterogeneous population. Three classes of stem cells exist, distinguished by their ratio of lymphoid to myeloid progeny (L/M) in blood. Myeloid-biased (My-bi) HSC have low L/M ratio (>0, <3), whereas lymphoid-biased (Ly-bi) HSC show a large ratio (>10). The third category consists of the balanced (Bala) HSC for which 3 L/M 10. Only the myeloid-biased and -balanced HSCs have durable self-renewal properties. In addition, serial transplantation experiments have shown that each subtype preferentially re-creates its blood cell type distribution, suggesting an inherited epigenetic program for each subtype.

HSC studies through most of the past half century and have led to a much deeper understanding. More recent advances have resulted in the use of HSC transplants in the treatment of cancers and other immune system disorders.[1]

HSCs are found in the bone marrow of adults, with large quantities in the pelvis, femur, and sternum. They are also found in umbilical cord blood and, in small numbers, in peripheral blood.[citation needed]

Stem and progenitor cells can be taken from the pelvis, at the iliac crest, using a needle and syringe.[citation needed] The cells can be removed a liquid (to perform a smear to look at the cell morphology) or they can be removed via a core biopsy (to maintain the architecture or relationship of the cells to each other and to the bone).[citation needed]

In order to harvest stem cells from the circulating peripheral, blood donors are injected with a cytokine, such as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), that induce cells to leave the bone marrow and circulate in the blood vessels.[citation needed].

In mammalian embryology, the first definitive HSCs are detected in the AGM (Aorta-gonad-mesonephros), and then massively expanded in the Fetal Liver prior to colonising the bone marrow before birth.[2]

As stem cells, HSC are defined by their ability to replenish all blood cell types (Multipotency) and their ability to self-renew.

It is known that a small number of HSCs can expand to generate a very large number of daughter HSCs. This phenomenon is used in bone marrow transplantation, when a small number of HSCs reconstitute the hematopoietic system. This process indicates that, subsequent to bone marrow transplantation, symmetrical cell divisions into two daughter HSCs must occur.

Link:
Hematopoietic stem cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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VN:F [1.9.22_1171]

Several recent reports on ongoing clinical trials for gene therapies indicate that even preliminary studies with only a handful of patients can yield results with the potential to alter the course of the entire field. So after each description below, I offer a DNA Science lesson learned assessment: why the study is important.

INTO THE BRAIN PARKINSONS DISEASE

Gene therapy typically delivers a functioning version of a gene to cells needing it. Investigators Stphane Palfi MD of AP-HP, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier in Crteil, France and Roger Barker, PhD, at Addenbrookes Hospital in Cambridge, UK, have expanded the reach of gene therapy by delivering the trio of genes whose encoded proteins enable cells to make dopamine, the neurotransmitter thats depleted as Parkinsons disease (PD) progresses. Preliminary results on the gene therapy appear inThe Lancet.Oxford Biomedica, a company developing gene-based medicines, is funding the trial of the triplo-gene therapy for Parkinsons, called ProSavin.

Gene therapy enables cells of the striatum to use the 3 genes that make dopamine.

In a healthy brain, neurons in the substantia nigra make dopamine. Their axons project to the striatum, where they release the neurotransmitter so neurons there can sop it up. Three enzymes control dopamine synthesis: two convert the amino acid tyrosine to levodopa, and a third converts the levodopa to dopamine.

Treating PD is an ever-changing question of balance. Oral levodopa can offset the dopamine deficit, but after a few years, motor symptoms develop. These include uncontrollable movements (tardive dyskinesia) and on-off phenomena, which are periods of improved mobility interspersed with periods of impairment, sometimes severe.

Where there are missing enzymes, gene therapy is an option, and several have been tried for Parkinsons disease. The safest gene therapy vector (a disabled virus that delivers the gene), adeno-associate virus (AAV), cant carry a very large payload, only one smallish gene at a time. So the researchers turned to a larger vehicle to deliver the trio of genes, the lentivirus that causes swamp fever in horses, equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus. Many gene therapy experiments use a more familiar lentivirus HIV.

A horse virus delivers Parkinsons gene therapy.

Excerpt from:
Gene Therapy News: Brain, Skin, Eye - DNA Science Blog

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Jan. 23, 2014 Stem cells can turn into heart cells, skin cells can mutate to cancer cells; even cells of the same tissue type exhibit small heterogeneities. Scientists use single-cell analyses to investigate these heterogeneities. But the method is still laborious and considerable inaccuracies conceal smaller effects. Scientists at the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, at the Technische Unitversitaet Muenchen and the University of Virginia (USA) have now found a way to simplify and improve the analysis by mathematical methods.

Each cell in our body is unique. Even cells of the same tissue type that look identical under the microscope differ slightly from each other. To understand how a heart cell can develop from a stem cell, why one beta-cell produces insulin and the other does not, or why a normal tissue cell suddenly mutates to a cancer cell, scientists have been targeting the activities of ribonucleic acid, RNA.

Proteins are constantly being assembled and disassembled in the cell. RNA molecules read blueprints for proteins from the DNA and initiate their production. In the last few years scientists around the world have developed sequencing methods that are capable of detecting all active RNA molecules within a single cell at a certain time.

At the end of December 2013 the journal Nature Methods declared single-cell sequencing the "Method of the Year." However, analysis of individual cells is extremely complex, and the handling of the cells generates errors and inaccuracies. Smaller differences in gene regulation can be overwhelmed by the statistical "noise."

Scientists led by Professor Fabian Theis, Chair of Mathematical modeling of biological systems at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen and director of the Institute of Computational Biology at the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, have now found a way to considerably improve single-cell analysis by applying methods of mathematical statistics.

Instead of just one cell, they took 16-80 samples with ten cells each. "A sample of ten cells is much easier to handle," says Professor Theis. "With ten times the amount of cell material, the influences of ambient conditions can be markedly suppressed." However, cells with different properties are then distributed randomly on the samples. Therefore Theis's collaborator Christiane Fuchs developed statistical methods to still identify the single-cell properties in the mixture of signals.

On the basis of known biological data, Theis and Fuchs modeled the distribution for the case of genes that exhibit two well-defined regulatory states. Together with biologists Kevin Janes and Sameer Bajikar at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville (USA), they were able to prove experimentally that with the help of statistical methods samples containing ten cells deliver results of higher accuracy than can be achieved through analysis of the same number of single cell samples.

In many cases, several gene actions are triggered by the same factor. Even in such cases, the statistical method can be applied successfully. Fluorescent markers indicate the gene activities. The result is a mosaic, which again can be checked to spot whether different cells respond differently to the factor.

The method is so sensitive that it even shows one deviation in 40 otherwise identical cells. The fact that this difference actually is an effect and not a random outlier could be proven experimentally.

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Tracing unique cells with mathematics

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Stem cells can turn into heart cells, skin cells can mutate to cancer cells; even cells of the same tissue type exhibit small heterogeneities. Scientists use single-cell analyses to investigate these heterogeneities. But the method is still laborious and considerable inaccuracies conceal smaller effects. Scientists at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen and the University of Virginia (USA) have now found a way to simplify and improve the analysis by mathematical methods.

Each cell in our body is unique. Even cells of the same tissue type that look identical under the microscope differ slightly from each other. To understand how a heart cell can develop from a stem cell, why one beta-cell produces insulin and the other does not, or why a normal tissue cell suddenly mutates to a cancer cell, scientists have been targeting the activities of ribonucleic acid, RNA.

Proteins are constantly being assembled and disassembled in the cell. RNA molecules read blueprints for proteins from the DNA and initiate their production. In the last few years scientists around the world have developed sequencing methods that are capable of detecting all active RNA molecules within a single cell at a certain time.

At the end of December 2013 the journal Nature Methods declared single-cell sequencing the "Method of the Year." However, analysis of individual cells is extremely complex, and the handling of the cells generates errors and inaccuracies. Smaller differences in gene regulation can be overwhelmed by the statistical "noise."

Easier And More Accurate, Thanks To Statistics

Scientists led by Professor Fabian Theis, Chair of Mathematical modeling of biological systems at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen and director of the Institute of Computational Biology at the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, have now found a way to considerably improve single-cell analysis by applying methods of mathematical statistics.

Instead of just one cell, they took 16-80 samples with ten cells each. "A sample of ten cells is much easier to handle," says Professor Theis. "With ten times the amount of cell material, the influences of ambient conditions can be markedly suppressed." However, cells with different properties are then distributed randomly on the samples. Therefore Theis's collaborator Christiane Fuchs developed statistical methods to still identify the single-cell properties in the mixture of signals.

Combining Model and Experiment

On the basis of known biological data, Theis and Fuchs modeled the distribution for the case of genes that exhibit two well-defined regulatory states. Together with biologists Kevin Janes and Sameer Bajikar at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville (USA), they were able to prove experimentally that with the help of statistical methods samples containing ten cells deliver results of higher accuracy than can be achieved through analysis of the same number of single cell samples.

In many cases, several gene actions are triggered by the same factor. Even in such cases, the statistical method can be applied successfully. Fluorescent markers indicate the gene activities. The result is a mosaic, which again can be checked to spot whether different cells respond differently to the factor.

Read more from the original source:
Statistical Methods Improve Biological Single-Cell Analyses

Recommendation and review posted by Bethany Smith

Jan. 23, 2014 The Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway and microRNA 335 are instrumental in helping form differentiated progenitor cells from stem cells. These are organized in germ layers and are thus the origin of different tissue types, including the pancreas and its insulin-producing beta cells. With these findings, Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen scientists have discovered key molecular functions of stem cell differentiation which could be used for beta cell replacement therapy in diabetes. The results of the two studies were published in the journal Development.

The findings of the scientists of the Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research (IDR) at Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen (HMGU) provide new insights into the molecular regulation of stem cell differentiation. These results reveal important target structures for regenerative therapy approaches to chronic diseases such as diabetes.

During embryonic development, organ-specific cell types are formed from pluripotent stem cells, which can differentiate into all cell types of the human body. The pluripotent cells of the embryo organize themselves at an early stage in germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. From these three cell populations different functional tissue cells arise, such as skin cells, muscle cells, and specific organ cells.

Various signaling pathways are important for this germ layer organization, including the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway. The cells of the pancreas, such as the beta cells, originate from the endoderm, the germ layer from which the gastrointestinal tract, the liver and the lungs also arise. Professor Heiko Lickert, director of the IDR, in collaboration with Professor Gunnar Schotta of LMU Mnchen, showed that the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway regulates Sox17, which in turn regulates molecular programs that assign pluripotent cells to the endoderm, thus inducing an initial differentiation of the stem cells. In another project Professor Lickert and his colleague Professor Fabian Theis, director of the Institute of Computational Biology (ICB) at Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen, discovered an additional mechanism that influences the progenitor cells. miRNA-335, a messenger nucleic acid, regulates the endodermal transcription factors Sox17 and Foxa2 and is essential for the differentiation of cells within this germ layer and their demarcation from the adjacent mesoderm. The concentrations of the transcription factors determine here whether these cells develop into lung, liver or pancreas cells. To achieve these results, the scientists combined their expertise in experimental research with mathematical modeling.

"Our findings represent two key processes of stem cell differentiation," said Lickert. "With an improved understanding of cell formation we can succeed in generating functional specialized cells from stem cells. These could be used for a variety of therapeutic approaches. In diabetes, we may be able to replace the defective beta cells, but regenerative medicine also offers new therapeutic options for other organ defects and diseases."

Diabetes is characterized by a dysfunction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Regenerative treatment approaches aim to renew or replace these cells. An EU-funded research project ('HumEn'), in which Lickert and his team are participating, shall provide further insights in the field of beta-cell replacement therapy.

The aim of research at Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen, a partner in the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), is to develop new approaches for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of major common diseases such as diabetes mellitus.

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Insulin-producing beta cells from stem cells

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12 hours ago Endodermal cells, they form organs such as lung, liver and pancreas. Credit: IDR, Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen

The Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway and microRNA 335 are instrumental in helping form differentiated progenitor cells from stem cells. These are organized in germ layers and are thus the origin of different tissue types, including the pancreas and its insulin-producing beta cells. With these findings, Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen scientists have discovered key molecular functions of stem cell differentiation which could be used for beta cell replacement therapy in diabetes. The results of the two studies were published in the renowned journal Development.

The findings of the scientists of the Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research (IDR) at Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen (HMGU) provide new insights into the molecular regulation of stem cell differentiation. These results reveal important target structures for regenerative therapy approaches to chronic diseases such as diabetes.

During embryonic development, organ-specific cell types are formed from pluripotent stem cells, which can differentiate into all cell types of the human body. The pluripotent cells of the embryo organize themselves at an early stage in germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. From these three cell populations different functional tissue cells arise, such as skin cells, muscle cells, and specific organ cells.

Various signaling pathways are important for this germ layer organization, including the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway. The cells of the pancreas, such as the beta cells, originate from the endoderm, the germ layer from which the gastrointestinal tract, the liver and the lungs also arise. Professor Heiko Lickert, director of the IDR, in collaboration with Professor Gunnar Schotta of LMU Mnchen, showed that the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway regulates Sox17, which in turn regulates molecular programs that assign pluripotent cells to the endoderm, thus inducing an initial differentiation of the stem cells.

In another project Professor Lickert and his colleague Professor Fabian Theis, director of the Institute of Computational Biology (ICB) at Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen, discovered an additional mechanism that influences the progenitor cells. miRNA-335, a messenger nucleic acid, regulates the endodermal transcription factors Sox17 and Foxa2 and is essential for the differentiation of cells within this germ layer and their demarcation from the adjacent mesoderm. The concentrations of the transcription factors determine here whether these cells develop into lung, liver or pancreas cells. To achieve these results, the scientists combined their expertise in experimental research with mathematical modeling.

"Our findings represent two key processes of stem cell differentiation," said Lickert. "With an improved understanding of cell formation we can succeed in generating functional specialized cells from stem cells. These could be used for a variety of therapeutic approaches. In diabetes, we may be able to replace the defective beta cells, but regenerative medicine also offers new therapeutic options for other organ defects and diseases."

Diabetes is characterized by a dysfunction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Regenerative treatment approaches aim to renew or replace these cells. An EU-funded research project ('HumEn'), in which Lickert and his team are participating, shall provide further insights in the field of beta-cell replacement therapy.

The aim of research at Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen, a partner in the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), is to develop new approaches for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of major common diseases such as diabetes mellitus.

Explore further: Stem cells on the road to specialization

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Insulin-producing beta cells from stem cells: Scientists decipher early molecular mechanisms of differentiation

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7 hours ago This is a model for maintenance of proper microtubule polarity in dendrites. Polymerizing microtubules entering junctions encounter existing static filaments. A complex consisting of end-binding protein 1 (EB1) and a kinesin molecular motor binds to the tip of the growing filament and moves along the static filament to co-align the filaments and maintain proper uniform orientation. The present work demonstrates that an EB1-kinesin complex is able to steer a growing microtubule in this manner without the requirement for any other cellular components. Credit: William Hancock, Penn State

Tiny protein motors in cells can steer microtubules in the right direction through branching nerve cell structures, according to Penn State researchers who used laboratory experiments to test a model of how these cellular information highways stay organized in living cells.

"We proposed a model of how it works in vivo, in the living cell," said Melissa Rolls, associate professor of biochemistry and molecular biology. "But because of the complexity of the living cells, we couldn't tell if the model was possible."

Rolls then collaborated with William O. Hancock, professor of biomedical engineering, who was already working on the tiny kinesin motors that move materials throughout the cell, to test the model in the laboratory, in vitro.

"Kinesins are little machines that use chemical energy to generate mechanical forces sufficient to carry materials through the cell," said Hancock.

Cells produce enzymes, proteins and signaling chemicals in the center of the cell, and these materials are then moved to other cell areas by kinesin motors. Dendrites in nerves cells are very long, and motors need to transport molecules relatively long distances on microtubules that are constantly forming and dissolving within the cell. Because dendrites branch, the researchers wondered how the microtubules themselves move in the right direction.

Working with Yalei Chen, graduate student in cell and developmental biology in the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, the researchers found that kinesin motors can not only transport molecules along the tubules, but can redirect the ends of the tubules to enter the proper branch of the dendrite. They report their findings online today (Jan. 23) in Current Biology.

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In the laboratory, the researchers grew microtubules under the microscope and used protein engineering to attach a kinesin motor to EB1a protein that binds to the growing end of microtubules.

"One of the reasons we thought the model might not work is that the molecule EB1 grabs the plus end of the microtubule very loosely," said Rolls. "We were unsure how something so dynamic could hold the forces, but it does."

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Experiments show hypothesis of microtubule steering accurate

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7 hours ago The images show the microtubule-based spindle fibers (red), chromosomes (blue), and their kinetochores (green). Microtubules align chromosomes in the middle of the spindle in the presence of the newly discovered protein called BuGZ (+BuGZ), but mis-aligned in its absence (-BuGZ). Chromosome misalignment leads to its mis-segregation during cell division. Scale bar, 5 microns. Credit: Yixian Zheng. Credit: Yixian Zheng

As all school-children learn, cells divide using a process called mitosis, which consists of a number of phases during which duplicate copies of the cell's DNA-containing chromosomes are pulled apart and separated into two distinct cells. Losing or gaining chromosomes during this process can lead to cancer and other diseases, so understanding mitosis is important for developing therapeutic strategies.

New research from a team led by Carnegie's Yixian Zheng focused on one important part of this process. Her results improve our understanding of how cell division gives rise to two daughter cells with an equal complement of chromosomes. It is published by Developmental Cell.

Cell division is helped along by a complex of more than 90 proteins, called a kinetochore, interacting with scaffolding-like structural fibers called microtubules. Together the kinetochore and microtubules provide the structure and force that pull the two duplicate halves of the chromosome apart and direct them to each daughter cell.

By looking beyond the microtubules and kinetochores themselves, Zheng's team identified a protein that regulates the interactions between the kinetochore and the microtubule fibers. Using super resolution microscopy, they were able to hone in on one particular phase of this process, namely the way that microtubules are "captured" by the kinetochore to promote proper alignment of the chromosomes in a way that facilitates equal partition of duplicated DNA.

"The study of mitosis has focused on microtubules and kinetochores, the most prominent structure that researchers observe. Our work demonstrates the importance of expanding the scope of study to include other cellular components because this is critical to achieving an in depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying chromosome alignment in preparation for dividing the DNA into two new cells." Zheng said.

Explore further: Discovery of cell division 'master controller' may improve understanding and treatment of cancer

In a study to be published in the journal Nature, two Dartmouth researchers have found that the protein cyclin A plays an important but previously unknown role in the cell division process, acting as a master controller to ens ...

Ludwig researchers Arshad Desai and Christopher Campbell, a post-doctoral fellow in his laboratory, were conducting an experiment to parse the molecular details of cell division about three years ago, when they engineered ...

(Phys.org) Researchers at Warwick Medical School have identified the key role played by a team of proteins in the process of mitosis. Working out how to control them may give scientists a way to destroy ...

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What makes cell division accurate?

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7 hours ago These are fossil remains of Ediacara biota. Credit: Marc Laflamme

Bigger really is better at least it was for early prehistoric life. A NASA research group featuring University of Toronto Mississauga professor Marc Laflamme has helped to explain why some prehistoric organisms evolved into larger animals.

Laflamme, an assistant professor with the Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, and his colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Node of NASA's Astrobiology Institute suggest that height offered a distinct advantage to the earliest forms of multicellular life.

Working to further the NASA Astrobiology Institute's research into the origins of life on earth and the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe, the multinational group used a technique known as canopy flow modeling to reconstruct ocean currents operating in the deep seas some 580 million years ago.

The three-dimensional modeling helped to illustrate how dense communities of bacteria and multicellular organisms competed for nutrients in Pre-Cambrian seas.

According to the study, published in the science journal Current Biology, primitive multicellular organisms known as Ediacara biota took on larger sizes in order to access nutrient-rich currents occurring above the seabed.

These enigmatic leaf-shaped life-forms grew up to a metre in height and are thought to be among the earliest assortment of large, multicellular life.

Whether Ediacara represent the earliest animal lineages or an entirely extinct group of multicellular life is still a mystery, and an active research direction for Laflamme.

Laflamme and his colleagues suggest large Ediacara were able to absorb nutrients in higher quantities, which in turn helped to fuel the high energy costs associated with increased size.

The study also suggests that large Ediacara altered the flow of surrounding ocean currents, thus promoting further growth.

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